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<this is a placeholder: final titlepage to come from art department>

Encyclopedia of
Case Study Research
 <this is a placeholder;
please verify names
and affiliations>

Editors
Albert J. Mills Elden Wiebe
Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia King’s University College, Edmonton
Gabrielle Durepos
Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia

Managing Editor
Marion Weatherbee

Editorial Board
David Michael Boje Roy Stager Jacques
New Mexico State University Massey University
Adrian Carr Alison M. Konrad
University of Western Sydney University of Western Ontario
Matthew David Sally Maitlis
University ofLiverpool University of British Columbia
Annette Davies Jean Helms Mills
University of Cardiff Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova
Scotia
Hans Doorewaard
University of Nijmegen Kiran Mirchandani
University of Toronto
Kathleen Eisenhardt
Stanford University GraceAnn Rosile
New Mexico State University
Robert P. Gephart, Jr.
University of Alberta Robert K. Yin
COSMOS Corporation
David Carroll Jacobs
Morgan State University
 Note to Editors: This page is a placeholder only; the final title and
half title pages will come from Art later in the process. Please confirm
that this is how you want your name to appear and that your affiliation is accurate.

Encyclopedia of
Case Study Research
Edited by
Albert J. Mills, Gabrielle Durepos
Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Elden Wiebe
King’s University College, Edmonton, Alberta

A SAGE Reference Publication

SAGE Publications, Inc.
Thousand Oaks, California
Copyright © 2010 by SAGE Publications, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publisher.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Encyclopedia of case study research / edited by Albert J. Mills, Gabrielle Durepos, and Elden Wiebe.
v. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4129-5670-3 (cloth)
1. Social sciences—Research—Methodology—Encyclopedias. 2. Case method—Encyclopedias.
I. Mills, Albert J., 1945 II. Durepos, Gabrielle. III. Wiebe, Elden.
H62.E582 2010
001.4’32--dc22 2009012391

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Publisher: Rolf A. Janke
Acquisitions Editor: Jim Brace-Thompson
Editorial Assistant: Michele Thompson
Developmental Editor: Carole Maurer
Reference Systems Manager: Leticia M. Gutierrez
Reference Systems Coordinator: Laura Notton
Production Editor: Kate Schroeder
Copy Editor: Kristin Bergstad, Kathy Anne Savadel
Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.
Proofreader:
Indexer:
Cover Designer:
Marketing Manager:
 <page numbers will be filled in later>

Contents
Volume 1
List of Entries 000
Reader’s Guide 000
About the Editors 000
Contributors 000
Introduction 000
Entries

A 000 H 000
B 000 I 000
C 000 J 000
D 000 K 000
E 000 L 000
F 000 M 000
G 000

Volume 2
List of Entries vii
Reader's Guide vii
Entries

N 000 U 000
O 000 V 000
P 000 W 000
Q 000 X 000
R 000 Y 000
S 000 Z 000
T 000

Appendix    000
Selected Bibliography: Case Study Publications by Contributing Authors 000
Index    000
List of Entries

Abduction Case Study Research in Business and

Action-Based Data Collection Management
Activity Theory Case Study Research in Business Ethics
Actor-Network Theory Case Study Research in Education
Agency Case Study Research in Feminism
Alienation Case Study Research in Medicine
Analysis of Visual Data Case Study Research in Political Science
Analytic Generalization Case Study Research in Psychology
Anonymity and Confidentiality Case Study Research in Public Policy
Anonymizing Data for Secondary Use Case Study Research in Tourism
ANTi-History Case Study Surveys
Archival Records as Evidence Case Study With the Elderly
Audience Case-to-Case Synthesis
Audiovisual Recording Case Within a Case
Authenticity Causal Case Study: Explanatory
Authenticity and Bad Faith Theories
Author Intentionality Character
Autobiography Chicago School
Autoethnography Chronological Order
Class Analysis
Base and Superstructure Closure
Bayesian Inference and Boolean Logic Codifying Social Practices
Before-and-After Case Study Design Coding: Axial Coding
Blended Research Design Coding: Open Coding
Bounding the Case Coding: Selective Coding
Bricoleur Cognitive Biases
Cognitive Mapping
Case Selection Collective Case Study
Case Study and Theoretical Science Colonialism
Case Study as a Teaching Tool Communicative Action
Case Study as a Methodological Communicative Framing Analysis
Approach Community of Practice
Case Study Database Comparative Case Studies
Case Study in Creativity Research Comparing the Case Study With Other
Case Study Protocol Methodologies
Case Study Research in Anthropology Complexity

vii
viii List of Entries

Computer-Based Analysis of Qualitative Depth of Data

Data: ATLAS/ti Descriptive Case Study
Computer-Based Analysis of Qualitative Deviant Case Analysis
Data: CAITA (Computer Assisted Diagnostic Case Study Research
Interpretive Textual Analysis) Dialectical Materialism
Computer-Based Analysis of Qualitative Dialogical Inquiry
Data: Kwalitan Diaries and Journals
Computer-Based Analysis of qualitative Direct Observation as Evidence
data: MAXQDA 2007 Discourse Analysis
Computer-Based Analysis of Qualitative Discourse Ethics
Data: NVIVO Discursive Frame
Concatenated Theories Dissertation Proposal
Concept Mapping Docile Bodies
Conceptual Argument Document Analysis
Conceptual Model: Causal Model Documentation as Evidence
Conceptual Model: Operationalization Double Hermeneutic
Conceptual Model in a Qualitative Research Dramaturgy
Project
Conceptual Model in a Quantitative Ecological Perspectives
Research Project Epistemology
Configurative–Ideographic Case Study Equifinality
Congruence Analysis Ethics
Consciousness Raising Ethnographic Memoir
Consent, Obtaining Participant Ethnography
Constant Causal Effects Assumption Ethnomethodology
Constructivism Ethnostatistics
Content Analysis Eurocentrism
Contentious Issues in Case Event-Driven Research
Study Research Exemplary Case Design
Contextualization Existentialism
Contradiction Experience
Contribution, Theoretical Explanation Building
Conversation Analysis Explanatory Case Study
Credibility Exploratory Case Study
Critical Discourse Analysis Extended Case Method
Critical Incident Case Study Extension of Theory
Critical Pedagogy and Extreme Cases
Digital Technology
Critical Realism Factor Analysis
Critical Sensemaking Falsification
Critical Theory Families
Cross-Case Synthesis and Analysis Fiction Analysis
Cross-Sectional Design Field Notes
Cultural Sensitivity and Case Study Field Work
Formative Context
Dasein Frame Analysis
Data Resources Front Stage and Back Stage
Decentering Texts Functionalism
Decision Making Under Uncertainty Gendering
Deconstruction Genealogy
Deductive–Nomological Model of Explanation Generalizability
 List of Entries ix

