Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Email: Zainab.Amery@Carleton.ca Please allow for a 24-hour response time from Monday to Friday.
Teaching Assistant: At the time of this syllabus preparation, there is no TA scheduled as of yet.
Please read your course syllabus carefully as in most cases, the information you are looking for is in the
syllabus. Big questions should be attended to through office hours online appointments and will therefore
receive a response of this nature by email. This is normally to your benefit. You are required to include
the following information in all your e-mail communication: Full name, your student ID number, and the
course name and number pertaining to your question (s).
Communication will only be through Carleton accounts. Your Connect account can be forwarded to any
other account. Do not respond to emails sent to the class through my Brightspace; they often end up in
my trash. Save a copy of all e-mail correspondence for the duration of the course until you receive your
final letter grade.
This syllabus is your guide to this course. It frames almost everything you need to know about the readings,
videos, course assignments, discussion forum, and due dates. It is your responsibility to know its contents.
Please read the syllabus carefully. You are responsible for knowing and following the syllabus. Should it be
necessary, I reserve the right to change this syllabus in consultation with the students.
Dropbox: All assignments will be submitted online through Brightspace in the designated dropbox under
tools - assignments online. Please ensure to include your name, student number, course
code and instructor’s name on the title page.
Course Description
This course will introduce policy, macro and micro practices and how they are influenced by historical
trends, the national and global economies and the ever-changing diversity within societies and community
and organizational settings which serve children, youth and families. Students will be exposed to key
aspects of social change, community activism and government policies that are driving changes in public
sectors service systems that support children and youth. We will examine policy and resource contexts of
practice of child and family services at the federal, provincial, and local levels; decision-making; lobbying
and influences on policy change; models of community change, government partnerships and service
delivery; cross-agency collaboration; and models of policy development. Thus, students will consider
policy making as negotiated practice stakeholders, including employees of public institutions; organizations,
families and communities utilize to create, resist, influence and enact social effective policies. Students
will investigate different approaches to policy practice including activism and community building, in
addition to more conventional approaches like policy brief writing and lobbying. Some of the thematic
content areas will include, economics, poverty, education, health, indigenous concerns, child welfare, and
the law. Classes will consist of a blended lecture component and active learning where students will engage
with course material through individual and collaborative approaches.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
This course will be delivered entirely online, through the course management system. Therefore, students
are expected to log into Brightspace daily to check for announcements, activities, and assignment
information and updates. Online activities and in-class activities are designed to build on each other. Active
participation in the online activities and completion of all coursework is required in this course for you to
be successful. It will have a combination of lectures, films, and presentations. It requires reading, critical
thinking, and active participation. There will be approximately 40-50 pages of required reading for each
3-hour class. Students are expected to have read the material in advance and come prepared to offer
thoughtful insights and questions related to the topic under discussion and be prepared to ask questions and
participate in discussion. The success of the class lies in the participatory nature of all individuals.
Consequently, despite being online, the most stimulating discussions will happen when you complete the
assigned readings, come prepared to participate when there are zoom meetings, not just listen when we do
meet synchronously.
Announcements will be posted to the course Brightspace whenever necessary. If there is any other
information, I think is important, I will also send it to your email address you have in Carleton. It is your
responsibility to check your email regularly. If you are having trouble with this course or its material, you
should contact me via email as soon as possible to discuss any issues and arrange an appointment.
Computer Technology Requirements: Reliable Internet access is required. You will need a smartphone, tablet,
or laptop with a working camera and microphone. EDC suggests that headphones with a microphone are
preferable. Audio and video are required to participate in the Zoom. Some of the documents in this course will be
available to you in PDF form. If you do not have Adobe Acrobat Reader software on your device, you should
download it before the start of the course.
