Heliyon

The Optimization of College Tennis Training and Teaching under Deep Learning
--Manuscript Draft--

Manuscript Number: HELIYON-D-23-40759

Article Type: Original Research Article

Section/Category: Social Sciences

Keywords: Physical education teaching evaluation, deep learning, BPNN, tennis tactics,
diagnostic model

Abstract: It is urgent to strengthen the application of Deep Learning (DL) in tennis teaching and
promote the new reform of sports projects. Based on this, this paper uses DL to study
tennis tactics. Firstly, the concepts of healthy sports and the Back Propagation Neural
Network (BPNN) are given. Then, the relevant theories are used to construct the tennis
tactical diagnostic index system, including construction principles, basic requirements,
diagnostic index content, and the design of the evaluation index content. Meanwhile, a
tennis tactical diagnostic model is constructed using BPNN. Finally, relevant
experiments are designed to verify the constructed index system and diagnostic model.
The results show that: on the one hand, the model constructed by the neural network is
used to train the data. The best Mean Square Error (MSE) of the validation set is
0.00037146, and the MSE of the training set is 0.0104. On the other hand, it is found
that the constructed tennis tactical diagnostic index system can analyze the tactical
application of athletes in detail when the system is adopted to conduct real-time
diagnoses of athletes. This paper aims to evaluate the state of athletes through the
constructed diagnostic system, which makes specific training and competition
guidance effective and provides a reference for optimizing tennis training and teaching.

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1
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3 The Optimization of College Tennis Training and Teaching
4
5 under Deep Learning
6
7 1
8
9 2 Yu Zhang
10
11 3 Department of Social Science Foundation, Zhejiang College of Security Technology, Wenzhou,
12 4 325016, China
13
14 5 Email:zy.2625@163.com
15
16
17 6
18 7 Abstract: It is urgent to strengthen the application of Deep Learning (DL) in tennis
19 8 teaching and promote the new reform of sports projects. Based on this, this paper uses DL
20 9 to study tennis tactics. Firstly, the concepts of healthy sports and the Back Propagation
21 10 Neural Network (BPNN) are given. Then, the relevant theories are used to construct the
22
23 11 tennis tactical diagnostic index system, including construction principles, basic
24 12 requirements, diagnostic index content, and the design of the evaluation index content.
25 13 Meanwhile, a tennis tactical diagnostic model is constructed using BPNN. Finally, relevant
26 14 experiments are designed to verify the constructed index system and diagnostic model. The
27
28
15 results show that: on the one hand, the model constructed by the neural network is used to
29 16 train the data. The best Mean Square Error (MSE) of the validation set is 0.00037146, and
30 17 the MSE of the training set is 0.0104. On the other hand, it is found that the constructed
31 18 tennis tactical diagnostic index system can analyze the tactical application of athletes in
32 19 detail when the system is adopted to conduct real-time diagnoses of athletes. This paper
33
34 20 aims to evaluate the state of athletes through the constructed diagnostic system, which
35 21 makes specific training and competition guidance effective and provides a reference for
36 22 optimizing tennis training and teaching.
37 23 Keywords: Physical education teaching evaluation, deep learning, BPNN, tennis tactics,
38
39
24 diagnostic model
40 25 1. Introduction
41 26 1.1 Research Background and Motivations
42 27 Competitive tennis is a sport whose fundamental purpose is to win. The competitive
43 28 level shown by athletes in the competition is comprehensively reflected in five aspects:
44
45 29 physical fitness, intelligence, mental ability, skills, and tactical ability. Tennis belongs to
46 30 the skill-dominant group of confrontational items with rackets and nets. In modern tennis,
47 31 although physical and mental skills increasingly impact tennis athletes’ performance,
48 32 tactical abilities still play a leading role. In the game between high-level athletes, the
49
33 competition for every point depends on the quality of the single shot and the rational use
50
51 34 of technical and tactical strategies. In addition, the tactical ability of tennis athletes is at the
52 35 core of many factors of competitive ability. Whether an athlete successfully uses
53 36 techniques and tactics in a game is a decisive factor in the outcome. Therefore, researching
54 37 the techniques and tactics of competitive tennis matches can provide a scientific basis for
55
56
38 establishing athletes’ tactical training and decision-making. It is also a meaningful way to
57 39 improve tennis competition in China. In addition, there are still many problems with the
58 40 tennis training and teaching of college students. This paper hopes to inspire the further
59 41 optimization of college tennis teaching and training by diagnosing and evaluating the
60 42 tactics of tennis athletes.