Genericization Means of Production

Going Native Medical Decision Making Under Uncertainty.
Governmentality See Decision Making Under Uncertainty
Grounded Theory Mental Framework
Metaphor
Healthcare Practice Guidelines Method of Agreement
Hermeneutics Method of Difference
High-Quality Analysis Middle-Range Theory
Historical Materialism Mixed Methods in Case Study Research
Holistic Designs Modernity
Hybridity Modes of Production
Hypothesis Most Different Systems Design
Multicollinearity
Ideology Multidimensional Scaling
Imperialism Multimedia Case Study
Indeterminacy Multimethod Research Program
Indexicality Multiple-Case Designs
Inductivism Multiple Selfing
Informant Bias Multiple Sources of Evidence
Institutional Ethnography Multi-Site Case Study
Institutional Theory, Old and New
Instrumental Case Study Narrative Analysis
Integrating Independent Case Studies Narratives
Interactive Methodology, Feminist Native Points of View
Intercultural Performance Naturalistic Context
Interpreting Results Naturalistic Generalization
Interpretivism Naturalistic Inquiry
Intertextuality Natural Science Model
Interviews Negotiated Order
Intrinsic Case Study Network Analysis
Isomorphism Nonparticipant Observation
Iterative North American Case Research Association
Iterative Nodes Number of Cases

Juncture Objectivism
Objectivity
Knowledge Production One-Dimensional Culture
Ontology
Language and Cultural Barriers Ordinary Troubles
Langue and Parôle Organizational Culture
Layered Nature of Texts Othering
Liberal Feminism Outcome-Driven Research
Life History Overdetermination
Limited-Depth Case Study Over-Rapport
Logocentrism
Longitudinal Research Paradigmatic Cases
Paradigm Plurality in Case
Macrolevel Social Mechanisms Study Research
Management of Impressions Participant Observation
Managerialism Participant Rights. See Subject Rights
Masculinity and Femininity Participatory Action Research
x List of Entries

Participatory Case Study Repeated Observations

Patriarchy Replication
Pattern Matching Reporting Case Study Research
Pedagogy and Case Study Researcher as Research Tool
Performativity Researcher–Participant Relationship
Personality Tests Research Framework
Phenomenology Research Objectives
Philosophy of Science Research Proposals
Plausibility Research Questions, Types of
Pluralism and Case Study Retrospective Case Study
Polar Types Re-Use of Qualitative Data
Postcolonialism Rhetoric in Research Reporting
Postmodernism Rival Explanations
Postpositivism
Poststructuralism Sampling
Poststructuralist Feminism Scientific Method
Power Scientific Realism
Power/Knowledge Secondary Data as Primary
Pracademics Self-Confrontation Method
Practice-Oriented Research Self-Presentation
Pragmatism Sensemaking
Praxis Sensitizing Concepts
Primitivism Serendipity Pattern
Probabilistic Explanation Sexuality
Problem Formulation Signifier and Signified
Process Tracing Sign System
Processual Case Research Simulacrum
Program Evaluation and Case Study Single-Case Designs
Program-Logic Model Situational Analysis
Prospective Case Study Social-Interaction Theory
Socialist Feminism
Qualitative Analysis in Case Study Socially Distributed Knowledge
Qualitative Comparative Analysis Spiral Case Study
Quantitative Analysis in Case Study Standpoint Analysis
Quantitative Single-Case Research Design Statistical Analysis
Quasi-Experimental Design Statistical Generalization
Questionnaires Statistics, Use of in Case Study
Quick Start to Case Study Research Storyselling
Storytelling
Radical Empiricism Structuration
Radical Feminism Subjectivism
Random Assignment Subject Rights
Reality Substantive Theory
Real-Time Cases Symbolic Interactionism
Re-Analysis of Previous Data Symbolic Value
Reflexivity Symbolic Violence
Regulating Group Mind
Relational Analysis Temporal Bracketing
Reliability Terroir
 List of Entries xi

Textual Analysis Use of Digital Data

Thematic Analysis Utilitarianism
Theoretical Saturation Utilization
Theory, Role of Validity
Theory-Building With Cases Verstehen
Theory-Testing With Cases Visual Research Methods
Thick Description
Triangulation Webs of Significance
Within-Case Analysis
Underdetermination Writing and Difference
Reader’s Guide

The Reader’s Guide is provided to assist readers in locating articles on related topics. It classifies articles
into nine general topical categories: Academic Disciplines; Case Study Research Design; Conceptual
Issues; Data Analysis; Data Collection; Methodological Approaches; Theoretical Traditions; Theory
Development and Contributions From Case Study Research; Types of Case Study Research. Entries may
be listed under more than one topic.

Academic Disciplines Discursive Frame

Case Study Research in Anthropology Dissertation Proposal
Case Study Research in Business and Ethics
Management Event-Driven Research
Case Study Research in Business Ethics Exemplary Case Design
Case Study Research in Education Extended Case Method
Case Study Research in Feminism Extreme Cases
Case Study Research in Medicine Healthcare Practice Guidelines
Case Study Research in Political Science Holistic Designs
Case Study Research in Psychology Hypothesis
Case Study Research in Public Policy Integrating Independent Case Studies
Case Study Research in Sociology Juncture
Case Study Research in Tourism Longitudinal Research
Case Study With the Elderly Mental Framework
Ecological Perspectives Mixed Methods in Case Study Research
Healthcare Practice Guidelines Most Different Systems Design
Pedagogy and Case Study Multimedia Case Study
Case Study Research Design Multiple-Case Designs
Before-and-After Case Study Design Multi-Site Case Study
Blended Research Design Naturalistic Inquiry
Bounding the Case Natural Science Model
Case Selection Number of Cases
Case-to-Case Synthesis Outcome-Driven Research
Case Within a Case Paradigmatic Cases
Comparative Case Study Paradigm Plurality in Case Study Research
Critical Incident Case Study Participatory Action Research
Cross-Sectional Design Participatory Case Study
Decision Making Under Uncertainty Polar Types
Deductive–Nomological Model of Explanation Problem Formulation
Deviant Case Analysis Quantitative Single-Case Research Design

