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    16 views21 pages

    Canadian Sport in Historical Perspective

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    ramandeepkaur

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    (G@larelentciges) Canadian Sport in Historica melee icy each et Westen University, Gag ondest buena lies acaokcominne Mask Teva ten laches Meo ec Tewksacy saad hal fe mise soda hives 9 the (985, skal and compete intemal ‘ey thou he ets int the seminal ad earned lege in the mews Olympic Tact ae est lone hf toe eve he ua Hila lig abe ie eget mentally tn thes achvereni, when they fal be ‘no pe nes, tet etd ta dor, he retin smd al ha ean be wuld aot way Sade, he elle what le wae doing He wos egret in ha np ‘hologinecall egies ah yan comprlngn li of emons ad excuses fone wig’ As Bic awenes of hie adeteelthandleailog ge, He Mare) bile hk Termpetivn apd flected on hard work, hie deicaton, hes le the yea Ibe devoted and sceileed to his sport What he came up wth wee thre inspirational word nthe fame ofa question: ‘Why not me" Armoured with this more espeationl, Inspirational, and acarate sell Mark won the god medal and inthe proces set Anew Olympic record Mark Twistys sy at npetinal and pil of many tries bout Canadian lets over tine, We have ich and facinating istry of wor It isthe intent of this chaper co provide a hitoreal or eulral-hisorcal context that is eset to ndestanding zo salping the social constructs and ix n contemporzy Canadian spor from a silage penpecive. Homan behaviour hat continuity toi cally onstrated waltins hstveal customs, sornt and cata and yesonal aes cme inet impact behavioural choles and sons ovr tie. At the same ime, pe ule ltuatyanarennin which imporantcukuralsragleand politic ieasones connected to gender, sexi, social clas and raceechnlclsy~ payout and mimo ar cone to ourcature Past, presers, al fire ar all connect in lngortan and nextel way. Ts, seis exceeding deat to comprehend, fr example, contemporary rail sock clas, tnd gender ints (the thre dominant social struggles n Canadian sport ove ime) ot semalty in spuet (sce Chapter 6) without hlstorkeal context and perspective. For example, with spec w gender ies and eexalit in spot, consider another Mark ‘Temlabury example. Inachapeerenitied "Ban em his 2006 atobiography, Tewksbury described the srs of sunning event hat occurred when he came ou 9 ay mal shorty after his Olympic triumph. While his fay, fo the most pate, was supportive, the media, his agents, and weet in general wanted hi to say "nthe cw” and no speak of “thi pin Telefe Mark feeling terry and ute lone.” Another example of the powe ftaeal onary within and outside of the istitarons of pot was the 2013 ant ylation pase by the Russian goversment regarding athletes patra ing the 2014 Sechi Winter Olympic Ome. This neldes, long with the Tewlsbuty ‘rample, wervesto underscore jst how much veil te lie sexuality permeate and ‘may even be maified in the wold of sport, impacing athletes fom ll counties, Including Cana, DOING HISTORY ‘The term and connotations the word htory merit dsusion, beet heel cnside- ble difeence teen he past and hry. Ta everday terminology, he word sary is ‘wed otk abou anyhing tht Happened inthe pat. For example, whe refering 0 Inown geting champlonship hat was wom 10 Yeats ago, We might say "That's har” (On the contrary i not itor-—thatchamplonuhip afc. Fats (and dates) ae impor tant tool in cheisvian'srepetoie, bt ehey aren tobe equated with history. A st of fact or dite of events is just lt ts noe hia. In one sen history might be steve as veh tat hppened inthe past Unequvocly thats toc equally ve Is che fc dat we can never know evering that happened inthe pat. Conder your om if. I you were tos down and make alist of everthing—every single even that ‘ns happened nou since the day you were bor, would tbe complete! Would be aceu- ‘ste! Upon whot metory would you rely When ou ished, would you bave anything ‘moc than a compilation of festa i more akin a rocty lit than to something ‘meaningful and evealing abou your Ife? And whatever list of event (no matte how complete) you cxmpiled, would it by self convey who you ae, how you fel what lngoceane to you?Noc likey By extension, then, istry cn never be th recor umn ‘rent simply bees we only haves fen of ecrde and facts abou pat events ‘Bens inthe ps: mus be incerpreed to be male seangfl, and