BR Light and the 78 solar system > 6.1 Reflection Focus 1 The diagrams A-D show light reflecting off plane mirrors. Complete each of the diagrams by adding the missing ray. Measure angles with a protractor. Label all the rays as the incident ray or the reflected ray. A =<Practice 2. Diagrams A-F show light reflecting off plane mirrors. kN AO uate @ Which diagram shows a periscope? b Which two diagrams are incorrect? 6.1 Reflection 796 Light and the solar system > ¢ Re-draw the two diagrams that are incorrect in the space below. In both cases, take the incident ray to be correct and redraw the reflected ray. Measure your angles with a protractor. Label the incident ray and the reflected ray on each diagram. 80 >6.1 Reflection Challenge <= minor on ‘US-degree ongle path of light mirror on 45-degree angle 3 a Whatis Zara using the periscope for? b Describe how this periscope works.6 Light and the solar system > 4 a Theman inthe photograph is in a submerged submarine. He is using a periscope. What do you think he is using the periscope for? b Suggest other ways in which periscopes are useful. > 6.2 Refraction Focus 1 Explain why the pencil in the picture appears to be bent. Cross out the incorrect alternatives in the sentences below. The pencil is bent because of reflection / refraction. Array of light passes from the pencil through the water / air to the glass. The ray bends / straightens when it passes through the glass to the air / water and into our eyes. We see the bent pencil as a trick / an optical illusion.6.2 Refraction 2 Cross out the incorrect alternatives in the sentences about lenses below. Alens is a transparent piece of glass or plastic with at least one straight / curved surface. A convex lens makes things look bigger / smaller because light rays bend inwards / outwards as they leave the lens. Practice 3 Draw in the light ray on the diagram above to show how light travels from the pencil to Marcus's eye. Draw a dotted line to. show the optical illusion that Marcus sees. 83 >6 Light and the solar system > 4 a What type of lenses are used in binoculars? b Explain why. Challenge Read the web page below. > Have you ever read a story or seen a movie where someone is trying to walk across a desert and is desperate for water? They keep seeing water in the distance only to find it is just more sand. Look at the photograph taken in the Namib desert. It really looks as though the thorn trees are reflected ina lake of water ... but itis just sand. This is a mirage and it is an optical illusion. 84 >5 Use the internet or reference books to find out how a mirage happens. 6.2 Refraction 856 Light and the solar system > > 6.3 The solar system Focus 1 a Label the Sun and the eight planets in the boxes on the diagram. Vr = ee b Name the two movements that all the planets make. 86 >6.3 The solar system What movement causes the lit up part of the Moon to have different shapes at different times? b How long does it take for the Moon to make this movement? © Between which numbers is the Moon waning? Practice6 Light and tl lar system > Name the planets on the diagram and draw in the missing arrows. How long are an Earth day and an Earth year? Which planets take more than an Earth year to complete their orbit around the Sun? Explain why. Which planet has the shortest year? Explain why. Why does this diagram not show the solar system accurately? On the diagram: Draw and label the Sun. Label the eight phases of the Moon.6.3 The solar system Challenge Read the web page below. <> Compare the planets Earth, Mars and Jupiter Mars is 240 million km from the Sun compared to Earth, which is 150 million km from the Sun. Mars is often called ‘the red planet’ - the red colour is due to iron in the rocks. Mars’ atmosphere consists mainly of carbon dioxide. In winter temperatures fall to ~125 °C. On parts of Earth temperatures drop to 50°C. Mars has two moons, called Phobos and Deimos. Mars takes 25 Earth hours to make a complete turn on its axis and 687 Earth days to complete an orbit around the Sun. Spacecraft that have landed on the surface of Mars reported a rocky surface with frequent dust storms and no life. Jupiter is composed almost entirely of gases such as hydrogen and helium — itis sometimes called a gas giant’. The temperature is about ~153°C. Jupiter is 800 million km away from the Sun. It takes |2 Earth years to orbit the Sun. Jupiter takes 10 Earth hours to make a complete turn on its axis. Jupiter has 79 known moons. Four of these moons are large and easily visible to us on Earth through telescopes. One of Jupiter's moons, called lo, is about the same size as our Moon. Another of Jupiter's moons, Ganymede, is the largest moon in the solar system and is in fact bigger than Mercury. ‘The Juno spacecraft is orbiting Jupiter until 2021 and sending amazing photographs of swirling gases back to Earth,6 Light and the solar system > 5a Use the information about Earth, Mars and Jupiter to complete this table: Distance from Sun Time taken to make one turn on axis Time taken to make one orbit around the Sun Number of moons Lowest temperature in winter What is planet made of? b_ Identify a pattern in the time taken to make one orbit round the Sun for the three planets. Explain the pattern. ¢ Give two reasons why it is possible for plants, animals and humans to live on Earth. 90 >