xiii
xiv Reader’s Guide

Quasi-Experimental Design Coding: Open Coding

Quick Start to Case Study Research Coding: Selective Coding
Random Assignment Cognitive Biases
Research Framework Cognitive Mapping
Research Objectives Communicative Framing Analysis
Research Proposals Complexity
Research Questions, Types of Computer-Based Analysis of Qualitative Data:
Rhetoric in Research Reporting ATLAS/ti
Sampling Computer-Based Analysis of Qualitative Data:
Socially Distributed Knowledge CAITA (Computer-Assisted Interpretive
Spiral Case Study Textual Analysis)
Statistics, Use of in Case Studies Computer-Based Analysis of Qualitative Data:
Storyselling Kwalitan
Temporal Bracketing Computer-Based Analysis of Qualitative Data:
Thematic Analysis MAXQDA 2007
Theory, Role of Computer Based Analysis of Qualitative Data:
Theory-Testing With Cases NVIVO
Utilization Concept Mapping
Validity Congruence Analysis
Conceptual Issues Constant Causal Effects Assumption
Agency Content Analysis
Alienation Conversation Analysis
Authenticity and Bad Faith Cross-Case Synthesis and Analysis
Author Intentionality Decision Making Under Uncertainty
Case Study and Theoretical Science Document Analysis
Contentious Issues in Case Study Research Factor Analysis
Cultural Sensitivity and Case Study Fiction Analysis
Dissertation Proposal High-Quality Analysis
Ecological Perspectives Inductivism
Ideology Interactive Methodology, Feminist
Masculinity and Femininity Interpreting Results
Objectivism Iterative
Othering Iterative Nodes
Patriarchy Knowledge Production
Pluralism and Case Study Method of Agreement
Power Method of Difference
Power/Knowledge Multicollinearity
Pragmatism Multidimensional Scaling
Researcher as Research Tool Over-Rapport
Terroir Pattern Matching
Utilitarianism Re-Analysis of Previous Data
Verstehen Regulating Group Mind
Data Analysis Relational Analysis
Abduction Replication
Bayesian Inference and Boolean Logic Re-Use of Qualitative Data
Bricoleur Rival Explanations
Case-to-Case Synthesis Secondary Data as Primary
Causal Case Study: Explanatory Theories Serendipity Pattern
Chronological Order Situational Analysis
Coding: Axial Coding Standpoint Analysis
 Reader’s Guide xv

Statistical Analysis Personality Tests

Storyselling Problem Formulation
Temporal Bracketing Questionnaires
Textual Analysis Reflexivity
Thematic Analysis Regulating Group Mind
Use of Digital Data Reliability
Utilization Repeated Observations
Webs of Significance Researcher–Participant Relationship
Within-Case Analysis Re-Use of Qualitative Data
Data Collection Sensitizing Concepts
Action-Based Data Collection Subject Rights
Analysis of Visual Data Subjectivism
Anonymity and Confidentiality Theoretical Saturation
Anonymizing Data for Secondary Use Triangulation
Archival Records as Evidence Use of Digital Data
Audiovisual Recording Utilization
Autobiography Visual Research Methods
Case Study Database Methodological Approaches
Case Study Protocol Activity Theory
Case Study Surveys Actor-Network Theory
Consent, Obtaining Participant ANTi-History
Contextualization Autoethnography
Critical Pedagogy and Digital Technology Base and Superstructure
Cultural Sensitivity and Case Study Case Study as a Methodological Approach
Data Resources Character
Depth of Data Class Analysis
Diaries and Journals Closure
Direct Observation as Evidence Codifying Social Practices
Discourse Analysis Communicative Action
Documentation as Evidence Community of Practice
Ethnostatistics Comparing the Case Study With Other
Fiction Analysis Methodologies
Field Notes Consciousness Raising
Field Work Contradiction
Going Native Critical Discourse Analysis
Informant Bias Critical Sensemaking
Institutional Ethnography Dasein
Interviews Decentering Texts
Iterative Nodes Deconstruction
Language and Cultural Barriers Dialogical Inquiry
Multiple Sources of Evidence Discourse Ethics
Narrative Analysis Double Hermeneutic
Narratives Dramaturgy
Naturalistic Context Ethnographic Memoir
Nonparticipant Observation Ethnography
Objectivity Ethnomethodology
Over-Rapport Eurocentricism
Participant Observation Families
Participatory Action Research Formative Context
Participatory Case Study Frame Analysis
xvi Reader’s Guide

Front Stage and Back Stage Typological Theory

Gendering Writing and Difference
Genealogy Theoretical Traditions
Governmentality Case Study and Theoretical Science
Grounded Theory Chicago School
Hermeneutics Colonialism
Hybridity Constructivism
Imperialism Critical Realism
Institutional Theory, New and Old Critical Theory
Intertextuality Dialectical Materialism
Isomorphism Epistemology
Langue and Parôle Existentialism
Layered Nature of Texts Families
Life History Formative Context
Logocentrism Frame Analysis
Management of Impressions Historical Materialism
Means of Production Interpretivism
Metaphor Liberal Feminism
Modes of Production Managerialism
Multimethod Research Program Modernity
Multiple Selfing North American Case Research Association
Native Points of View Ontology
Negotiated Order Paradigm Plurality in Case Study Research
Network Analysis Philosophy of Science
One-Dimensional Culture Pluralism and Case Study
Ordinary Troubles Postcolonialism
Organizational Culture Postmodernism
Paradigm Plurality in Case Study Research Postpositivism
Performativity Poststructuralism
Phenomenology Poststructuralist Feminism
Practice-Oriented Research Radical Empiricism
Praxis Radical Feminism
Primitivism Reality
Qualitative Analysis in Case Studies Scientific Method
Qualitative Comparative Analysis Scientific Realism
Quantitative Single-Case Research Design Socialist Feminism
Quick Start to Case Study Research Symbolic Interactionism
Self-Confrontation Method Theory Development and Contributions From
Self-Presentation Case Study Research
Sensemaking Analytic Generalization
Sexuality Audience
Signifier and Signified Authenticity
Sign System Concatenated Theories
Simulacrum Conceptual Argument
Social Interaction Theory Conceptual Model in a Qualitative Research
Storytelling Project
Structuration Conceptual Model in a Quantitative Research
Symbolic Value Project
Symbolic Violence Conceptual Model: Causal Model
Thick Description Conceptual Model: Operationalization