tha nerreation the work of the herria, Tr realy, Astor a method of inguiey about the par. In ther words hitry in ‘what historians co, or history is what 2 historian articulates abou her ubjet mate. Taman Foneh phosphor Vala acai aimed, "ity afr ll ething bt apackof wicks which we play upon the dead (Duran, 1926, p 241) lave same ven, ‘we might sy tae while some historians might fel they are reconstructing the pst shen they write history, often they ae creating a cepresentation ofthat past sziply ‘case ofthe dialer of knowing everything tht happened concerning an event ot sleaton or group of peopl, Histolans ak questions abou the putt do story, nd ingiy the bes ofa sience and cia scence Historias ofen have the advantage cof knowing past people fue; cele disadvantage i that they cannot ak questions diet to those people. Instend historians rly on exantevdence, expect Primary feridence— dare, ecords, newspapers, cenaus dat, photograph, drevings—as the ‘ns for formulating questions sbout events that happened inthe pai. We ight ak shat dhe formative ators were lang up to the 1972 hockey Sumi Sere bere (Canada and the USSR. Or we might ask what che natuze of Canad pes coverage ‘werof those me. Both are valid quctions naked bythe historian, but either question wil reveal everyiing tha happened during that hockey seis, Even though ts often ‘he cae tha inorans wish or more abundant evidence, really the clear arc: ton of hitrial uetons cae determine the natre and the quality ofthe history that Istria do nally, es inporcane to consde bjecivity and perpctve in ding itory. There se isoriane and tradicna, historical schools of though chat claim hori canbe completly objecve and reveal events exetly athe events happened withow any ‘nceference fom the historian’ values, buses, o ells In base sclence, researches ty to eliminate bit by manipulating single vara for examination, string contol ‘goups in expecents,intovucing andomario in subject selection and ofc, Is {ier mage that one horn en eliminate ll fir bee bine. What might ‘be more imporart efor trian to acknowledge shel sumptions and bias nd per spective. As youleamed in Chapter 2, researches use thereial ameworks to explain human behavioutheory informs thee perspective. For example, Maras historians fen use the corceps inherent in clas eprodvetion wm analye hiorcal events Out past la Canadian sport abounds with examples of socal clas privilege and excsion (Mercalf, 1987). Ths cetin rls in spore might have served to preserve sca class Alsinvins. Using Matus famewore for anal allows the bistorian to explain behaviour from tat penpectiv. Oxher historians take a mote natrative approach : ing history dhe very ward Nstory does contin the notion of «sry. This not 2 supe chat histoy isin; rahe, undersoces that one how's vetslon ot ite retton of seri of events might be diferent than anyother iors anal ofthe ‘sine evens Iedeens on the questions the histovan aks ofthe data andthe pespecive ‘ed bythe hie “This chapter wil provide peupetive on some ofthe trend and isccsin the develop ment of Canad sprt ves tne, ctype to 1960 the poi in te when federal {ovement lrvevementn apr: became purmount and pervasive (Chapees 12,13, and 1 deal with sons of he relat conc olcalterationl and sot ss). In cacideble este, chs nail flow the amewek and especie inherent inthe ‘torent ue wet, Spr is Cad: A Hi (Momow & Warley, 2013) Readers ‘night wih to eto ha ek long whose ed inthe Sage Readings cad at the end ofthiechpte More importantly, youre encouraged to ed ei: Look army ‘ines itr, anda question abo wha ou read ince readog any text meaning {ll ces cogng withthe materi neence, the anal te in th chaper wl be ‘not ie one and thematic Instead of tang events Una ean sus especially ts they tlt oot consis nich sac, gender, and scl clas, wil be amplified or ‘aphined in dileen contents—har i more api f events areas, SPORTING TRADITIONS IN EARLY CANADA First Nations Games and Contests By the 15 cer, when Esropean conguess,of North Amecca tok pes, port in| ‘Brope wa lealy tn cis the cred rest value estes, usons and estoms Siglcaly, dhe pu to play pes and pots ses inces. The form an fnesons| of pore bef the ith century seem content: Sport wa a mae prser—vomen Were ‘italy exchidd fiom games and sporting ents in Wester cision the frms of sport mee mot eae to wake setvites upper clases ditated the forms and fan ‘on of pr; cole