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62 43 1.2 Research Objectives
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3 44 The research purpose is:
4 45 (1) The first is to build a tactical diagnostic index system for men’s singles tennis
5
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46 matches. Tactical analysis and diagnostic index systems suitable for tennis are constructed
7 47 based on previous research, and the evaluation standard is determined. This provides
8 48 researchers with a new tactical analysis and diagnosis method, enriching the tactical
9 49 analysis method of tennis events.
10 50 (2) The tactical diagnostic model is constructed using Back Propagation Neural
11
12 51 Network (BPNN). Then, the tactical analysis and diagnosis of outstanding Chinese men’s
13 52 tennis athletes are carried out using the constructed tactical diagnostic index system and its
14 53 evaluation criteria to provide data support for Chinese tennis athletes and improve their
15 54 technical and tactical levels. A comprehensive evaluation of the tactical level of
16
55 outstanding Chinese and foreign athletes can enrich the tactical analysis methods of tennis
17
18 56 men’s singles and inspire the optimization of tennis training and teaching.
19 57 2. Literature Review
20 58 According to the research, there is the most literature on tennis from the perspective
21 59 of physiology in foreign countries. For example, the application of cognitive skills and
22
23
60 perceptual action training in tennis training is studied from the perspective of sports
24 61 psychology (Zhai, 2022). A physiological perspective is used to quantify the effect of
25 62 fatigue on tennis athlete performance. The limitations of traditional measurement methods
26 63 have been raised (Goodman, 2020). From the perspective of biomechanics, the mechanical
27 64 characteristics of the shoulder joint of elite tennis athletes are analyzed when they serve
28
29 65 (Zhang and Mao, 2021). These results have been essential in promoting tennis development,
30 66 research, and practice in China. In addition, some scholars have studied the reform of
31 67 physical education from the perspective of medical care. Wei et al. (2021) pointed out that
32 68 the public physical education courses in higher vocational colleges had problems such as
33
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69 backward teaching materials, weak teachers, backward teaching methods, backward course
35 70 selection management, and low subject status of public physical education courses in
36 71 higher vocational colleges (Wei et al., 2021). Lin (2021) pointed out the current situation
37 72 of physical education teaching in higher vocational colleges. The guiding ideology of
38 73 school physical education had long been limited to a single function of enhancing students’
39
40 74 physical fitness. The structure of physical education courses was too simple, and physical
41 75 education teaching was too traditional and lacked hierarchy (Lin, 2021). Liu and Zhao
42 76 (2020) put forward the problems of physical education teaching in higher vocational
43 77 schools. The concept of education was narrow, and the teaching method was backward.
44
45
78 The teaching method was single, and the teaching content was repeated. The teaching hours
46 79 were few, and the teaching content was complex. Evaluating students’ physical exercise
47 80 effects on physical education lacked authenticity and effectiveness (Liu and Zhao, 2020).
48 81 The existing research results showed that the reform of higher vocational physical
49 82 education was imperative, and the reform of teaching content would be an important
50
51 83 breakthrough in the reform of higher vocational physical education.
52 84 Tactical diagnosis and analysis work aims to identify statistical indicators and collect
53 85 data (Ahmedt-Aristizabal et al., 2021). Currently, the establishment of statistical indicators
54 86 for tennis tactical diagnosis and analysis research includes self-designed statistical
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87 indicators according to research needs and a selection of technical statistical indicators
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57 88 published on the event’s official website (She and Dai, 2021). First, the statistical indicators
58 89 of the technical effect of return service are designed with “score, initiative, average, and
59 90 turnover” (Dyachenko, 2021). It is used in the technical impact of serving the top eight
60 91 athletes in women’s singles in the seventh National Games of China in terms of the
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92 outcome of the game and the result of the game. Immediately afterward, the “serving
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3 93 success rate” and “serving score” as the analysis indicators of the technical effect of serving
4 94 are proposed (Maryam et al., 2022). It has been applied to the technical comparison of
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95 excellent Chinese athletes and the world’s high-level athletes, and the technical movements
7 96 of Chinese athletes are analyzed. Then, indicators such as the success rate of the first
8 97 serving are proposed and used to evaluate athletes’ serving’s technical and tactical level
9 98 (Jung and Kim, 2020). Finally, the Chinese athletes’ winning factors and technical and
10 99 tactical problems were diagnosed and analyzed in detail in the 2006 Australian Open
11
12 100 women’s doubles final. In response to the issues of the two people, many targeted training
13 101 suggestions were pointed out (Gadi, 2021).