Computer Help: Should you have computer hardware and/or software problems, you can contact IT
Services for any assistance with technology issues at: call ITS Service Desk at 613-520-3700 or email ITS
Service Desk at its.service.desk@carleton.ca. Unfortunately, computer issues cannot be resolved by me
(I wish). I am NOT a computer technician, nor am I an expert on most software. We also have to be
patient with each other since we are dependent on our WIFI and telephone data plans to keep us
connected
Engagement Forum 1
Due Wednesday Sept.20th @ 11:59
Engagement Forum 2
Due Wednesday, Nov.9th @11:59 pm.
Specific Assignments
Students will work individual or in groups of two and will select child or youth related policy to follow
throughout the term (for proposed policy change) and will write a policy backgrounder on a content topic
chosen from the list provided below or an alternate area that I approve. You will be required to describe a
policy issue you have selected. Some questions your backgrounder should answer: What problem and
population does the policy you selected address; who are/or have been the proponents and/or opponents
of the policy; How is the policy changed legislatively or administratively in a historical perspective?;
Why it is important?; Who are the stakeholders (these include government, community organizational,
users); and what are the historical indicators of change that have taken place; and what have their effects
been to date. The backgrounder is meant to provide you with foundational information for assignment 2
presentations in support of a proposed policy reform and potentially your final paper if you chose to do
the same policy for your final paper. So do your research accordingly. The more work you do on your
backgrounder, the more feedback you will get. The following are some proposed topics though if you
have another topic you wish to explore, please discuss it with me. Additionally, though it will probably
be easier to select a Canadian policy, you are welcome to look at international contexts or use them as
comparators.
The background brief must be a minimum of 7-8 pages long, double-spaced with 1-inch margins.
Additionally, it must include a title page and reference page and follow APA citation style. It is be
submitted online one copy for each individual or group.
2. Children and analysis of policy issues group mock policy presentation (25%) Group Assignment
Due date: November 2nd and 9th, 2023in Mandatory zoom class meetings.
Continuing from the first assignment, you will prepare a mock presentation of a policy brief, to the body
that you are offering policy recommendations and changes to (provincial or federal or local levels) in the
content area of concern or interest that you previously researched. Your assignment should highlight the
policy problem you are discussing and the need for the policy change and how it has been implemented or
practiced. You should identify any gaps in the policy and suggested areas for reform. Questions and
feedback from your peers should be helpful in facilitating your final papers (Assignment 3). Your
presentation is to be 10 minutes long. Be as creative as you like for your cause. So make sure you’re a
great advocate for your policy change and you know what changes you are lobbying for. You can create
a YouTube video, Facebook, Twitter or other forms of social media as you are advocates; posters either
online or by hand (pic) upload which you can find at https://www.genigraphics.com/templates. You can
use PowerPoint and/or prezi, but no more than 8 slides. A brouchure should be posted online with your
presentation in a Discussion form which will be set up for you in advance. More in class and I will show
you examples of past presentations! More about this in the first class.
You will be responsible for handing in a final scholarly paper based on assignments 1 and 2 , describing
and analyzing your social policy. It may be on the work that you have been researching and presenting on
in the first two assignments or if you’d rather, you can choose a policy that is of interest to you and that
you would like to explore and research instead. Essentially this assignment requires you to build on the
knowledge gained throughout the term, the assignments, and the presentations and expand on it into a
formal paper by writing a policy analysis, critique, and recommendation paper.
Your paper must describe the policy and the problem it is addressing. It must examine the historical
context and today’s current policy. It should highlight what population group or groups it will be
targeting; analyze and critique the policy by discussing how it works in practice and assess the extent to
which it succeeds and /or fails in addressing the problem or need you are discussing. Use of statistics,
data and case examples should support your perspective. It must conclude with a recommendations
section. You must make your policy recommendations based on your analysis of your topic including
discussing what the implications are if the policy goes unchanged. In your recommendations you may
utilize models from other countries or areas to show their success or failures. Remember it is unnecessary
to reinvent the wheel~! Make use of innovation that is out there. Please remember if you chose to use the
same topic as your group backgrounder and presentation, any piece that you have taken from either of
those parts must be self cited with the members of your group. Consequently it is better to use the
research and paraphrase in your own thoughts and words.