of tebaviour were endemic and vse rom amateurism 0 pofsion slim to civ eval ra petals and celebrations were ofen kay motives fr spor benuty, excellence, dcpine, and itary wee widely evidenced and nal ii ‘lear that orgnsation wae a ey vavisbe in competitive spot fom foneral games to (Opie Games o Reman perc to medieval toumaments nd jouts, rar to Bucpean contac, the ret Nason wee the exes layers of games and conte in Cana. ‘Abril are fr sme 10,000 years before contact wat «nomadic one. Groups sch a he Algonqulans othe Froquoi and sabyrous sch ste Mohawk Neural, Cree, Sh Ojibwa raved o be home, ao to gethome an they reli on the esoures the ad ‘povided and denanded ofthe. That eye requed eran sls and aibaes sacha, ftengt,endurane, and esiance wo aches in tam, were vals that were ells in Aboriginal cll pasties ike wreting, physical antes (arm pul ge pull, ever tele pull), nd retng gone that requed ll equipment. When suyronps uered ‘ogether wa aay an coca for games and conte wheels gambling with maces bode added bork cxcement and rsa redistribute 0s, food other element Blanket os, os skn ail ole pus running contests, ad ety orm of eros called citer bagetaey ot eenaaon (depending on the parlalar group) wee all vents that. trre connected othe lind, way of fe and the sil f survival Celebration was pare ‘oune Vitus i thse coats a ws thesia siifcance aached for example, 2 fee of usarahon might be conducted 2 commemorate the bout harvest. These tree the phys cote, games and tations that existed a Buropens infra the tsa nom know as sada Belg ace late 16h and enti 17th cents. French Conquests Malle agendas Loughe Europeans oti continent. The quest fr coloination, presumed riches of gold and oer precios meas a misonary ale instill Chaat fa every carer ofthe enh the alae of nares page othe Et andthe deer of abu dane sh (eg che rand Banks) and arial fur (pinay che ever) allserved as magnets seca tothe New Weeld The dsknen ofthe Male Age gave way othe pogenve- ‘es ad delim the European Renisanc, an ra charred athe “rebith of ci ‘ton reminisce: of casieal Gece Scene dkeovere sch at he piting pes and ‘poi innovates went part and patel yh airy renswance tht wae mest nob ‘embod by Shakaeac. Art ich a Leonardo da Vil nd Michelangelo evlution- ld notions abou beaut andthe cence the aly. Aa twa tire of Kear el: ‘nm that permeate mind ofthe who ou in conquest of ew and le Canad "Theareaf Canada chat were ihabied aby Buopeane wee the extreme Martine cont close to tre Grand Banks, the vt fur trading lands of cenital and northern (Cana, anda naj clase ofsetlements chat became known at New France (ter Lowe (Canada and subsequently Quebec). New France was founded by French explore Saris {de Chaplain te early 17th cenary. Early towns eae at what became Québec (Cy end Monza! wore vibant communi the wig o fel Ind develop: rmentelement ater thi wa rented to eter economic growth ang the Sunt Law ‘ence River, ve the couse of mst ofthe Yds an the it half the 1th eens, he Fabtans, o Penespesanry,wotked the lng, sanow sips of land aa aid fics, hil he fr tae, voyager andthe Js missionaries fostered the fur tade and he predominantly Gali religions Idea is kom dhe Jesu Relating, eof locumenta writen by Jui misonariesand ven bck o France a propaga onde ‘erigaton wo New Rance, chat we arable wo dicem the rich social fbi of hie. \Companble othe pastimes of ancient and medieval cultures, de fora and fanction of pyc acites were those elated to srl (Metcalf, 1970. Thus the Bains runged in ames nd contest of running, wresing,honeracing, snowshoeing leighing, sd anoding, swell a ball ad dances (he ater mich desped by the cleric fr their presumed sinful mature). The physical prowess af the cureurs de bl runes ofthe ‘roo) came toe eared and ever. Thre men developed nt "nazculine ents ‘osly linked to the physleal demands of thee labour strong, swift, and enduring, combined with fc independence and ack of defsence eo the eho of French dmioisuatces” (Mowow & Warsey, 2008,p. 17). British Traditions ‘At the end of the Seven Yeats War between the Brith and the French in 1263, the ‘sh atsumed centol of what wa then called elah Nowth America (BNA), Wile the French were allowed t retain cei ealtre, religion, customs, and ways of lie, Abotginal group lost control and ownership af masive tract of land. The Brish poured rps ard resourets nto BNA and rough her instiins of juice, eliglon (gnimatly Anglin), and sctl clas structures and governance to the Maritime ares ‘of Nova Scotia and New Branrwick and prima o Upper Canada (aow Ontario). “The "Belle" were a composite of people of English, Ih and Seotish decent who ‘were enforced teri the 18th censry by United Eats Loyalists oe Bl synga- ‘his ivng in the United State who came to live in BNA following the defer ofthe Bais in the Arcercan War of Independence. We know fom various acts of lel ton agunst gambling, quot preductlon and consumption, Sabbath Day setviy Fesrictions, and huang o gaming lve along wth the necesty to Heensebiliad tables that cheseesvte and practices formed an imporeane par ofthe lietles of asl Briah Noe’ Americans "A reat deal nore i mown about the clase *ploncer”peiod of BNA, the yare ‘between the Rabllons of Upper and Lower Canada in the 18804 and the ine of Cone satan in 1867 Massive immigration from ube Unied Kingdom, which changed the population fom agroxnatey 750000 in 182 to over? milion at mid-entry refered reconomiepomrty thay try ws accompanied by acetal ably conducive fps and reersion, For example, crces brought amusement to sll towns, and (welding and the accompanying cheer or mock serenade wee cecasions for physical enters and game. So 0 were wor bess in ual BNA, when neighbours gathered to ate har, ake qui, o harvest crop allowed by dancing cones ke wrestling tnd gumes of chance, and ofcourse einkng (quo sold for 25 cents pe gallon). Tavers vere ubiquitous ang the highway of exiy Canad, By thee very presence and fester ‘tmorphere of cori, avers erved as socal and ait cers forthe cite, fnchading member of dhe urban underclass. In face, he very fst sporting chu er which see havea writen tend the Montel Cuslng Clu, was formed at Gls Tavern in 1607 (Cindy, 1969) Tavellet? account afm us that hunting and fishing were popular pts (obvious derived from mobeinence nee) mong toch upper and lower social lamer even thou dhe forms of thas acces varied by socal clas (Gillie, 2002). By contr, dhe 1845 Statutes of Upper Canad lata os af acces that lagiarrs sought prohibitamong the lower clases ca Sanda ‘Ane bei ence That if any ich Mecha, Tadeaman, Ate, Machi, ‘Worknan, abou, or thes peso were hall pucaze oy wae, me handy ond ctl or etna pop, oy ra ete whanoeer, 8 he Lands Dnsceony call Suny ocala a kl bl oe al ket, tran chery peo sb gible with deo other, ol rn ces on foo orem hanbnc of cameg or eller fy ton tt dao Fa ee senor pearl you hig hung oF scting oF ngs oo dal ake, lc dea ay Sve terme, yw nial or wl ol fs, seep ar nt herein all we any dg, bing ate ot ‘her chi, cra set any et tap the abovementioned pape on tat {hy vlpy afin or ely ater ep, aces an hls ‘urea mong the vig, foreach fen peer it he co ed charge tueediag thoes nd conn. (nay, 198, 353) ‘What i ieee i tha ach enscrenss Lkly reveal the prevalence of these amuse rents end ames rather than any termination of uch activites. In esence, Sabbath fertleloos were measures implemented by the governing classes to contal what were Asemed to be uy active of de lover clases. By the ml ofthe 1th cetary the ‘altura practice f bordinae groupe were viewed aa growing octal problem expeclly ‘where drinking ard eumbling "ves" onthe parfthe uborinate groups wer involved Horseracing and the Garrisons roe o Confederation the ingle porting activity that cose alloca clases in iret snd in dtecto vleatousprtlption was harecing Seme background infomation ‘eceary fo undentndthe prevalence of this stvky, The malay presence in Nor ‘Amarica was coins ad widespread every to wat a ion ot military pst wich ‘woop toned ther. Since mulary engagements were infequent, offices and nono cers had consiierableine a thee posal Commision fice, forthe mos part were Upper and midde-clsgentiemen from Bain wh bal receved celery elation st hlte Bich pe schl (eqivlent to Canadian pivte chook) a ion, Chere, Haro, end Rugby. ajo pedagopeal refs wrought by sch eae at De Thome ‘Arnold headmaster a Raby School, advocated schoo systems of sl governance lea chal ongnzation fom senior to junior yeas, pefes, and "house or reidences that became the vocal unizof the schools. Boys onpnaed theneles nc eas for ates and sete le hare and hounds (achat ame involving crs-oantry runing), rey, «riche, fotbll oes), nd boxing amide the pealing Anglican eligous clute tered within the schol. By che tine of Dr. Anolis temre at Rugby all boys