14 102 In terms of DL evaluation, empirical research results in recent years have shown that
15 103 DL evaluation methods have become important. DL is increasingly focusing on process
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104 evaluation and performance evaluation. The assessment mainly includes basic knowledge
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18 105 points, content knowledge, and high-level understanding to cultivate students’ influence
19 106 and emotional ability. Jungo et al. (2021) emphasized the interconnectedness and practical
20 107 application of interdisciplinary knowledge. They used relevant negative and positive
21 108 examples to effectively deepen students’ understanding mechanisms (Jungo et al., 2021).
22
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109 Hou et al. (2021) pointed out teacher-student evaluation in preschool education. They
24 110 suggested that this approach could encourage students to evaluate themselves and their
25 111 peers internally and critically and effectively improve academic performance and students’
26 112 critical thinking (Hou et al., 2021).
27 113 Through the research literature, it is found that there are many studies on the
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29 114 optimization of college sports training and teaching at this stage. In addition, scholars
30 115 mainly research the teaching design of table tennis, basketball, and other aspects. However,
31 116 tennis is also a large-scale sports event, and scholars have little research on its teaching.
32 117 Therefore, this paper mainly studies the optimization design of tennis teaching for college
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118 students. The innovation is that the NN technology in DL is introduced in the research
35 119 process, and the construction of the model is completed. Besides, a comprehensive and
36 120 objective tactical diagnostic index system for the men’s singles match in hard court tennis
37 121 is constructed here. The diagnostic criteria are established, which can realize multi-angle,
38 122 comprehensive, and detailed diagnostic evaluation of the players’ tactical level. This paper
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40 123 aims to improve the teaching level and teaching effect of tennis by constructing a perfect
41 124 tennis teaching evaluation system.
42 125
43 126 3. Research Methodology
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45
127 3.1 Healthcare and sports
46 128 (1) Healthy sport
47 129 Healthy sport is an emerging topic based on the organic combination of the two
48 130 industries of health and sports. Sports strictly implement the “higher, faster, and stronger”
49 131 concept of the Olympic spirit. Health emphasizes the additional effect of sports on the
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51 132 physical and mental health of the human body and greatly weakens the idea of competition.
52 133 In national sports, the concept of healthy sports deserves to be promoted and popularized
53 134 (Formiga et al., 2020).
54 135 (2) Health care and sports
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136 Health care refers to comprehensive measures taken to protect and enhance human
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57 137 health and prevent diseases. Health-care sports refer to activities that achieve the purpose
58 138 of recuperating the spirit and body and improving the whole body function of people by
59 139 learning and mastering the basic theory, basic knowledge, basic methods, and skills of
60 140 strengthening the body. Occupational health sports refer to the activities of learning and
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141 mastering the theoretical knowledge and skills of sports to protect and enhance the physical
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3 142 health of practitioners and prevent diseases. The core of physical health education for the
4 143 purpose of health care is to make people understand the basic laws of enhancing physical
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144 fitness and health and master the relevant knowledge and skills. People should also
7 145 consciously apply these theories to practice to promote self-care for everyone. The teaching
8 146 content of occupational health sports design in medical and health vocational colleges
9 147 comprises traditional and medical health sports.
10 148 (3) Health care sports content
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12 149 Medical sport is an effective method for preventing, treating, and rehabilitating
13 150 diseases, also known as physical therapy. Its object is the patient. The means is physical
14 151 exercise. The goal is to heal illness and restore function. The medical professional
15 152 knowledge mastered by medical and health students should be combined to select, identify,
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153 and apply healthcare physical education content when designing the content of medical and
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18 154 health care physical education in the physical education teaching of medical and health
19 155 vocational colleges. It can improve the professional physique level and health care sports
20 156 ability of medical and health students and enable them to effectively guide patients to carry
21 157 out health care exercises in future professional activities. In the teaching of physical
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158 education, the physical education content of compulsory and elective courses of medical
24 159 and health sports such as medical and health sports theory, medical gymnastics, and health
25 160 massage can be arranged.
26 161
27
162 3.2 BPNN
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29 163 (1) The structure of BPNN
30 164 BPNN is a multilayer feedforward NN. It is characterized by signal forward
31 165 propagation and error backpropagation (Liu et al., 2022). Generally speaking, a typical
32 166 BPNN has a structure of three or more layers, one input layer, one or more hidden layers,
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167 and one output layer, as shown in Figure 1.
35 Input layer
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44 Forward
45 propagation of Error back
46 information propagation
HIdden
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layer
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58 Output layer
59 168
60 169 Figure 1 Topological structure of three-layer BPNN
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3 170 Figure 1 indicates that BPNN consists of two processes, forward propagation and error
4 171 backpropagation. The data flow in the forward propagation process is the input layer-
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172 hidden layer-output layer. The weights are adjusted by reverse error propagation when the
7 173 output layer cannot get the desired output. The two processes alternate, performing a
8 174 gradient descent strategy of the error function in the weight vector space. A set of weight
9 175 vectors is searched through dynamic iteration to minimize the network error function (Cui
10 176 et al., 2022).
