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I dedicate this to my primary school classmates and to the procrastination that has made
me what I am now.

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 made by Yohanna Pari

China

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 índex
Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 6
History .............................................................................................................................. 7
History .............................................................................................................................. 9
Government ...................................................................................................................... 9
Geography ...................................................................................................................... 10
Demography ....................................................................................................................11
Culture ............................................................................................................................ 12
Literature ........................................................................................................................ 13
Gastronomy .................................................................................................................... 13
Sports .............................................................................................................................. 14
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 14
bibliography .................................................................................................................... 15

annex index

history .......................................................................................................................... 16
Goverment ................................................................................................................... 16
fauna ............................................................................................................................ 17
geography .................................................................................................................... 17
education ...................................................................................................................... 18
Flora ............................................................................................................................. 18
religion ......................................................................................................................... 19
languages ..................................................................................................................... 19
literature ....................................................................................................................... 20
Culture ......................................................................................................................... 20
deports ......................................................................................................................... 21
Gastronomy ................................................................................................................. 21

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 Introduction
The People's Republic of China, with its vast territory, rich ancient history and meteoric
economic growth, has emerged as a central figure on the global stage of the 21st century.
This nation, with a population that exceeds 1.4 billion inhabitants, has not only
transformed its own internal reality, but has also had a significant impact on politics, the
economy and culture worldwide.
This research will delve into a deep and exhaustive analysis of China, exploring its
historical, political, economic and cultural aspects to better understand the country and
its role in the international arena. From ancient Chinese civilization to its role in the
contemporary global economy, through its political system and its relationship with other
world powers, this study will delve into the nuances of China, providing a comprehensive
view of a country that sparks interest and everyone's attention.

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 History
Historical Background
Imperial Chinese dynasties and their historical achievements.
The ancient Silk Road and its influence on global trade.
Historical events that have shaped China's evolution, such as the Cultural Revolution.

Government and Political System

Political System
• China's political structure and its system of government.
• The central role of the Chinese Communist Party in Chinese politics.
• Political reforms and changes in the Constitution over time.
Economy
• China's economic transformation since late 20th-century reforms.
• Key economic sectors, including manufacturing, technology, and trade.
• Economic policies and their effects on economic development.

Geography
Geography of China
• China's size and geographic location in the world.
• Major geographic features, such as mountains, rivers, and deserts.
• The impact of geography on Chinese culture and the economy.

Demographics
Population
• Demographic composition of the Chinese population and demographic trends.
• Urbanization and internal migration in China.
• Social and economic implications of China's large population.

Culture
Literature
• Chinese literature throughout the centuries, from ancient classical works to
contemporary authors.
• Influential literary themes and currents in Chinese culture.
Gastronomy
• The rich Chinese culinary tradition and its regional influences.
• Iconic dishes and cooking techniques.
• The importance of food in Chinese culture and its symbolism.

Sports
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 • Traditional Chinese sports such as table tennis, wushu, and tai chi.
• China's sporting achievements in international competitions.
• The significance of sports in Chinese society and its national promotion.

Conclusions
Summary of the highlights of China's history, government, economy, geography,
demographics, culture, literature, gastronomy, and sports.
Reflections on China's role in the contemporary world and its future evolution.
Consideration of the challenges and opportunities facing China in the 21st century.

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 History
China's history spans thousands of years of evolution, from its ancient origins to its
position as a global power in the 21st century. Its early dynasties, such as the Shang and
Zhou, established the foundations of Chinese culture. Then, the periods of the Warring
States and unification under the Qin dynasty marked crucial moments. The Han dynasty
brought China to its peak, introducing Confucianism and the Silk Road.
However, periods of disunity and Mongol invasions under the Yuan dynasty were major
challenges. The Ming Dynasty then restored Chinese power and sponsored notable
maritime expeditions. The Qing dynasty, of Manchu origin, ruled for centuries, but faced
internal conflicts and colonial pressure.
The 20th century brought the Revolution of 1911 and the founding of the Republic of
China. After World War II, the People's Republic of China emerged under Mao Zedong,
with radical reforms and the Cultural Revolution. After his death, Deng Xiaoping led
economic reforms that transformed China into an economic giant.
Today, China is a superpower with global influence in trade, technology and politics. Its
role on the international scene, particularly in its relations with the United States, is
crucial in the contemporary world.