Contribution, Theoretical
Credibility
Docile Bodies
Equifinality
Experience
Explanation Building
Extension of Theory
Falsification
Functionalism
Generalizability
Genericization
Indeterminacy
Indexicality
Instrumental Case Study
Macrolevel Social Mechanisms
Middle-Range Theory
Naturalistic Generalization
Overdetermination
Plausibility
Probabilistic Explanation
Process Tracing
Program Evaluation and Case Study
Reporting Case Study Research
Rhetoric in Research Reporting
Statistical Generalization
Substantive Theory
Theory-Building With Cases
Theory-Testing With Cases
Underdetermination
Types of Case Study Research
ANTi-History
Reader’s Guide xvii
Case Studies as Teaching Tools
Case Study in Creativity Research
Case Study Research in Tourism
Case Study With the Elderly
Collective Case Study
Configurative-Ideographic Case Study
Critical Pedagogy and Digital Technology
Diagnostic Case Study Research
Explanatory Case Study
Exploratory Case Study
Inductivism
Institutional Ethnography
Instrumental Case Study
Intercultural Performance
Intrinsic Case Study
Limited-Depth Case Study
Multimedia Case Study
Participatory Action Research
Participatory Case Study
Pluralism and Case Study
Pracademics
Processual Case Research
Program Evaluation and Case Study
Program Logic Models
Prospective Case Study
Real-Time Cases
Retrospective Case Study
Re-Use of Qualitative Data
Single-Case Designs
Spiral Case Study
Storyselling
About the Editors
Albert J. Mills, PhD (Professor, Management), is
Director of the PhD (Management) program at
Saint Mary’s University (Nova Scotia, Canada).
Leaving school at 15, his early images of organi-
zation—of frustration, power disparities, conflict,
and sexually segregated work—were experienced
through a series of unskilled jobs and given
broader meaning through campaigns for peace,
social justice, and human liberation. An early con-
cern with discrimination led him to an interest in
the relationship between knowledge (how a sense
of self is developed), history (the contexts in which
selves are constructed), and human liberation
(how we are constrained by contextualized knowl-
edge). He has pursued this focus through active
involvement in a series of scholarly organizations,
and more than 250 publications, culminating in
work on a book (with Gabrielle Durepos) on
ANTi-history—a liberationist approach to [past]
knowledge.
Mills’s feminist work ranges from involvement
on university equity committees, leadership roles
in the Gender and Diversity in Organizations divi-
sions of the Academy of Management (AoM) and
the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada
(ASAC), and membership in the editorial boards
of Equal Employment International and Gender,
Work and Organization (Associate Editor). His
books on gender and diversity include Gendering
Organizational Analysis (1992), Managing the
Organizational Melting Pot (1997), Gender,
Identity, and the Culture of Organizations (2002),
Identity Politics at Work (2004), and Sex, Strategy,
and the Stratosphere: The Gendering of Airline
Cultures (2006).
Mills’s commitment to social change has led
him to involvement in Critical Management Studies
xix
(CMS), as stream organizer at several international
CMS conferences, and as Chair of the CMS
Division of the Academy of Management. He is
currently on the editorial boards of Organization,
Tamara (Critical Postmodern Studies), the
Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences (as
CMS editor), and the Journal of Workplace Rights.
His books in the field include Organizational
Rules (1991), Reading Organization Theory (1995,
1999, 2005), and Organizational Behaviour in a
Global Context (2007).
Finally, Mills’s interest in knowledge has led
him to explorations of management education and
the role of research strategies, including historiog-
raphy, case study, and postpositivist research meth-
ods. In terms of management education, he has
served as an active researcher and executive mem-
ber of several organizations, including ASAC (as
President), the Atlantic Schools of Business,
and the International Federation of Scholarly
Associations of Management. In terms of research
strategies, he is currently on the editorial boards of
Qualitative Research in Management and
Organizations (Associate Editor) and Management
& Organizational History, and is completing two
books—Business Research Methods, and Darkside
of Business Case Studies, which explores the use of
teaching with cases. He is also engaged in a series
of ongoing case studies and histories of airline
companies, and histories of management thought
and scholarly associations in North America.
Gabrielle Durepos is a PhD candidate in
Management at Saint Mary’s University in Nova
Scotia, Canada, where she is an instructor of orga-
nizational behavior. Growing up in a 20th-century
Western society that saw the rise of dominant
xx About the Editors
grand narratives, Durepos has been continuously
fascinated by the process in which knowledge
assumes a status of “truth” and the subsequent
potential of that knowledge to govern an entire
society’s meaning-making activities. The central
strand that bounds all of her research interests is
“knowledge,” including knowledge production,
legitimation, and dispersion. Her research interests
are far-ranging and include history (knowledge of
the past) and historiography (how one creates
knowledge of the past), the sociology of knowl-
edge, epistemology, the philosophy of the natural
sciences, the cold war and its influence on manage-
ment thought and knowledge, organizational eth-
ics (a collective shared knowledge of what are
deemed “good” and “bad” behaviors in organiza-
tions) and the development of methodologies.
Durepos has recently been engaged in the craft-
ing of an alternative approach to historiography
that offers the potential to craft organizational
histories, as well as to historicize research and
knowledge. Termed ANTi-history, the historio-
graphic approach has been developed through
meticulous archival research and offers scholars
specific advice on the rigorous use of the archive.
Though the present application of ANTi-history is
based on archival materials from the Pan American
Airways archive at the Otto Richter Library, she
and Albert Mills have planned its future applica-
tion in terms of theorizing the influence of the cold
war (as based on archival materials from the
Tamiment Library) on management thought in
Canada and the United States.
Durepos has published her work in peer-
reviewed journals, including Management &
Organizational History and Journal of Management
History. She has played an active role in the orga-
nization of The Atlantic Schools of Business
Conference and is an associate editor for the
Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences.
Elden Wiebe, PhD, is an Associate Professor
of Business, Department of Management &
Commerce, King’s University College, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada. He is currently developing
and combining three central research interests.
Organizational change is one central research
focus, an interest that grew from having worked in
contexts where significant organizational change
was desperately needed but never undertaken,
and where significant organizational change
had occurred only to be reversed within a few
years, thereby again incurring the same problems
that the original change had resolved. Temporal
embeddedness is a second research focus, specifi-
cally time in the context of organizing, organiza-
tions, and organizational change. Observing and
personally experiencing the tyranny of the clock in
human relations has led him to pursue under-
standings of time that extend beyond the singular
expression of time as a technology symbolized by
the clock. His third research focus is spirituality,
which stems from his longstanding involvement in
Christian spirituality, developed over years of par-
ticipation in organizations dedicated to addressing
justice, human well-being, and the spirit. This has
led him to researching the growing phenomenon
of spirituality in the workplace.
Wiebe’s recent work has combined his interests
in organizational change and time. His research
investigates individual managerial temporal sense-
making and how it impacts managers’ implemen-
tation of change and their individual response to
the change as they construct it. This work is the
focus of his recently completed dissertation. An
earlier version of the theory chapter from the dis-
sertation won the Doctoral Student Scholarship
at the Future of Time in Management and
Organizations conference (INSEAD), sponsored
by the International Network for Time in
Management and Organization, the Center for
Creative Inquiry located in San Francisco, and the
Organizational Behavior and Organizational
Development and Change Divisions of the
Academy of Management. Work with colleagues
on investigation of organizational change (meth-
odology) has been published in R. Lunes, A.
Langley, and I. Stensaker (Eds.), Handbook of
Organizational Change and Learning. His current
work on time/temporality and change examines
how the relationship between family physicians
and patients is being shaped by the emphasis on
efficiency, a phenomenon based in clock time, in
the context of increasing wait times within pub-
licly funded healthcare services. Work with col-
leagues on the regionalization of healthcare
services has been published in Healthcare
Quarterly.