Be sure to apply the theoretical frameworks and the material discussed in the course in addition to any
other evidence in your description, critique, and analysis. In addition to the use of academic materials,
you can use resources from think tanks, organizations, advocacy groups, the media, and political parties
for example. There is an extensive bibliography at the back of this syllabus and under the additional
resources section of each of the individual weeks, that provides some materials as well.
Submission:
Kindly ensure that your essay is submitted online with a title page that includes the course name, my
name, your name, and student number. Essays submitted after the due date will be docked 5% per day
and this includes weekends, unless you have a good reason for being late and an extension has been granted
at least three days in advance. This is a summer course and it moves very quickly. Be prepared.
Minimum of 10 and maximum of 12 pages, double-spaced (not counting cover page, headings, and
references), with regular margins (1"on each side and 1" top and bottom). Courier or any other font that
uses more space per word than Times New Roman (the font used here) is not acceptable. Please don’t add
an extra space between paragraphs (this means that you will have to indicate paragraphs by indenting the
first line), please number the paper’s pages. The paper will have 5% deducted for each page (pro-rated)
that falls under the minimum required and 2% for each page more than one over the maximum.
Your paper will also be evaluated for proper in text citations, and references. Please utilize APA
Referencing and Citation Style. If you are citing electronic sources, you should consult style guides
pertaining to this, including those, which can be found online at the Carleton University Library
homepage. APA style requires dates and page or paragraph numbers for direct quotes. Dalhousie
University offers a quick pdf manual that can be found at
https://libraries.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/library/Style_Guides/apa_style6.pdf
The final paper is an engagement with the class content. It is like your final exam. Your essay must cite
(3) readings contained in the course syllabus and at least (3) three academic readings from outside the
Engagement Forum 1
Due Wednesday Sept.20th @ 11:59
Engagement Forum 2
Due Wednesday, Nov.9th @11:59 pm.
Your mark will be based on the quality of your contribution to the engagement forum. This means that your
comments should be thought provoking, to encourage discussion. Contributions can take a variety of forms,
including asking questions for clarification of your peers, making connections between the assigned
readings or videos for the week and previous readings, and providing a critical analysis of the readings and
engaging with your peers. Comments should be a minimum of 75 words in length and reflect on elements
of that week’s content. You may also post a web link or article link to make your point if you like. You
must post within the required weekly module.
Additionally, there will be up to 3 bonus marks for comments on three different presentations in the
group presentation briefs folders.
Assignments
All assignments must be handed in by the specified deadline. Late submission of assignments without good
reason will result in penalties of 5% per day that will be indicated with each assignment. Please be sure to
let me know should a situation arise that requires an extension. It’s quite likely that you will have
assignments from several courses due at the same time, thus it’s important to complete some assignments
in advance. All your assignments are included in this syllabus. Thus, you will have sufficient time to plan
and prepare for your submissions. If you know you cannot meet the assigned deadline for any reason,
contact your instructor as soon as possible before the assignment is due, to make alternate
arrangements.
CARLETON GRADES
*The deadline for contacting the Paul Menton Centre regarding accommodation for December full fall
and late fall examinations and fall/winter midterm examinations is November 15, 2023.
For Pregnancy:
Please contact your instructor with any requests for academic accommodation during the first two weeks
of class, or as soon as possible after the need for accommodation is known to exist. For more details, visit
the Equity Services website: www.carleton.ca/equity/wp-content/uploads/Student-Guide-to-Academic-
Accommodation.pdf
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the passing off of someone else's work as your own and is a serious academic offence. For
the details of what constitutes plagiarism, the potential penalties and the procedures refer to the section on
Instructional Offences in the Undergraduate Calendar. Students are expected to familiarize themselves
with and follow the Carleton University Student Academic Integrity Policy (See
https://carleton.ca/registrar/academic-integrity/). The Policy is strictly enforced and is binding on all
students. Academic dishonesty in any form will not be tolerated. Students who infringe the Policy may be
subject to one of several penalties.