Government
Political System:
China's government is a one-party system under the absolute leadership of the Communist
Party of China (CPC). The CCP is the ruling party and plays a central role in making
political decisions and leading the country. The CCP is composed of a central leadership,
which includes the CCP Political Bureau Standing Committee, a group of leaders who
hold ultimate power in China. This party establishes the policies and guidelines that the
government implements throughout the country.
China's central government is headed by the President of the People's Republic of China,
who is also the leader of the CCP. The central government is divided into various
departments and ministries in charge of various areas of government, such as the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Finance and others.
The National People's Congress (NPC) is China's supreme legislative body and its
members are elected throughout the country. However, in practice, the CNP operates as
an approval body for decisions previously made by the CCP.
The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) is a consultative body
that provides recommendations to the government and the CPC on political and public
policy issues. It is made up of representatives of various organizations, non-communist
political parties and prominent figures in society.
China is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly
administered by the central government. Each level of local government has its own local

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leadership and parliament, charged with implementing policies and programs at the
regional level.
China's legal system operates under socialism with Chinese characteristics and is
responsible for administering justice and enforcing the country's laws. However, the
judicial system is supervised by the CCP and has come under criticism in terms of
independence and human rights.
The Chinese armed forces, known as the People's Liberation Army (PLA), are under the
complete control of the CCP and play an important role in China's defense and security
policy. The PLA is one of the largest armies in the world.
In short, China's government is a one-party system in which the Communist Party of
China (CPC) has central control over political decision-making and the direction of the
country, with legislative and advisory bodies having real power. limited compared to the
CCP. This system has led China to significant economic growth, but has also faced
criticism over human rights and political freedoms.
Economy System:
China's economic system has undergone a radical transformation since the 1970s. In
essence, it is a socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics. Deng Xiaoping, a
key Chinese leader in that period, introduced economic reforms that opened the country
to foreign investment and private initiative. This led to the gradual liberalization of the
economy, allowing the market and competition to play an important role in resource
allocation and price determination.
China operates under a market economy system in which supply and demand are crucial
factors. Although state-owned companies remain important in strategic sectors, the
private sector has experienced explosive growth. China has become a global player in
international trade, being one of the largest exporters in the world. Its entry into the World
Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 was a milestone in its integration into the global
economy.The country has established special economic zones (SEZs) to attract foreign
investment and promote economic development in specific areas. These SEZs offer
favorable conditions for investment and export.
Despite economic liberalization, the Chinese government maintains significant control in
key sectors, such as energy, telecommunications and banking, through state-owned
enterprises. Additionally, China continues to implement five-year plans to guide its
economic development, setting goals in areas such as infrastructure, technology and
poverty reduction.However, China faces economic challenges, including income
inequality, environmental degradation and a rise in debt. The government is working to
address these issues while pursuing sustainable economic growth. In short, the Chinese
economic system is a unique combination of socialism and market economy, which has
led the country to spectacular economic growth and a prominent position in the global
economy.

Geography
Location: China is the third largest country in the world in terms of land area, after Russia
and Canada. It is located in East Asia and shares land borders with 14 countries, including

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Russia, India, Mongolia and several Southeast Asian countries. It is bordered by several
bodies of water, such as the East China Sea, the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean.
Climate: China experiences a wide range of climates due to its vast geographic
expanse. In the north, temperatures can be extremely cold in winter, while in the south,
the climate is more tropical. In the southwest, the Yunnan region enjoys a temperate
climate all year round. The east coast experiences a subtropical and monsoon climate.
Flora and Funa: China's flora and fauna are exceptionally diverse due to its vast
geographic expanse and varied landscapes. In terms of flora, China has a wide range of
ecosystems, from temperate forests in the north to tropical rainforests in the south. The
forests are home to a variety of trees, including longleaf pine, Chinese cypress, Chinese
oak, and Sichuan fir. Bamboo is another iconic plant from China and is used in various
applications, from construction to food.
Rice fields are common in southern regions of China, and rice cultivation plays a vital
role in Chinese agriculture. China also has a rich tradition of cultivating flowers,
including the lotus, chrysanthemum, peony and plum blossom, which are prized for
their beauty and cultural symbolism. Additionally, traditional Chinese medicine uses a
wide variety of medicinal herbs, such as ginseng and St. John's wort.
In terms of fauna, China is home to emblematic species such as the giant panda, which
is endemic to the mountains of Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu, and the Siberian tiger,
which lives in the northeastern region of the country. The snow leopard is found in the
mountains of Tibet and other mountainous regions of western China. There is also the
Tibetan wolf, an endemic species, and the Yangtze River dolphin, known as baiji, which
is critically endangered.
Migratory birds are common in China, with several species of cranes and other birds
using the country as a stopping point on their migratory routes. China is also home to a
wide variety of freshwater fish in rivers and lakes, including Chinese sturgeon and gold
carp.

