2nd QUARTERLY EXAM (FINALS)
DELEGATION = responsibility
POLITICS REVIEWER
CREATED BY DANIELLE GURION
XII – KINDNESS (HUMSS B)
PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
- EXECUTIVE
- LEGISLATIVE
- JUDICIARY
NATIONAL LEVEL
- President, Senate, Supreme Court
LOCAL LEVEL
- Governor, Provincial Council, Court
NATIONAL LEVEL
- President, Senate, Supreme Court
Regional = Governor
City = Mayor
DECENTRALIZATION
- The process of distributing or
dispersing functions, powers,
people or things away from a
central location.
Local Government = PEOPLE
Local Governance = THE ACT
National Taxes = BIR
TYPES OF DECENTRALIZATION
1. POLITICAL DECENTRALIZATION
- Aims to give citizens or their
elected representatives more
power in public decision making.
2. ADMINISTRATIVE
DECENTRALIZATION
- Redistributing authority,
responsibility and financial
resources for providing public
services.
DEVOLUTION = function
DECONCENTRATION = decision
3. FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION
- Financial responsibility.
- Core component of
Decentraization
4. MARKET DECENTRALIZATION
- Shifting responsibility
- Allow the private sector to perform
functions that were performed by
the government
LOCAL AUTONOMY
LOCAL– relating to or occurring in a
specific area.
AUTONOMY – the power of a group to
govern itself.
 Ensures that municipal
corporations can shape and
manage their own future without
violating the constitution and the
other laws.
2 KINDS OF AUTONOMY
1. DECENTRALIZATION OF
ADMINISTRATION
- “ Game Changers”
- Delegates administrative powers.
2. DECENTRALIZATION OF POWER
- Stepping down of political power in
favour of the local government
units which are considered to be
autonomous.
DEVOLVED RESPONSIBILITY AND
AUTHORITY
1. BARANGAYS
- Agricultural support services,
health and social welfare services.
 2. MUNICIPALITIES LOCAL GOVERNMENT
- Extension and on-site research
- Defined as political subdivision of
services and facilities related to
a nation or state which is
agriculture and fishery activities
constituted by law and substantial
control and review of the DENR,
control of local affairs.
implementation of community
- Authority to determine and
based forestry project.
execute measures within a
restricted area inside and smaller
3. CITIES
than a whole state.
- Agricultural extensions and on-site
research activities ; industrial TERRITORIAL AND POLITICAL
research and development
SUBDIVISIONS
services.
- Local government unit has also
been defined as “body politic and
SUPERVISORY POWER corporate” – one endowed with
- The President must exercise powers as political subdivision of
general supervision over the local national government and as a
government units. corporate entity representing the
inhabitants of its territory.
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR AND LOCAL
GOVERNMENT (DILG) LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE OF 1991
- The 1991 Code devolved
- It manages the activities of the
substantial political and
LGUs through the Governor in each
administrative authorities from the
provinces and mayors of cities.
national government to local
government units (LGUs) in order
to transform the old-style highly
LOCAL AUTONOMY IS STILL UNDER THE
centralized, top down approach to
CONGRESS.
governance and consequently, the
relationship between the national
NATIONAL WEALTH
government and the LGUs in the
- Local Governments shall be
country.
entitled to an equitable share in
the proceeds of the utilization and
development of the national
wealth within their respective
areas.