Wiebe’s commitment to spirituality has led to
combining his interests in spirituality and organi-
zational change. He is currently involved in a
Social Sciences & Humanities Research Council–
funded grant examining why and how spirituality
is incorporated into the workplace, and what
impact it has on employees and the workplace. His
About the Editors xxi
initial work with colleagues has been published in
the Journal of Management Inquiry.
Wiebe is a member of the Academy of
Management and the Administrative Sciences
Association of Canada. He is also an active sup-
porter of the Center for Spirituality and the
Workplace at Saint Mary’s University.
Contributors

Iiris Aaltio Constance A Barlow

University of Jyväskylä University of Calgary
Clem Adelman Lee Bartel
Independent Scholar University of Toronto
Maria Aggestam B. Raewyn Bassett
Lund University Dalhousie University
Annette Jean Ahern
Deborah L. Begoray
St. Francis Xavier University
University of Victoria
Rafael Alcadipani
Alan Belk
Fundação Getulio Vargas—Escola de
University of Guelph
Administração de Empresas de São Paulo
Namita Bhatnagar
Isabel Altamirano-Jimenez University of Manitoba
University of Alberta
Pam Bishop
John Amis University of Calgary
University of Memphis
Alex Bitektine
Thillai Rajan Annamalai
École des Hautes Études Commerciales,
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Montreal
Maribel Aponte Inge Bleijenbergh
University of Puerto Rico and EducArTec, Inc. Radboud University Nijmegen
Marie-Jose Avenier David Michael Boje
University Pierre Mendes France—Grenoble New Mexico State University
J. I. (Hans) Bakker Wanda Boyer
University of Guelph University of Victoria
Subhabrata Bobby Banerjee Alexander Brem
University of Western Sydney VEND Consulting GmbH

Elizabeth M Banister Lace Marie Brogden

University of Victoria University of Regina

xxiii
xxiv Contributors

Donald Bruce Susan Crichton

University of Guelph University of Calgary

Boris H. J. M Brummans Data D. Barata

Université de Montréal University of Northern British Columbia

Janet M. C. Burns Hari Das

University of New Brunswick Saint Mary’s University

Shelagh Campbell Benet Davetian

Saint Mary’s University University of Prince Edward Island

Adrian Carr Annette Davies

University of Western Sydney University of Cardiff

Julian Castro-Rea Ryan J. Davis

University of Alberta University of Maryland

Brian Caterino Jane Dawson

Independent Scholar St. Francis Xavier University
Didier Chabaud Katerina Deliovsky
École de Management Normandie/University Brock University
of Cergy Pontoise
Hülya Demirdirek
Dongshin Chang University of Victoria
University of Guelph
Constance deRoche
Colin Chasteauneuf
Cape Breton University
University of Northern British Columbia
John Estano deRoche
Linda Chmiliar
Cape Breton University
Athabasca University

Adele E. Clarke MariaLaura di Domenico

University of California San Francisco Open University

Annabel J. Cohen Carla DiGiorgio

University of Prince Edward Island UPEI

Michael Corbett Hans Doorewaard

Acadia University Radboud University Nijmegen

Joep Cornelissen Jan Dul

Leeds University Business School Rotterdam School of Management

Marian Court Gabrielle Durepos

College of Education, Massey University Saint Mary’s University

Cassandra S. Crawford Kelly Dye

Northern Illinois University Acadia University
 Contributors xxv

Margaret C. Dykeman Robert Gebotys

University of New Brunswick Wilfrid Laurier University

Margaret Edwards Patricia Genoe McLaren

Athabasca University Saint Mary’s University

Fred Eidlin Robert P. Gephart

University of Guelph University of Alberta

Tony Elger Olivier Germain

University of Warwick École de Management Normandie

Julia Ellis Silvia Gherardi

University of Alberta University of Trento

Leona M English J. Tim Goddard

St. Francis of Xavier University University of Calgary

Päivi Eriksson Steven J Gold

University of Kuopio TUI University

Jeanine C. Evers John Goldring

University for Humanistics University of Salford

Loren Falkenberg Maria Gondo

University of Calgary University of Memphis

Peer Christian Fiss Gina Grandy

University of Southern California Mount Allison University

Margaret Fletcher Arlene Haddon

University of Glasgow Saint Mary’s University

Janice R. Foley Tony Hak

University of Regina Rotterdam School of Management

William M Foster Ralph Hanke

University of Alberta Bowling Green State University

Martin Fougère Lorelei Hanson

Hanken School of Economics Athabasca University

Maria Jose Freitas Henry Harder

Hogeschool Zuyd University of Northern British Columbia

Carol Lynne Fulton L. Lynda Harling Stalker

University of Regina St. Francis Xavier University

Liesl L. Gambold Elizabeth Harlow

Dalhousie University University of Salford
xxvi Contributors

Frank Harrison Frans Kamsteeg

St. Francis Xavier University Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