Important Information:
• Student or professor materials created for this course (including presentations and posted notes,
labs, case studies, assignments, and exams) remain the intellectual property of the author(s).
They are intended for personal use and may not be reproduced or redistributed without prior
written consent of the author(s).
• Students must always retain a hard copy of all work that is submitted.
• Standing in a course is determined by the course instructor subject to the approval of the
Faculty Dean. This means that grades submitted by the instructor may be subject to revision.
No grades are final until they have been approved by the Dean.
• Carleton University is committed to protecting the privacy of those who study or work here
(currently and formerly). To that end, Carleton’s Privacy Office seeks to encourage the
August 29, 2023: Deadline for course outlines to be made available to students registered
in full fall, early fall and fall/winter courses.
September 1, Last day for receipt of applications from potential fall (November)
2023: graduates.
September 4, 2023 Statutory holiday. University closed.
September 5, 2023 Academic orientation (undergraduate and graduate students).
Orientation for new Teaching Assistants.
All new students are expected to be on campus. Class and laboratory
preparations, departmental introductions for students, and other
academic preparation activities will be held.
September 6, 2023 Fall term begins. Full fall, early fall, and fall/winter classes begin.
September 19, Last day for registration and course changes (including auditing) in full
2023 fall, late fall, and fall/winter courses.
Last day to withdraw from early fall courses with a full fee adjustment.
Graduate students who have not electronically submitted their final thesis
copy to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs will not be
eligible to graduate in fall 2023 and must register for the fall 2023 term.
September 22-24, Full summer and late summer term deferred final examinations will be
2023 held.
September 30, Last day to withdraw from full fall and fall/winter courses with a full fee
2023 adjustment. Withdrawals after this date will result in a permanent
notation of WDN on the official transcript.
October 1, 2023 Last day for academic withdrawal from early fall courses.
October 6, 2023 December examination schedule (fall term final and fall/winter mid-
terms) available online.
October 9, 2023 Statutory holiday. University closed.
October 23-27, Fall break, no classes.
2023
November 15, Last day to request Formal Examination Accommodation Forms for
2023 December full fall and late fall final examinations and fall/winter
midterm examinations to the Paul Menton Centre for Students with
Disabilities. Note that it may not be possible to fulfil accommodation
requests received after the specified deadlines.
November 15, Last day for academic withdrawal from full fall and late fall courses
2023
November 24, Last day for summative tests or examinations, or formative tests or
2023 examinations totaling more than 15% of the final grade, in full fall term
or fall/winter undergraduate courses, before the official December final
examination period (see examination regulations in the Academic
Regulations of the University section of the Undergraduate
Calendar/General Regulations of the Graduate Calendar).
December 8, 2022 Fall term ends.
Last day of full fall and late fall classes.
Classes follow a Monday schedule (full fall and fall/winter courses only).
Last day for final take-home examinations to be assigned, with the
exception of those conforming to the examination regulations in the
Academic Regulations of the University section of the Undergraduate
Calendar/General Regulations of the Graduate Calendar.
Last day for handing in term work and the last day that can be specified
by a course instructor as a due date for term work for full and late fall
courses.
December 10-22, Final examinations in full fall and late fall courses and mid-term
2023 examinations in fall/winter courses will be held. Examinations are
normally held all seven days of the week.
December 22, All final take-home examinations are due on this day, with the exception
2023 of those conforming to the examination regulations in the Academic
Regulations of the University section of the Undergraduate
Calendar/General Regulations of the Graduate Calendar.
December 25, University closed.