Demography
Education:
• Compulsory Education: Education is mandatory in China from primary to
secondary school. Primary education typically spans six years, followed by three
years of secondary education.
• Higher Education System: China has a growing higher education system. Some
Chinese universities, such as Peking University and Tsinghua University, are
among the most prestigious in the world. The country attracts international
students and also sends many of its own students abroad for higher studies.
• Literacy: China has achieved high literacy rates, with a vast majority of the
population able to read and write.

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Languages:
• Mandarin Chinese: Mandarin Chinese, known as "Putonghua" or "Hanyu," is the
official language of China and is spoken throughout the country. It is one of the
most widely spoken languages in the world.
• Linguistic Diversity: Besides Mandarin Chinese, China is home to a great
diversity of regional languages and dialects. Some of the well-known languages
include Cantonese, Shanghainese, Tibetan, Uighur, and Mongolian, among others.
Religion:
• Taoism and Confucianism: Taoism and Confucianism have ancient roots in China
and have influenced the country's culture and ethics for centuries.
• Buddhism: Buddhism has a significant presence in China and has influenced the
country's spirituality and culture.
• Minority Religions: China also hosts a variety of minority religions, including
Islam, Christianity, Tibetan Buddhism, and traditional religions of ethnic
minorities.
• Atheism: The Chinese government promotes atheism as part of its communist
ideology, and a significant number of Chinese identify as non-religious or atheists.
Major Cities:
• Beijing: The capital of China is Beijing, a historically and culturally rich city that
houses iconic landmarks such as the Forbidden City and the Temple of Heaven.
• Shanghai: Shanghai is the economic and financial hub of China, known for its
impressive skyscraper skyline and importance in international trade.
• Guangzhou (Canton): Located in southern China, Guangzhou is a major industrial
and commercial center.
• Chongqing: Chongqing is one of China's largest cities and a rapidly growing
economic center in the southwest of the country.
• Hong Kong and Macau: While they are special administrative regions, Hong
Kong and Macau are important cities in terms of economics and culture. Hong
Kong is known for its financial influence, and Macau for its gaming industry.

Culture
China's culture is one of the oldest and richest in the world. Its main language is
Mandarin Chinese, with logographic characters. Influential philosophies include
Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Chinese art encompasses painting,
calligraphy, ceramics and martial arts. Its cuisine is famous, with ingredients such as
rice, noodles and soy sauce. Traditional clothing includes hanfu. The architecture is
characterized by symmetry and integration with nature. Festivals like Chinese New
Year are vibrant and full of color. Customs include respect for elders and reverence
for ancestors. Traditional Chinese medicine includes acupuncture and herbology.
China has also seen rapid technological development in recent decades, becoming a
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global power in information technology, manufacturing and space exploration.
China's cultural diversity is reflected in its different regions

Literature
Chinese literature is one of the richest and oldest in the world. It comprises a vast
tradition that extends over thousands of years and encompasses various literary genres
and styles. Here is an overview of Chinese literature throughout its history: Chinese
literature dates back to the Shang dynasty (16th to 11th century BC), with inscriptions
on oracle bones. However, one of the oldest and most revered texts is the "I Ching"
or "Book of Mutations", an ancient manual of divination and philosophy.During the
Zhou dynasty (11th to 3rd century BC), seminal philosophical works emerged such
as the writings of Confucius ("Analects"), Laozi ("Tao Te Ching"), and Sunzi ("The
Art of War"). Chinese poetry is especially prominent, with classic works such as "The
Verses of Chu" and the "Ballads of Ancient China" dating back to the Han and Tang
dynasties. During the Tang Dynasty (7th to 10th centuries), poetry reached its peak
with poets such as Li Bai and Du Fu. His poems, known as "shi," are appreciated for
their lyrical beauty and emotional depth. The Chinese novel also has a long tradition.
Wu Cheng'en's "Journey to the West" and Cao Xueqin's "Dream of the Red Chamber"
are notable examples. In the 20th century, authors such as Lu Xun and Lao She played
an important role in modern Chinese literature. Contemporary literature has produced
influential authors such as Mo Yan and Yu Hua, whose works have gained
international recognition. Chinese literature often reflects the country's philosophy,
history and culture, and has contributed significantly to the world's literary heritage.
Its diversity and depth make it a fascinating and influential field of study in global
literature.