11
12 177 (2) Modeling process of BPNN
13 178 The modeling process of BPNN is shown in Figure 2.
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18 Training sample Normalize
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25 Constructing a
System
suitable BP
26 modeling
network
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29 BP neural network training
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31 No
32 BP neural
BP neural
33 End of training
network training
network
34 initialization
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36 Yes
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40 BP neural
Forecast result
Prediction data network
41 prediction
output
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43 179
44 180 Figure 2 Modeling process of BPNN
45 181 From Figure 2, the modeling steps of BPNN are as follows. The first step is to
46 182 normalize the training data. The second step is to construct the BPNN. The third step is to
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48 183 train the BPNN. The last step is to use the BPNN for prediction after the network is
49 184 successfully trained, and the forecast result is output (Ma et al., 2021).
50 185 3.3 Construction of a tactical diagnostic system for tennis matches
51 186 This paper studies the tennis training and teaching of college students and builds a
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187 tennis tactical diagnosis method based on healthy sports. The specific content is shown in
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54 188 Figure 3.
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The Construction Content of Tennis Tactical Diagnosis
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Method
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Basic
12 Theoretical
requirements
Basic Content Establishment
13 support of principles of Construction of diagnostic
for the
14 diagnosis constructing of Tactical index
construction
system diagnostic Diagnostic evaluation
15 of diagnostic
construction index system Index System standard
16 index system
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18 189
19 190 Figure 3 The construction content of the tennis tactical diagnosis method
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191 From Figure 3, the construction of the tennis tactics diagnostic method mainly
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22 192 includes the following contents. The first is to construct the theoretical basis of the tennis
23 193 tactical diagnostic index system. The second is the basic requirements for constructing a
24 194 tennis tactical diagnostic index system. The third is the basic principle of making the tennis
25 195 tactical diagnostic index system. The fourth is the empirical construction process of the
26
27
196 diagnostic index system. The fifth is formulating evaluation criteria for the diagnostic index
28 197 system (Zheng and Zhao, 2020).
29 198 (1) Theoretical support for the construction of the diagnostic system
30 199 1) System science theory
31 200 The idea of systems theory was first proposed in the middle of the 20th century. Later,
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33 201 through continuous enrichment and improvement, a set of theories, categories, and methods
34 202 with their characteristics have been formed. The practical value of systems theory has been
35 203 gradually valued and accepted by people over time. Besides, it has been continuously
36 204 applied in science and practice in modern society (Rüttimann and Stckli, 2021).
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38
205 A system is an organic whole with specific goals and functions composed of several
39 206 elements interconnected, interacted with, and transformed into each other. Each whole in
40 207 the system has its unique function of the whole. The number of elements of the system is
41 208 sufficient. The differences between the elements are large and cannot be integrated
42 209 according to a particular attribute. However, different parts can be divided according to a
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44 210 specific attribute. Then, several subsystems can be formed. Each subsystem has its
45 211 structural composition. This structure will show the corresponding function. Structure and
46 212 function superimpose together to create the structure and function of a large system (Lecce
47 213 et al., 2020).
48
49
214 2) Group training
50 215 The theory of sports training is derived from sports practice. According to “Training
51 216 Science,” the theory of item group training starts from the scientificity and practicality of
52 217 the classification system. According to the needs of actual tasks, it divides sports into
53 218 groups based on the dominant factors of athletes’ competitive ability, performance
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55 219 evaluation methods, and technical action structures. It is a theory constructed based on
56 220 classifying the dominant factors of athletes’ competitive ability (Al-Khalidi and Al-Tayyar,
57 221 2021). The establishment of sports group training theory helps explore and reveal the
58 222 training rules of group sports and scientifically and rationally formulate competitive sports
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223 development strategies. It also facilitates the selection and flow of competitive talents (Han
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61 224 et al., 2020).
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3 225 3) Competitive process of the basic unit of the competition group with the racket and
4 226 the net
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227 Racket and net competitions include table tennis, tennis, and badminton. The
7 228 competitive method is that the athletes of both sides participating in the game use the racket
8 229 as the tool, the ball as the medium, and the batting action as the basic means. Within the
9 230 scope allowed by the rules, the athletes sequentially hit the ball into the opponent's court
10 231 area, and the cycle repeats until one side hits the ball with a foul or error. The theory of the
11
12 232 basic unit competitive process of holding the racket and separating the net against the event
13 233 group systematically describes the organizational structure, stage characteristics, and
14 234 multi-beat structure of the basic unit competitive process (Ivanova et al., 2020).