FOUR TYPES OF NATIONAL WEALTH WITH

CORRESPONDING COLLECTING AGENCY

 Forest Charges – DENR

 Royalties and Mineral Reservation
– DENR Mines and Geo-Sciences
Bureau
 Energy Production Resources –
Dept. of Energy
 Mining Taxes – Bureau of Internal
Revenue (BIR)
COMPOSITION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
• Province - intermediate unit is
providing supervision to the
municipalities and component
cities and under it and performing
and performing services to the
national government. The
provinces are the highest-level
local government. Governed by the
governor and a legislature known
as the Sangguniang Panlalawigan.
• Cities and Municipalities – basic
unit of the local government
delivering services for the people
who live together in a community.
Municipal government in the
Philippines is divided into three –
independent cities, component
cities, and municipalities
(sometimes referred to as towns).
• Barangay - sub-municipal unit,
which provides for face to face
interaction among the people.
Barangay's executive is the
Punong Barangay or barangay
captain and its legislature is the
Sangguniang Barangay, composed
of barangay captain, the Barangay
Kagawads (barangay councilors)
and the SK chairman.
• Autonomous Region - have more
powers than other local
governments. The constitution
limits the creation of autonomous
regions to Muslim Mindanao and
the Cordilleras but only one
autonomous region exists: the
Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao (ARMM). In 2001, a
plebiscite in the ARMM confirmed
the previous composition of the
autonomous region and added
Basilan (except for the city of
Isabela) and Marawi City in Lanao
del Sur. Isabela City remains a part
of the province of Basilan despite
rejecting inclusion in the ARMM.
INDEPENDENT CITIES
- An independent city or
independent town is a city or town
that does not form part of another
general-purpose local government
entity (such as a county).There are
38 independent cities in the
Philippines, all of which are
classified as either "Highly
urbanized" or "Independent
component" cities.
ORGANIC ACT (THE PHILIPPINE
ORGANIC ACT OF 1902)
- An act temporarily to provide for
the administration of the affairs of
civil government in the Philippine
Islands, and for other purposes.
The Autonomous Regions
• Muslim Mindanao
• Cordilleras
• Must share common and distinct
historical and cultural heritage,
economic structure and social
structure.
• Not outside the jurisdiction of
Philippine sovereignty
• Must remain subject to the
sovereignty of the state
• As of today, there is only one
autonomous region which is the
ARMM or Autonomous Region of
Muslim Mindanao
NATURE OF ELECTIONS
THE ELECTORATE
PLEBISCITE
- A popular vote conducted to
determine the electorate’s view on
proposed permanent changes to
the state’s political structure.
REFERENDUM
- A popular vote regarding the
soundness of a law proposed by a
lawmaking body.
RECALL
- A constitutional measure that
empowers the citizens to officially
remove a local official, even before
completion of his term of office
due to loss of public confidence.
INITIATIVE
- The method by which a given
percentage of the electorate may
officially propose a law on order to
(1) propose changes in the
constitution, (2) enact a piece of
nation legislation, and (3) pass
local ordinances.
THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM
DIRECT ELECTION
- The chief executive is elected by
direct vote of registered voters.
PLURALITY ELECTORAL FORMULA
- The mathematical formula used
for determining the winner in a
multicandidate contest is simple
plurality.
SINGLE-MEMBER DISTRICT MAGNITUDE
- The entire country is one “electoral
district” from this district is elected
one chief executive.
CATEGORICAL BALLOT STRUCTURE
- Voters write only a single
candidate preference on the ballot.
He or she has an either-or choice
and cannot rank order
preferences.
CANDIDATE-BASED VOTING
- Personalities, not parties, are
voted for. Voters choose among
personalities.
PERIODIC CONCURRENT ELECTIONS
- Every so often executive and
legislative elections occur
simultaneously.
COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS
(COMELEC)
- It is one of the three constitutional
commissions of the Philippines. Its
principal role is to enforce laws
and regulations relative to the
conduct of elections in the
Philippines.
- Predecessor of the Department of
Interior
- Palacio del Gorbenador (Place)
- Chairman Sheriff M. Abas
ELECTION IRREGULARITIES AND
PROBLEMS WITH PHILIPPINE
ELECTORAL SYSTEM
 Missing ballot boxes
 Tampered ballot boxes
 Flying Voters
 Zombie Voters
 Vote Buying
 Manipulated Change of
Results
POLITICAL PARTIES 4. Provide Accountability
5. Nominate candidates
- is an organized group of people 6. Contest election
who have the same ideology, or 7. Form Governments
who otherwise have the
same political positions, and who
PRINCIPLE ACTIVITIES OF POLITICAL
field candidates for elections, in an
attempt to get them elected and PARTIES
thereby implement
the party's agenda. 1. Selecting candidates
2. Election Campaigning
REGIONAL PARTY 3. Nominate candidates
- is any political party with its base 4. Inform and activate supporter
in a single region, whatever its 5. Act as a bonding agent
objectives and platform may be. 6. Govern
7. Act as watchdog
SECTORAL PARTY
- refers to an organized group of 3 TYPES OF PARTIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
citizens belonging to any of the
sectors enumerated in Section 5 1. Major Parties – who typically
hereof whose principal advocacy correspond to traditional
pertains to the special interests political parties.
and concerns of their sector. 2. Minor Parties – who rely on the
party-list system to win
SECTORAL ORGANIZATION congressional seats.
- refers to a group of citizens or a 3. Regional or Provincial Parties –
coalition of groups of citizens who correspond to region and
share similar physical attributes or province wide organizations,
characteristics, employment, respectively.
interest or concerns.
NATIONAL PARTY MACHINERY
PARTY MEMBERSHIP
- National Convention
- means formal attachment to a
- National Committee
political party.
- National Chairperson
- Congressional Campaign
1. Patronage
Committees
2. To get special treatment from
the government
3. Economic Benefit
4. Personal Gratification
5. To have and to use influence to
others
6. Ideological fulfilment