Gastronomy
Chinese cuisine is one of the most diverse and appreciated in the world. It is
characterized by its search for a balance between five fundamental flavors: sweet,
bitter, salty, spicy and umami. Key ingredients include rice, noodles, tofu, pork,
chicken, fish, vegetables, and a wide variety of seasonings and sauces such as soy
sauce, ginger, garlic, sesame oil, and rice vinegar. Cooking methods vary from stir-
frying and steaming to boiling, stewing and frying. China is a vast and diverse country,
so each region has its own distinctive cuisine, such as Sichuan cuisine, known for its
spiciness, and Canton cuisine, with steamed and grilled dishes. Dim sum, a variety of
small plates and bites, is iconic in Chinese cuisine, especially in Hong Kong. Street
food is popular and offers a variety of affordable options, such as fried noodles and
meat skewers. Some famous dishes include Lacquered Peking Duck, Sweet and Sour
Pork, and Mapo Tofu. Chinese food often has symbolic meaning, and Chinese tea is
a fundamental part of the culture. This rich and varied cuisine has influenced food
around the world and is a treasure trove of flavors and culinary techniques.

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 Sports
China has created several traditional sports and games throughout its history. Here are
some examples:
Ping Pong (Table Tennis): Although table tennis originated in England, China has
dominated the sport and developed its own highly competitive version. Chinese players
have been very successful in international competitions.
Wushu: Wushu is a Chinese martial art that has evolved into various forms and styles. It
is also practiced as an exhibition and combat sport. China has promoted wushu
internationally and is known for its skill in this discipline.
Badminton: Although badminton did not originate in China, the country has produced
many champions and is a popular sport in China.
Kung Fu (Gong Fu): Kung fu is a generic term for various Chinese martial arts that have
existed for centuries. These martial arts have a rich history and tradition in China.
Tai Chi: Tai Chi is a form of exercise that combines gentle, controlled movement with
deep breathing techniques. It is very popular in China and around the world as a wellness
practice.
Cuju: Although not very popular today, cuju is an ancient Chinese ball game that is
considered a primitive form of football. It was one of the first documented ball sports in
history.
Xiangqi: Also known as Chinese chess, xiangqi is a strategy game similar to chess, but
with different rules. It has a long history in China and is widely played throughout the
country.
Go (Weiqi or Baduk): Although not a sport in the traditional sense, the board game Go,
known as Weiqi in Chinese, is an ancient strategy game that is extremely popular in China
and elsewhere in Asia.

Conclusion
In conclusion, China emerges as a global power with a transcendent impact on multiple
aspects of contemporary life. Its astonishing economic growth, supported by bold
political and trade reforms, has made the country an engine of the global economy.
China's ability to adapt and adopt new technologies has been one of the main driving
forces of its development. The vastness and diversity of China is reflected not only in its
geographical landscape and its mix of tradition and modernity, but also in its immense
population and its different ethnic groups. These differences have given rise to an
unrivaled cultural wealth, with a history that spans millennia and a cuisine that is
appreciated around the world. However, China also faces significant challenges, from
environmental issues to human rights issues and geopolitical tensions. How it addresses
these challenges in the coming years will be crucial both for its own development and its
role on the global stage. In an increasingly interconnected world, China will play an
increasingly important role in defining the future.

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 bibliography
history:http://www.economia.unam.mx/cechimex/chmxExtras/seminarios/CursoChinaE
cPolSoc/historiachina.pdf
government: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China
geography: http://bata.china-consulate.gov.cn/esp/zggk/c4/
demography:https://datosmacro.expansion.com/paises/china
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demograf%C3%ADa_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular
_China
culture:https://www.dynastychinesefood.mx/cultura-china-las-5-caracteristicas-mas-
importantes
literature: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_de_China
gastronomy: https://gastronomicainternacional.com/articulos-culinarios/cocina/todo-
sobre-la-gastronomia-
china/#:~:text=A%20la%20comida%20China%20se,tres%20ingredientes%20de%20dif
erentes%20colores.
https://www.diariamenteali.com/articulo/10_platos_tipicos_de_china
Sports: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportes_en_China

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 Annexed

history

Goverment

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geography

fauna

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Flora

education

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languages

religion

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 Culture

literature

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Gastronomy

deports

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