15 235 4) Tennis technical and tactical analysis theory
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236 Many tennis scholars have continued to pay attention to and discuss tennis skills and
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18 237 tactics. For example, self-designed statistical indicators have been pointed out and applied
19 238 to in-depth diagnostic studies of elite athletes’ tactics and tactics (Bondal and Zhdanovskiy,
20 239 2021). The technical statistical indicators based on the competition’s official website are
21 240 proposed. The rules of the winning factors of tennis match tactics and tactics are discussed
22
23
241 and applied to the diagnostic analysis of the tactics and tactics of elite athletes (Hidayati et
24 242 al., 2021). These representative research results support the scientific training and
25 243 competition of Chinese tennis athletes and promote the development of Chinese tennis.
26 244 The tennis technique and tactics diagnostic analysis method proposed by the predecessors
27 245 has laid a solid theoretical foundation and basis for this paper (Aleynikova and Soytu,
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29 246 2020).
30 247 (2) Basic requirements for the construction of the diagnostic index system
31 248 The tennis tactical diagnostic system’s basic requirements are as follows: 1) The
32 249 composition of diagnostic indicators must be complete. 2) The names of diagnostic
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250 indicators must have correct meanings and basis. 3) Diagnostic indicators should have
35 251 precise statistical scales. 4) Reasonable calculation methods should be used for the values
36 252 of statistical indicators (Golubovi-Bugarski et al., 2021).
37 253 (3) Basic principles for the construction of the diagnostic index system
38 254 The basic principles followed by the tennis tactical diagnostic index system
39
40 255 constructed here are shown in Figure 4.
41
42
Scientific Systematic
43 principle principle
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49 Basic principles of
50 Principle of constructing Principle of
51 purpose diagnostic index independence
system
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57 Principle of Dynamic
58 operability principle
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60 256
61 257 Figure 4 Basic principles for the construction of the diagnostic index system
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3 258 1) The principle of scientificity
4 259 Any academic research activities must follow the principle of scientificity. The
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260 principle of scientificity means that the theoretical basis of the evaluation index system
7 261 should be sufficient, and the ground should be reasonable. The selected indicators should
8 262 be able to scientifically reflect the object of knowledge to accurately diagnose male tennis
9 263 athletes’ tactical level (Tao & Yaling, 2021).
10 264 2) Systematic principles
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12 265 The tennis tactics level should be analyzed as an organic system when constructing
13 266 the tennis tactics diagnostic index system. Several organically related but mutually
14 267 independent diagnostic indicators must be used to reflect the current situation of the
15 268 athletes’ tactical level, rather than simply stacking several indicators. Furthermore, the
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269 design of the indicator system should systematically and scientifically reflect the overall
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18 270 picture of the tactical level to ensure the comprehensiveness and credibility of the diagnosis
19 271 (Rajasekaran et al., 2021).
20 272 3) The principle of purpose
21 273 The construction of the diagnostic index system serves a diagnostic purpose and
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23
274 provides a basis for judging the diagnostic results. This diagnosis aims to improve the
24 275 tennis tactics level of Chinese tennis athletes and provide a reference for the scientific
25 276 teaching, training, and competition of general tennis courses. Therefore, the selected and
26 277 designed diagnostic indicators should not only reflect the level of each tactical link of the
27 278 athlete in detail but also grasp the overall tactical level of the athlete macroscopically.
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29 279 Therefore, the established diagnostic criteria can scientifically reflect the correlation
30 280 between the tactical level of tennis athletes and their indicators and improve the
31 281 effectiveness of the diagnostic criteria (Dubovik, 2021).
32 282 4) The principle of independence
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34
283 The principle of independence should be implemented when decomposing the overall
35 284 goal into several specific diagnostic indicators. Various specific diagnostic indicators
36 285 should be interdependent and interrelated to form an organic comprehensive target system.
37 286 In addition, indicators should also be independent of each other. The diagnosis and
38 287 assessment of each specific indicator should be carried out independently. The overall
39
40 288 design of the indicator system cannot lack any one indicator to cause preliminary diagnosis.
41 289 Moreover, indicators that cover each other cannot appear, resulting in imprecise overlap in
42 290 diagnosis (Chapagain et al., 2020).
43 291 5) The principle of operability
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45
292 The value of the diagnostic index system can only be realized after it is put into
46 293 practice. This requires the high operability of the diagnostic index system. The ability to
47 294 collect data timely and effectively is the basis for diagnosis. On the one hand, it is necessary
48 295 to fully reflect the connotation of the athlete’s tactical level so that it can be targeted. Also,
49 296 the current situation of the athlete's tactical level can be revealed, and suggestions for
50
51 297 improving the athlete’s tactical level are proposed. On the other hand, there should not be
52 298 too many diagnostic indicators, and it should be simplified and easy to understand. The
53 299 data are readily available for analysis, diagnosis, and monitoring. Besides, the correlation
54 300 between indicators should be reduced as much as possible to avoid duplication and
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301 crossover (Andini et al., 2020).