2023 through
January 3, 2024
inclusive
Land Acknowledgement:
Carleton University acknowledges the location of its campus on the traditional, unceded
territories of the Algonquin nation. In doing so, Carleton acknowledges it has a
responsibility to the Algonquin people and a responsibility to adhere to Algonquin
cultural protocols.
F1 Introduction to Read
Sept.7th the course Government of Canada. (2022) Building a Youth Policy
Mandatory content, for Canada - What We Heard report.
Zoom assignments, https://www.canada.ca/en/youth/corporate/transpa
and definitions rency/what-we-heard.html
Prentice, S., Albanese, and P., Langford, R. (2017).
An Essential Introduction Movements and Policies – The
Needs Troubles of Caring for Children in Albanese, P.,
Approach to Langford, R., & Prentice, S. (2017). Caring for
Child and children: social movements and public policy in
Youth Policies Canada. UBC Press. Pp.14-29.
and Practices Unicef Canada. (2020) Top 5 policies to defend
childhood in 2020 https://www.newswire.ca/news-
releases/top-5-policies-to-defend-childhood-in-
2020-898213988.html
UNICEF Canada. Canada’s Public Policy
Advocacy.https://www.unicef.ca/en/policy-
advocacy-children
Watch
Introduction to Youth Policy:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=35&v=
Vd3zub--scE&feature=emb_logo
Additional Resources
National Alliance for Children and Youth. 2014. An
Action Framework for Children and Youth in
Canada. https://thephilanthropist.ca/original-
pdfs/Philanthropist-26-2-3651.pdf
Watch
Additional Resources
Berlinski, Samuel and Shady , Norbert. 2015. Raising
Children: The Case for Government Intervention in
The Early Years Child Well-Being and the Role of
Public Policy. Palgrave McMillan. pp.1-23, Online
Carleton library.
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2F9
781137536495.pdf
Cleavland, Gordon. 2015. ECE Policy in Canada
Availability, affordability and quality. Canada
Center for Policy Alternatives.
https://www.policyalternatives.ca/sites/default/files/
uploads/publications/National%20Office/2015/09/o
sos120_ECEC_Policy.pdf
Carson, J., & Mattingly, M. (2020). COVID-19 didn’t
create a child care crisis, but hastened and
inflamed it. University of New Hampshire.
https://carsey.unh.edu/publication/child-care-crisis-
COVID-19
Doucet, Andrea and Lindsey McKay. (2017). Parental
Leave, Class Inequalities, and “Caring With” An
Ethics of Care Approach to Canadian Parental-
Leave Policy. Chapter 4 in Caring for
children: social movements and public policy in
Canada Eds. Albanese, Patrizia; Langford, Rachel
and Susan Prentice, UBC Press.
F4 Public Read
Sept.28 Education in Autism Canada. (February 2019). Ontario Autism
Mandatory Historical program changes are bad policy and set the stage
Zoom Perspective and for a crisis. (1 page) Retrieved from
Current https://autismcanada.org/ontario-autism-program-
Controversies changes-are-bad-policy-and-set-the-stage-for-crisis/
Additional Resources
Module 3: Social Policies Child poverty, and Health Policies and Programs
Watch
Poverty , Food and Covid-19. TVO The Agenda with
Steve Paikin
https://www.tvo.org/video/poverty-food-and-covid-19
Additional Resources
Watch:
Smoke, Sophia. 2023. Jordan’s Principle
https://www.cbc.ca/kidsnews/post/watch-
jordans-principle-helps-first-nations-kids-
access-services-they-need
Additional Resources
Chen, K., Osberg, L., & Phipps, S. (2019). Unequal
opportunities and public policy: The impact of
parental disability benefits on child postsecondary
attendance. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue
Canadienne d’économique, 52(4), 1401–1432.
https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12408
Guyda, Harvey and Robin Williams . (2007). A Canada
(un)fit for children? Paediatric Child Health.12(8):
645–646.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM
C2528789/
The Mental Health Commission of Canada. (2015). The
Mental Health Strategy for Canada: A Youth
Perspective
https://www.mentalhealthcommission.ca/sites/defau
lt/files/2016-07/Youth_Strategy_Eng_2016.pdf
Childhood Disability Communication Hub. 2018. Policy
Dialogue Summary : Rights Based Approaches to
childhood Disability.
https://www.childhooddisability.ca/wp-
content/uploads/2019/05/Disability-rights-
summary-July-20.pdf
Jones, Melinda. ( Chapter 15) Children’s Health and
Gender Issues, in Dorscheidt, J., & Doek, J.