FUNCTIONS OF POLITICAL PARTIES

1. Leadership Recruitment
2. Coordinate Policy
3. Mobilize Voter
CIVIL SOCIETY AND SOCIAL FOUR STAGES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENT
• Emergence
MOVEMENTS • Coalescence
• Bureaucratization
CIVIL SOCIETY • Decline
- It is a much debated political idea
EMERGENCE
pertaining to "Space, arena, or
sector" situated between the state - Preliminary stage.
and market. - Little to no organization.
- Widespread discontent.
Role of Civil Society
• Service provider COALESCENCE
• Protective function
- The “popular stage”
• Advocate/campaigner
- A more clearly defined sense of
• The control function
discontent.
• The function of participation
- Not a general sense of unease; a
sense of what the unease is about
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
and who or what is responsible.
- Social movements are a type of
group action. They are large
informal groupings of individuals BUREAUCRATIZATION
or organizations that focus on - High level of organization and
specific political or social issues. coalition-based strategies.
They carry out, resist or undo a - Social movement have had some
social change. success raising awareness.
- It is an effort by a group; - Coordinated strategy is necessary
- Its aim is to bring or resist a across all of the SMOs.
change in society
- It may be organized or
DECLINE
unorganized;
- It does not necessarily mean
- It may be peaceful or violent;
failure.
Examples of Social Movements - There are four ways in which social
movements can decline.
- civil rights movement
- environmental movement
- green movement
- gay rights movement
- labor movement
- anti-globalization movement
- vegetarian movement
- feminist movement
- pro-life movement
- anti-nuclear movement
- peace movement
CITIZENSHIP
- Citizenship comes from the Latin
word for city, because in the earlier
days of human governments,
people identified themselves as
belonging to cities more than
countries.
TERMINOLOGIES
Naturalized Citizens
- They refer to those who were
Originally citizens of another
country, but who, by an intervening
act (naturalization), have acquired
new citizenship in a different
country.
VOLUNTARY
INVOLUNTARY

Citizenship DUAL CITIZENSHIP – Legal

- Membership of a citizen in a
political society. A legal status in a
political institution.
Citizen
- A Person having the title of
citizenship.
Nationality
- Denotes where an individual has
been born, or holds citizenship
with a state.
National
- A person having a nationality.
DUAL ALLEGIANCE – Illegal
JUS SANGUINIS – right of blood
JUS SOLIS – right of land or soil
Stateless
- Someone who is "not considered
as a national by any state under
the operation of its law".
Expatriate
- Someone who does not live in his
or her own country

Alien
- “foreigner”
- A citizen of a country residing in or
passing through another country.
He is not given the full rights to
citizenship.

Subject
- Usually implies membership in a
monarchial society.

Immigrant
GOODLUCK !!
- A person who has come into - DANI 
a foreign country in order to live
there.

Natural-Born
- Citizens of the Philippines from
birth without having
any act to perfect their Philippine
Citizenship.