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57 302 6) Dynamic principle
58 303 The dynamic nature of diagnostic indicators refers to the design process of modifying,
59 304 adding, deleting, supplementing, and perfecting the diagnostic indicators according to the
60 305 development and changes in scientific development theory and tennis practice. This
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306 adjustment is a requirement for the differences in all aspects of the athletes’ competitive
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3 307 ability. It is also necessary to develop theories, diagnostic theories, and diagnostic index
4 308 systems to continuously improve and keep pace with the times (Cavagnari et al., 2020).
5
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309 (4) Content construction of tactical diagnostic index system
7 310 According to the relevant literature, the characteristics of tactics used in men’s singles
8 311 competition in hard court tennis are analyzed. Besides, there are findings of the experts
9 312 “On the Feasibility of Diagnosing the Overall Competitive Ability of Men’s Tennis Singles
10 313 by Stages” and valuable suggestions and opinions put forward by the experts. Therefore,
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12 314 this paper divides the overall tactical level of tennis men’s singles into sending and
13 315 receiving stage, conjunctive attack stage, and stalemate stage, as shown in Figure 5.
14
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16 Send hair
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18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Tactical level
25
26
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28 Stalemate Conjunctive
29 stage attack stage
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31 316
32 317 Figure 5 Schematic diagram of the initially determined tactical diagnostic indicators
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318 for men’s tennis matches
35 319 Then, the overall tactical level of men’s singles tennis competition is further divided
36 320 into three stages and six links. Table 1 shows the specific content of the established
37 321 indicators.
38 322 Table 1 Contents of tennis tactics diagnostic index system
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40 Contents of first-level Contents of secondary Contents of the third-level
41 indicators indicators indicators
42 Sending and receiving stage Serving stage
43 Sending and receiving stage
44
45
Tennis tactical ability Conjunctive attack stage Serving and catching stage
46 Receiving and catching
47 Stalemate stage Stalemate A link
48 Stalemate B link
49
50 323
51 324 Moreover, 12 sports-related experts and coaches are surveyed again to determine
52 325 whether the constructed diagnostic indicators are feasible. Table 2 reveals the results.
53 326 Table 2 Expert survey results of “Tennis tactical diagnostic indicators”
54
55 Evaluation Recognize Recognize Remain Less Not
56 indicators very much neutral recognized recognized
57 Proportion 83 17 0 0 0
58 of people/%
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3 328 From Table 2, 83% of the experts recognize the diagnostic index system very much,
4 329 and 17% recognize it. Given this, the diagnosis of an athlete’s overall tactical level can be
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330 carried out from the performance levels of six tactical links: serving link, receiving and
7 331 serving linking, serving and catching link linking, receiving and catching link linking,
8 332 stalemate I link, and stalemate II link.
9 333 (5) Development of diagnostic index evaluation criteria
10 334 Twelve experts are interviewed, and the experts’ experience, suggestions, and
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12 335 research results of predecessors are referred to. This paper adjusts the preliminary
13 336 classification evaluation criteria. It formulates the evaluation criteria for tennis tactical
14 337 level based on the principles of science, ease of operation, and the ability to reflect the
15 338 actual situation of tennis competition, as demonstrated in Table 3 (Culpeper and Tantucci,
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339 2021).
17
18 340 Table 3 Tennis tactical level evaluation criteria
19 Index Poor General Good Excellent
20 name/evaluation
21 criteria
22
23 Serving link Below 85 85~90 90~96 96 and above
24 Serving and Below 47 47~56 56~66 66 and above
25 catching link
26 linking
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28 Stalemate A link Below 35 35~46 46~57 57 and above
29 Receiving and Below 24 24~32 32~41 41 and above
30 serving linking
31 Receiving and Below 28 28~37 37~47 47 and above
32
33 catching link
34 linking
35 Stalemate B link Below 32 32~43 43~55 55 and above
36 341
37
38
342 3.4 Design of tennis tactics diagnosis model based on BPNN
39 343 The structure of the tennis tactical diagnostic model based on BPNN constructed here
40 344 is demonstrated in Figure 6.