John Hassard Mihaela Kelemen

University of Manchester Keele University

Pia Heilmann Andrew D. Kitchenham

Lappeenranta University of Technology University of Northern British Columbia

Martin Hewson Michael Kompf

University of Regina Brock University

Ellen Hijmans Hubert Korzilius

Radboud University, Nijmegen, Radboud University Nijmegen
The Netherlands
Donna Kotsopoulos
Sandra P. Hirst Wilfrid Laurier University
University of Calgary
Anne Kovalainen
Angela Hope Turku School of Economics
Saint Mary’s University, Texas
Don Kuiken
Áine M. Humble University of Alberta
Mount Saint Vincent University
Saville Ian Kushner
Margot Hurlbert University of the West of England
University of Regina
Lisa N. LaFramboise
David Carroll Jacobs Laurentian University
Morgan State University
Ann Langley
Milton Jacobs École des Hautes Études Commerciales,
State University of New York—New Paltz Montreal

Roy Stager Jacques Judith C. Lapadat

Massey University University of Northern British Columbia

JoAnn Jaffe Cheryl A. Lapp

University of Regina Labyrinth Consulting

Markku Jahnukainen Carole Lynne Le Navenec

University of Alberta University of Calgary

Kam Jugdev Jason S. LeCoure

Athabasca University Saint Mary’s University

Helena Kadlec Lianne M. Lefsrud

University of Victoria University of Alberta

Gada Kadoda Jacqueline P. Leighton

Bournemouth University University of Alberta
 Contributors xxvii

Piia Lepisto-Johansson Sally Maitlis

Lappeenranta University of Technology University of British Columbia

Hugo Letiche Garance Marechal

University for Humanistics University of Liverpool

Pascal Lièvre E. Anne Marshall

Université d’Auvergne University of Victoria

Warren Linds Verna L. McDonald

Concordia University University of Northern British Columbia

Sally Lindsay Michelle K. McGinn

University of Salford Brock University

Sally Lindsay John McMurtry

University of Toronto University of Guelph

Stephen Andrew Linstead Lars Meier

University of York Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany

Sherri Melrose
Feng Liu
Athabasca University
University of British Columbia
Sam Migliore
Karen Locke
Kwantlen Polytechnic University
College of William and Mary
Albert J. Mills
Peter John Loewen Saint Mary’s University
Université de Montreal
Jean Helms Mills
David A. Lynes Saint Mary’s University
St. Francis Xavier University
Dolana Mogadime
Doreen K. MacAulay Brock University
Saint Mary’s University
Andrew Molloy
Janet MacKenzie Cape Breton University
University of New Brunswick
Fiona Moore
Gregory Rodney MacKinnon Royal Holloway University of London
Acadia University
Ricardo Morais
Colleen MacQuarrie Catholic University of Portugal
University of Prince Edward Island
Jean-Luc Moriceau
Amal Madibbo GET/INT–Management (France) and UvH
University of Calgary (Netherlands)

Helen Mahoney Anna-Maria Murtola

University of Calgary Åbo Akademi
xxviii Contributors

Philippe Naccache T. Paslawski

Grenoble École de Management University of Alberta

Marc Nesca Barbara L. Paterson

Athabasca University University of New Brunswick

Laura E. Nimmon Juana Patlan-Perez

University of British Columbia Researcher

Kathleen Nolan Bernadette M. Pauly

University of Regina University of Victoria

Hiroko Noro George Pavlich

University of Victoria University of Alberta

Mark Nuttall Beth Perry

University of Alberta Athabasca University

David O’Donnell Vincent Peters

Intellectual Capital Research Institute Ireland Kwalitan Advies

Margaret Olson Nelson Phillips

St. Francis Xavier University Imperial College, University of London

Nilgun Onder Rebecca Piekkari

University of Regina Helsinki School of Economics

Hezekiah Uba Orji Emmanuella Plakoyiannaki

University of Phoenix Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Sarah M. G. Otner Marilyn Porter

London School of Economics Memorial University

Eriikka Paavilainen Seppo Poutanen

Turku School of Economics University of Turku

Amy Pablo Ajnesh Prasad

University of Calgary York University

Michael P. Pagano Jason Matthew Cameron Price

Fairfield University University of Victoria

Pekka Pälli Cenza Priola

Helsinki School of Economics Aston University

Andie Diane Palmer Rhonda Pyper

University of Alberta University of Ottawa

Donna Boone Parsons Helen Raptis

Saint Mary’s University University of Victoria
 Contributors xxix

Pat Rasmussen Henderikus Stam

Athabasca University University of Calgary

Emmanuel Raufflet Lavinia Stan

École des Hautes Études Commerciales, Montréal Concordia University

Rosemary C. Reilly Susanne Starke

Concordia University University of Bamberg

Geraldine Rix Robert A. Stebbins

Université Blaise Pascal University of Calgary

Brian A. Roberts Christoph K. Streb

Memorial University of Newfoundland University of Groningen

Jason Christopher Robinson Chris Street

University of Guelph University of Manitoba

GraceAnn Rosile Stefan Strohschneider

New Mexico State University University of Jena

Roy Suddaby
Gretchen B. Rossman
University of Alberta
University of Massachusetts Amherst
Deirdre Tedmanson
Adam Rostis
University of South Australia
Saint Mary’s University
Eli Teram
Isabelle Royer Wilfrid Laurier University
Université de Lille
Amy Thurlow
Peregrine Schwartz-Shea Mount Saint Vincent University
University of Utah
Janne Tienari
Marie-Claire Shanahan Helsinki School of Economics
University of Alberta
Vianne Timmons
Basu Sharma University of Regina
University of New Brunswick
Ruthanne Tobin
Sandra Singer University of Victoria
University of Guelph
Cagri Topal
Bonnie Slade University of Alberta
York University
Margaret E. Toye
Murray E.G. Smith Wilfrid Laurier University
Brock University
Eero Vaara
Jorge Sousa Swedish School of Economics and Business
University of Alberta Administration
xxx Contributors