E.. Children’s rights in health care (J. E. Doek,
Ed.). Brill.
Canadian Paediatric Society, 2012. Are we doing
enough?: a status report on Canadian public policy
Watch:
In Context CBC. Foster care in Crisis. (Start at 1
Additional Resources
Font, S. A., & Gershoff, E. T. (2020). Foster Care and
Best Interests of the Child : Integrating Research,
Policy, and Practice (1st ed. 2020.). Springer
International Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41146-6
Kikulwe, Daniel. (2016) Boundaries and Identity:
Racialized Child Welfare Workers’ Perspectives of
Their Histories and Experiences When Working
with Diverse Families. Chapter 9 In H.
Montgomery, D. Badry, D. Fuchs, & D. Kikulwe
(Eds.), Transforming Child Welfare:
Interdisciplinary Practices, Field Education, and
Research.
Ministry of Child and Youth Services. (2016). Ontario
child protection standards. Retrieved from
http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/docu
ments/childrensaid/Child-Protection-Standards-
2016.pdf
Mann-Federuth, Varda. (2011) “Knock, knock, who's
there--for youth. The experience of support when
aging out of foster care in Practice” in Kathleen
Kufeldt and Brad McKenzie, (Eds.), Child Welfare:
Connecting Research, Policy. Wilfred University
Press.
McCormick, A., Schmidt, K., & Terrazas, S. (2017).
LGBTQ Youth in the Child Welfare System: An
Overview of Research, Practice, and Policy. Journal
of Public Child Welfare, 11(1), 27-39.
FALL BREAK
OCTOBER 23RD – 27TH
Additional Resources
Sinha, V., Kozlowski, A. (2013). The Structure of
Aboriginal Child Welfare in Canada. The
International Indigenous Policy Journal, 4(2).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28522485
8_The_Structure_of_Aboriginal_Child_Welfare_in
_Canada
F10 Presentations Individuals and groups will be given a time to present. Presentations
Nov.16th Presentations will be 15 minutes long maximum.
Mandatory
Zoom
Read:
F11 Baidawi, S., & Sheehan, R. (2020). “Crossover”
Nov.23rd children in the youth justice and child protection
systems. Routledge. Pp 3-30.
Goyette, Michele. (2018) Youth and Criminal Justice:
Reflection on the legislation. (1 page)
https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/april-
Watch:
Indigenous over-representation – Jorgina
https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/news-
nouv/photo/video7.html
Additional Resources
Blackstock, C., Trocme, N. (2005). Community-based Child Welfare for Aboriginal Children: Supporting
Resilience through Structural Change. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, Issue 24. Retrieved
from: http://www.mcgill.ca/files/crcf/2005-CommuniyBased_Welfare_Aboriginals.pdf
Boivin, M., & Hertzman, C. (Eds). (2012). Early childhood development: Adverse experiences and
developmental health. URL: http://cwrp.ca/sites/default/files/ publications/en/ECD_Report_CAHS-
SRC_2012-11_Final_Full.pdf [December 10, 2012].
Brooks, Neil. (2001). The Tax Credit for Charitable Contributions: Giving Credit Where None Is Due.
Between State and Market: Essays on Charities Law and Policy in Canada. Montreal and Kingston:
McGill-Queens University Press.