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4 Score rate at Score rate Score rate Score rate
the stage of of in in
5 starting and stalemate receiving connection
6 connecting stage A stage stage
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9 Score rate
10 Score rate of
11 in serving stalemate
stage stage B
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16 Hidden layer
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20 Output layer
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23 Winning
24 probability
25 345
26 346 Figure 6 Structure diagram of NN model for men’s tennis singles match
27 347 Figure 6 implies that the tennis tactical diagnostic model constructed here adopts the
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29 348 three-layer topology result of the classic BPNN. The number of nodes in the input layer is
30 349 six, the scoring rate of the six tactical links. The number of nodes in the output layer is one,
31 350 which is the probability of winning the game. The number of hidden layer nodes of the
32 351 prediction model is finally determined to be ten by the trial and error method. The training
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352 function from the input layer to the hidden layer is the nonlinear S-function Tansig. The
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35 353 transfer function from the hidden layer to the output layer adopts the linear function Pruelin.
36 354 4 Experimental Design and Performance Evaluation
37 355 4.1 Datasets Collection
38 356 (1) Case design of tennis tactical diagnostic index system
39
40
357 The instant diagnosis of the tennis tactics of Chinese tennis athletes Zhang Ze and Wu
41 358 Di in international tennis competitions is carried out to study the application of the tennis
42 359 tactical diagnostic index system.
43 360 (2) Experimental design of tennis tactics diagnostic model based on BPNN
44 361 The collected 120 men’s tennis hard-court singles matches are input as training
45
46 362 samples, and 80% are randomly selected as the training set, 10% for the validation set, and
47 363 10% for the test set. The above data are all from Internet searches.
48 364 4.2 Experimental Environment
49 365 The tennis tactical diagnosis model based on BPNN is constructed by the default
50
51
366 Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm in the MatLab toolbox.
52 367 4.3 Parameters Setting
53 368 Table 4 shows the specific settings of the parameters for the tennis tactical diagnosis
54 369 model based on BPNN designed here.
55 370 Table 4 Parameter settings
56
57 Parameter name Value
58 The number of nodes in the input layer 6
59 The number of nodes in the output layer 1
60 The number of nodes in the hidden layer 10
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3 Training function Tansig
4 Transfer function Pruelin
5
6 Learning rate 0.02
7 Convergence accuracy 0.001
8 371
9 372 4.4 Performance Evaluation
10
11 373 (1) BP model training results
12 374 The BP model is constructed using the MatLab platform, and the training error results
13 375 of the BP model are revealed in Figure 7.
14
15 0 Test
16 11 0.012 1 Train
17 Valdation
0.010
18
19 Mean square 0.008
20 10 0.006 2
error
21 0.004
22
23 0.002 Epoch
24 0.000
25 9 -0.002 3
26
27
28
29
30
31 8 4
32
33
34
35 7 5
36 6
37 376
38 377 Figure 7 The training error curve of the prediction model for men’s tennis singles
39 378 match
40 379 From Figure 7, the prediction model of men's tennis singles match has successfully
41 380 converged after 11 times of learning. The best mean squared error on the validation set is
42
43
381 0.00037146. The mean squared error of the training set is 0.0104. The results show that the
44 382 network training speed of the men’s tennis singles match prediction model is fast, and the
45 383 training effect is good.
46 384 (2) Application effect of tennis tactical diagnostic system
47 385 Wu Di and Zhang Ze’s tennis tactical level is instantly diagnosed using the tennis
48
49 386 tactical diagnosis system constructed here, and the results are shown in Figure 8.
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4
Benefit value of Wu Di Benefit value of Zhang Ze
5 0.6
Benefit value of Kachanov 0.6 Benefit value of Li Dexi
6
7 0.5
0.5
8
9 0.4

Benefit value
10 Benefit value 0.4

11 0.3 0.3
12
13 0.2 0.2
14
15
0.1 0.1
16
17
0.0 0.0
18 Hair-receiving Conjunctive Stalemate Hair-receiving Conjunctive Stalemate
19
Index Index
20
(a) (b)
21 387
22 388
23 389 Figure 8 Instant diagnosis results of Wu Di and Zhang Ze’s tennis tactical level
24 390 (a) The comparison chart of the three-stage benefit value in the competition between
25
26
391 Wu Di and Chanov; (b) the comparison chart of the three-stage benefit value in the
27 392 competition between Zhang Ze and Li Dexi
28 393 From Figure 8, Wu Di’s three-stage tactics are not as effective as his opponents in Wu
29 394 Di’s match with Khachanov. Especially in the conjunctive attack stage, the scoring rate is
30 395 assessed as failing, and the benefit value is far lower than the opponent. In addition, Zhang
31
32 396 Ze’s advantage lies in the sending and receiving stage in the match between Zhang Ze and
33 397 Li Dexi. The benefit value is 0.5716, which is significantly higher than Li Dexi. In the
34 398 conjunctive attack stage, Zhang Ze’s benefit value is slightly lower than Li Dexi’s.