AnneLoes van Staa David Wicks

Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences Saint Mary’s University

James Vardaman Elden Wiebe

University of Memphis Saint Mary’s University

Zsuzsanna Vincze Jo-Anne H. Willment

Turku School of Economics University of Calgary

Peggy Wallace Jaana Woiceshyn

Trent University University of Calgary

Neil Michael Walsh Julie Wolfram Cox

University of Otago Deakin University

Kerry Ward Honggen Xiao

University of Nebraska (Omaha) Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Terrance G. Weatherbee Dvora Yanow

Acadia University Vrije Universitait Amsterdam

David Weitzner Sierk Ybema

York University Free University Amsterdam

Catherine Welch Robert K. Yin

University of Sydney COSMOS Corporation

Harry Wels Larry D. Yore

Vrije Universitait Amsterdam University of Victoria

Fred Wester Anthony R. Yue

Radboud University, Nijmegen Saint Mary’s University
Introduction
Case study methodology has a relatively long
history within the sciences, social sciences, and
humanities. In sociology, for example, there is
evidence that the case study approach was being
“pioneered” at the University of Chicago by 1920,
as sociologists attempted to illuminate the social
instance (e.g., the immigrant experience in the
United States) through detailing the particular
(e.g., the study of selected Polish immigrants) (see
Chicago School entry).
Much of this early case study research was
incorporated in qualitative research strategies, but
the tradition also developed as part of quantitative
and mixed methods research strategies. This was
true of medical research, for instance, where the
case study approach dates back to the early 1930s
and was initially viewed as useful for assisting
researchers in making valid inferences from events
outside the lab in ways yet consistent with the rig-
orous methodology of laboratory science (see Case
Study Research in Medicine entry).
Over time the case study approach garnered
interest across various disciplines as researchers
sought to illuminate phenomena through detailed
study of their occurrence in a particular context.
Today case study research can be found across
various sciences (see Decision Making Under
Uncertainty), the humanities (ANTi-History), and
the social sciences (Case Study Research in Political
Science), embracing qualitative (Autoethnography)
and quantitative (Before-and-After Case Study
Design) research strategies, positivist (Causal Case
Study: Explanatory Theories) and postpositivist
approaches (Actor-Network Theory), and the
practice-oriented fields such as education, manage-
ment, public administration, and the human ser-
vices (see, respectively, Case Study Research in
xxxi
Education, Case Study Research in Business and
Management, Case Study Research in Public
Policy, and Case Study With the Elderly).
Despite this long history and widespread use,
case study research has received perhaps the least
attention among the various research strategies in
the literature on research strategies. In the social
sciences, for example, only a few texts deal directly
with case study as a central subject, and no ency-
clopedic reference provides a thorough overview
of design and methods in case study research as
guidance for students, researchers, and profession-
als trying to incorporate case studies into a rigor-
ous research project or program. This Encyclopedia
is intended to be that authoritative resource by
combining entries from across the social sciences
and humanities, and encouraging work from
across the methodological traditions to include
feminist, poststructuralist, critical, postcolonial,
interpretive, postmodernist, historical materialist,
racio-ethnic, as well as positivist entries.
The development of the Encyclopedia of Case
Study Research was exciting and challenging. It
provided an opportunity to expose a large number
of researchers to the value of case study research,
but it also offered the challenge of making it inter-
esting and understandable to as wide an audience
of researchers as possible. Our challenge has been
to make case study relevant to researchers at vari-
ous stages of their careers—from student to sea-
soned academic; across philosophic divides—from
positivism to postpositivism; across disciplines as
diverse as music and anthropology; across the
international divide; and from qualitative to quan-
titative researchers, as well as those interested in
mixed methods. In the process, we also hoped that
the Encyclopedia would appeal to the end users of
xxxii Introduction
research. Thus, we drew on a vast number of con-
tacts and networks to encourage contributions
from case study scholars from various disciplines
and philosophical orientations across the globe.
We were aided in our endeavors by an interna-
tional editorial board consisting of many of the
leading researchers in the field. Our hope is that
we have succeeded in our overall aim of providing
an accessible but far-reaching Encyclopedia that
will become not only a valuable resource but will
encourage new and renewed interest in case study
research.
The following Encyclopedia of Case Study
Research (two volumes, approximately 1,100
printed pages) provides a comprehensive compen-
dium covering the important methodological issues
encountered in doing case study research, and
exploring both their strengths and weaknesses
from different paradigmatic approaches. The focus
is on the distinctive characteristics of case study
strategies and their place within and alongside
other research strategies. From beginning to end,
this work covers the spectrum, addressing such
overarching themes and general topic areas as:
•• The scientific method
•• Comparing the case study with other research
methodologies
•• The role of theory in case study research
•• Types of case studies (e.g., explanatory,
exploratory, descriptive)
•• Case studies within various disciplinary contexts
(psychology, business, etc.)
•• Designing case study research
•• Principles of data collection with case study
designs
•• Conducting case studies
•• Analyzing case study evidence
•• Composing case study reports
•• Evaluating the quality of case study research
design and findings
•• Using case studies as one part of a multimethod
research program
In the spirit of different research traditions, we
have avoided standardization of certain terms and
concepts, which in some cases are capitalized and
in others not; and in some places are italicized for
emphasis and in others not.
Defining Case Study Research
Defining case study research is both easy and prob-
lematic. It is problematic because the very essence
of our approach of bringing together case study
researchers from across the paradigmatic divides
and across various disciplines means that any defi-
nition needs to be all encompassing. As you will
find throughout the Encyclopedia, definitions of
case study vary across disciplines, especially accord-
ing to the underlying philosophies (or paradigms)
involved. On the other hand, there are common
threads across all the entries that allowed us to
make decisions about what was and was not an
applicable entry on case study research. Thus, in
the process of developing an all-inclusive work we
constructed a particular view of what it is that
constitutes case study.
Simply put, case study is a research strategy
whose characteristics include
•• a focus on the interrelationships that constitute
the context of a specific entity (such as an
organization, an event, phenomenon, or person),
•• analysis of the relationship between the
contextual factors and the entity being studied,
and
•• the explicit purpose of using those insights (of
the interactions between contextual relationships
and the entity in question) to generate theory
and/or contribute to extant theory.
Here we propose four noteworthy points con-
cerning our description of the case study: First, and
foremost, our definition, like all definitions, serves
to limit the object of enquiry but hopefully in a way
that is not too restrictive. Second, as such, our
definition should be taken as a heuristic, or sense-
making device, for guiding, rather than dictating,
your understanding of case study research.
Nonetheless, in keeping with the philosophy of our
approach, our definition—like all definitions—
should be viewed as a social construction for mak-
ing sense of the common threads across contributions.
Our definition is not meant to be definitive nor
authoritative to the exclusion of other equally valid
definitions. Third, we have chosen to call case
study a research strategy rather than a method or
methodology. Method implies a research tool, such
as surveys, interviews, or observations, and case