Canada Revenue Agency. (2003). Political Activities: policy statement CPS-022. URL: http://www.cra-
arc.gc.ca/chrts-gvng/chrts/plcy/cps/cps-022-eng.html [26 November, 2016]
Canadian Association For Community Living. (2010). Inclusion of Canadians with intellectual
disabilities. National Report Card. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Association For Community Living.
Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives (CCPA). (2016). Tell the Federal Government to Protect
Canadians’ Free Speech. URL: http://www.sierraclub.ca/en/for-charities-free-speech-now [27
November, 2016]
Canadian Coalition for the Rights of Children. (2011). Children in the parliamentary agenda: Response
to throne speech & budget, March 2010. URL: http://rightsofchildren.ca/wp-content/uploads/children-
and-parliament-2010.doc
Canadian Council on Learning. (2009, February 4). Cost estimates of dropping out of high school in
Canada. [Press release] URL: http://www.ccl-
cca.ca/CCL/Newsroom/Releases/20090203Costofdroppingout.html
Canadian Council on Learning. (2010). State of learning in Canada: A rear in review. URL:
http://www.ccl-cca.ca/CCL/Reports/StateofLearning.html
CCSO Cybercrime Working Group. (2013, June). Report to the federal/provincial/ territorial ministers
responsible for justice and public safety. Cyberbullying and the Non-consensual Distribution of
Intimate Images. Ottawa, ON: Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada.
Collins, T., & Pearson, L. (2009). Not there yet: Canada’s implementation of the general measures of the
Convention on the Rights of the Child. URL: http://www.unicef-irc.org/ publications/569
Corrado, R.R. & Freedman, L.F. (2011). Youth at risk of serious and life-course offending: Risk profiles,
trajectories, and interventions. URL: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ rsrcs/pblctns/lf-crs-
ffndng/index-eng.aspx
Council of Ministers of Education, Canada. (2008). Learn Canada 2020: Joint declaration provincial and
territorial ministers of education. URL: http://cmec.ca/Publications/
Lists/Publications/Attachments/187/CMEC-2020-DECLARATION.en.pdf
Cullen, F.T., Jonson, C.L., & Nagin, D.S. (2011). Prisons do not reduce recidivism: The high cost of
ignoring science. The Prison Journal Supplement, 91(3), 48–65
Dagnino, M. (2009). United Ways of Ontario: Youth policy outcomes strategy. URL:
http://www.michelledagnino.com/pdf/2011/youth_policy_outcomes_strategy_ DAGNINO.pdf
Dagnino, M., & Tam, M. (2012). Youth unemployment in Canada: Preventing a lost generation. White
Paper Series, pp. 1-7. Ottawa, ON: Statics Canada.
Department of Education and Early Childhood Development. (2009). Indicators 2008: A report on
schools. [Publications] Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. URL:
www.ed.gov.nl.ca/edu/publications/k12/indicators/index.html.
Farrington, D., Baldry, A., Kyvsgaard, B., & Ttofi, M. (2010). School-based programs to reduce bullying
and victimization: A systematic review. The Campbell Collaboration of Systematic Reviews, 5(6).
URL: http://campbellcollaboration.org/lib/project/77/
Fong, F. (2012, March 8). The plight of younger workers. TD Economics, pp. 1–3. URL:
http://www.td.com/document/PDF/economics/special/ff0312_younger_workers.pdf
Frenette, M. (2007). Why are youth from lower-income families less likely to attend university? Evidence
from academic abilities, parental influences, and financial constraints. Statistics Canada. Cat. 11, No.
295, p. 1-38. [ARCHIVED Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series] URL:
http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/bsolc/olc-cel/olc-cel? lang=eng&catno=11F0019M2007295
Friedman, Milton. (1962). Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, chapter 2.
Friendly, M., Halfon, S., Beach, J., & Forer, B. (2013). Early childhood education and care in Canada
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Homelessness
What Would It Take? Youth Across Canada Speak Out on Youth Homelessness Prevention -
https://www.homelesshub.ca/WhatWoulditTake