35 399 Moreover, Zhang Ze’s obvious weak link is in the stalemate stage. The benefit value is
36
37
400 0.4322, much lower than Li Dexi’s 0.5264.
38 401 4.5 Discussion
39 402 In the research on tennis teaching and training, the previous scholars’ analysis and
40 403 research on tennis skills and tactics mainly used the index data provided by the official
41 404 website of the event to conduct descriptive statistical research. The indicator data provided
42
43 405 by the official website also tends to enrich the fans’ viewing experience, and the data
44 406 indicators provided are macro and general. Furthermore, the use of specific techniques and
45 407 tactics and their effects are less involved, and tactics are not refined and deepened. For
46 408 example, the time and space use of single technical tactics and combined technical tactics
47
48
409 cannot reflect the specific information of the tactical use of athletes in the game. In the
49 410 context of medical and physical education, this paper illustrates the connection between
50 411 medical care and physical education. In addition, a set of relatively complete tennis tactics
51 412 evaluation systems is constructed using NN technology combined with the current situation
52 413 of tennis teaching. In the research process, it is found that the training effect and prediction
53
54 414 accuracy of the BPNN has a good effect. It is concluded that the system can effectively
55 415 discover the advantages and disadvantages and existing problems of athletes’ tactical use
56 416 in the game after constructing the diagnostic index system and evaluation criteria to
57 417 conduct post-match diagnosis and evaluation of Zhang Ze and Wu Di. The diagnostic index
58
418 system is used to conduct instant diagnosis and analysis of men’s tennis hard court singles
59
60 419 match tactics during and after the match. It can analyze the tactical use of athletes in a
61 420 relatively detailed game and understand the state of the athletes. This can also be used as a
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3 421 basis for formulating tactical strategies and tactical training arrangements for athletes
4 422 during and after the game, which is beneficial to guide specific training and competition.
5
6
423 5 Conclusion
7 424 5.1 Research Contribution
8 425 The research on the diagnostic index system and comprehensive evaluation method
9 426 of tennis tactics is an emerging research field in tennis. This paper systematically studies
10 427 the whole process of the construction, diagnosis, and thorough evaluation of the tennis
11
12 428 tactical diagnostic index system. The main conclusions drawn from the above research
13 429 process are summarized as follows:
14 430 (1) A tactical diagnostic index system for men's tennis hard singles matches is
15 431 constructed based on expert experience and previous scholars' research content. The system
16
432 includes three secondary indicators and six tertiary indicators. Then, the evaluation
17
18 433 standard is established, which can realize the comprehensive and detailed diagnosis and
19 434 analysis of the tactical strength of the athletes from the macro to the micro level.
20 435 (2) Diagnostic indicators at all levels are used to conduct real-time diagnosis and
21 436 research of athletes during/after the game. It can analyze the tactical use of athletes in a
22
23
437 relatively exact match and understand the state of the athletes. This can also be used as a
24 438 basis for formulating athletes' during/after the game tactical strategies and tactical training
25 439 arrangements, which is beneficial to guide specific training and competition.
26 440 The tennis tactical diagnostic index system and evaluation criteria are constructed,
27 441 and diagnostic indicators are used to diagnose and evaluate athletes’ tactical strength using
28
29 442 different methods. On the one hand, it provides ideas and methods for quantitative analysis
30 443 of the tactical performance of tennis men’s singles. On the other hand, some theoretical
31 444 references are given for further optimization of the general tennis course training and
32 445 teaching for college students.
33
34
446 5.2 Future Works and Research Limitations
35 447 The shortcomings are:
36 448 The tactical diagnostic index system for tennis is mainly used in the singles
37 449 competition of men’s athletes on hard courts. It does not involve clay courts, grass courts,
38 450 carpet courts, and women’s events.Based on the above content, follow-up research should
39
40 451 continue to improve the tactical diagnostic index system suitable for clay and grass games.
41 452 In addition, attention should be paid to the diagnostic methods of the tactics of female
42 453 athletes. The constructed tactical diagnostic index system should be continuously enriched
43 454 and improved in practice with the development of tennis tactics and the evolution of game
44
45
455 rules reform.
46 456 Data Availability Statement
47
48
49
457 The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the
50 458 authors, without undue reservation.
51
52 459 Funding: This research received no external funding.
53
54
460 Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the help from the university colleagues.
55 461 Compliance with Ethical Standards
56 462 Conflict of Interest: All Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
57 463 Ethical approval: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals
58 464 performed by any of the authors.
59 465 Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
60 466
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