study cannot be reduced to a single method.
Methodology can refer to the use of a particular
method or methods and the theoretical framework
that informs its use. To take the example of inter-
viewing: Some researchers may use interviews as a
method for finding out what people actually think
about something, while poststructuralist research-
ers may use interviews to assess how powerful ideas
in practice (e.g., employment equity, privatization,
fitness) influence the way people think and treat
something as knowledge. Case study can involve
any combination of methodologies and methods
and so is perhaps better described as a strategy to
capture the decision making that goes into develop-
ing a particular case study. Fourth, we have linked
our definition to the focus, form of analysis, and
explicit purpose of the research strategy. In other
words, a case consists of a focus on the link between
a specific entity and its supposed contextual inter-
relationships, and on what the link can tell us about
either the uniqueness of the case or its generaliz-
ability to comparable relationships.
How to Use the Encyclopedia
of Case Study Research
The encyclopedia consists of 357entries arranged
in alphabetical order over two volumes. Each entry
provides the reader with an overview of a specific
topic or issue in case study research. In each entry,
readers will first find a definition of the headword
followed by a conceptual overview and discussion
of key issues pertaining to that headword. Since we
were particularly concerned with the doing of case
study research, readers will typically find an appli-
cation of the headword, either in terms of a direct
description of “how to” or in the form of a
description of an example of a case study that
embodies the headword. The identification of a
specific case study where the headword is applied
is especially useful, since it grounds the headword
in an actual case study and provides readers with
a concrete example, which they can later consult as
an additional reference material. Each entry con-
cludes with a critical summary that reflectively
raises additional issues of which practitioners of
case study research should be aware. Finally, fur-
ther insight into the headword is then provided
through a list of cross-references to other relevant
Introduction xxxiii
headwords in the encyclopedia and a list of refer-
ences for further in-depth investigation.
The Encyclopedia contains an entry titled “Case
Study as a Methodological Approach.” Unlike
other entries, which deal with specific aspects of
case study research, this entry provides an over-
view of case study research. It does, however, share
with all other entries an underlying philosophy
that informs its approach and should be read in
that vein.
An additional feature of the Encyclopedia
readers will find helpful is the Reader’s Guide,
located in the front matter of each volume. The
Reader’s Guide organizes all entries under nine
thematic topics for easy reference. For example,
readers may wish to turn first to an overview of
case study research within their discipline. The
Reader’s Guide lists each discipline addressed
under the heading of Academic Disciplines. Other
categories include Theoretical Traditions, Metho­
dological Approaches, Types of Case Study
Research, Case Study Research Design, Data
Collection, Data Analysis, Theory Development
and Contributions from Case Study Research,
and Conceptual Issues. Each entry in the
Encyclopedia will be listed under at least one of
these broad thematic headings.
At the end of the Encyclopedia (in Volume 2)
we have included a section called “The Fun and
Value of Case Study Research.” Here we asked
contributors to share their sense of the enjoyment
as well as the value of case study research. The
result is a selected group of five researchers who
share their views of how case study research can be
as meaningful and as much fun as it is rigorous
and methodical. Our aim here is to provide a dif-
ferent way of “getting inside” the case study
researcher’s viewpoint. Linked to these contribu-
tions is a section called “Favorite Cases” where
contributors share their opinions on the case stud-
ies that have influenced their own work and think-
ing. Here you will find an array of views and
further information on the types of case studies
that influence case study researchers. Our aim is to
provide a different way of exposing readers to the
importance of case study research and a guide to
further reading.
Finally, we provide a list of case studies selected
by many of the contributors and editors of the
 xxxiv Introduction
Encyclopedia. This allows readers to follow up on
selected themes, to explore the work of contribu-
tors, to gain a sense of the depth of expertise
involved in the two-volume work, and provides
another resource for further reading.
Acknowledgments
An Encyclopedia encompassing such breadth and
depth—breadth of disciplines, philosophical para-
digms, and geographic situatedness of case studies,
and depth of experience, knowledge, and insight
into case study research—could not have been pro-
duced without the gracious and careful efforts of
practitioners of case study research worldwide. We
as an editorial team have been humbled by their
commitment to the case study strategy, by their
insight into doing case study research, and by their
commitment to the people and issues that formed
the focus of their own respective case studies. To
all who contributed to the Encyclopedia, we are
especially grateful.
We are also particularly thankful for the out-
standing (and this word is understated) contribu-
tion of our managing editor, Marion Weatherbee.
Marion has brought exceptional organizational
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skills to this endeavor, freeing and focusing us as
editors to do the work of editing.
We have also been blessed to work with a
superb team at Sage. James Brace-Thompson, who
first proposed the Encyclopedia to us, has been a
constant source of support, encouragement, enthu-
siasm, and energy. Carole Maurer, our develop-
mental editor, has worked closely with us to gauge
our progress, helping us to find ways to continue
to move forward in a timely fashion, and assisting
us with myriad questions and issues over the
course of developing the Encyclopedia. Our
expressed thanks do not adequately convey our
depth of appreciation for you. Finally, Laura
Notton and Leticia Gutierrez have provided invalu-
able support through the Sage Reference Tracking
System, which has made a logistical monster into a
benign housecat.
In conclusion, we are grateful for our readers,
both novice and seasoned researchers, who wish to
learn about or further develop their abilities in case
study research. It is because of you that this has
been a labor of love.
Albert J. Mills, Gabrielle Durepos,
and Elden Wiebe