were expected to be both ood stunts and stveprtlpants in gun and pot. Moreover ‘heachooland dei ping sce caied an ideologies vale sytem, code ospore- Ing honour chat extled the vies of eam play, loyalty to one's hose a fi playin shor, a set of genzed and clased vals that came to be recognaed at Pur (Chritizy." Nowhes is his value system better porzayed or dipered than inane ofthe ‘mont popula novels f the 19th century, Tam Brown's School Day by Thomas Hughes (904, cially published in 1857), tale of Rugby bos andthe porting expat nd cendan ales diag Amol administration at hat scool. Gadanes om che Bei ‘publ schools often bcame government, evi, and military lenders. Many ofthe later ‘eve fice in rth Norh America acacia with them the sporting practices ‘nd values premote nthe Beth publ choos So ites ws their impact on erly (Canadian spor that oe researcher sated unequivocally "The paraouneisence fon ‘the development of or] fr more than a centiy afer the Conqiest wa derived fom the sporting example setby the Brith army gasion fice (Lindsay, 197, p. 3). Tinbued with his public rool sporting talon, eevee brought thelr ‘ministrative tar and expertise the opportniy afford by very Tl aexvecon- Alt and thet ineliions toward a varity of pons and gas, 2th eas of whlch was Ihoreracing. Te ofc plied the hors, bil the acing tracks and venues purchased ‘the pets, and povided ficial fr equestrian events. Toalsocal clases, howerace meet Jigs were spectacles for arsement, competition, end gambling For example, sn. 1843 questian steplechae competion in Landba, Oar, atracted soe 10000 people ‘Roja patronage was pantd to many of the eqiesinn event. However, the social and economic impact ofthe equine contests was dramatic. Ten cea were pane fr the ‘pent and tom commer and farming seis baled for he events where ginbling, [aw and crime wer common. In espns, dhe un fcr ted moving the evens father into the eounsy wo dicourage here unwashed! from atending che events but they all ame, One prominent Canaan ty, Half, war sch a magnet fr hoserace ompeione and the tenant social consequence that atound mid-century ety off ‘al cancele and dallowed all horteacingcomyetitions fo more hana decade While honerang was the most nivel popular ofthe gain oes leadership Anaaives in pre there were alo other activites promoted by thes men. Fo hntg, trike matches tem and sighing cubs ating evens, and wack an eld compedt tons were anoag he sprtsand activites astered hy She prion fle. Evidence fo the dependeney on emily for the ender and parcpation In hae psi and por Figlighed by chek grea decline when Beth woop were witha during the Cries ‘Warn Europ dr the 1850s With the perceived nda heat ofthe American Civ Wor daring the 18h, Bush ni poured bck nto BNA and the newspaper othe show drasatcincranesepecialy in cricket and honraing TInspite of telat of the Bish prison ocr, mut be pint xt that by (Confederation thee was a dinet tal clas anda gendeed onder to sor For example, iin che milan eae ita ten were coterie or haha ines: va the offices who enjoyed sport parpaio, not che lower allo wile wore -wotked extremely hardin the home ond on the land and demonatated tremendous phye teal promes, "bering, socal nsialons including goverment, church, shoo ad rvaecrgniatins sch asmeris hobs promoted ideale feminiites tied to notions of dependency, donesicty, casi, and relative weakness—incontradtinction to the the early 19d century were ofen cumbersome and relatively slow. Ore eould wale, nowshoe, cance or ide on horebuc,eatige, ot sligh—all methotof conveyance thacrequed tine to vel Fr por, this dependency ‘on leur time limi mos: pot pacipaton to che elite, Fuchermoe, reflec and contributed to tke social nature oferty sporting clubs, Intend of «primary athlete ‘motive, lb lie the Monseal Curing Cab were formed ond developed mainly orci frteress, noe athlete, Te the intoiction of tam to watercraft that ld died t changes in pxtng fect an peacces Steamers and steamboats nthe second half ofthe 1th cenry were {oem ofreeextionin themselves often, bands were bar sear companies ered ‘xeuions, and sal company boat even acd each oer to get to dination, More ‘pecially these companies offered pre for sporting competitions educed rte £2 sttendcjling ad basetall evens and often allowed frye and other sees: serve a grandad for rowing events, Cetin, these changes ad an acelertive ard ‘promotional fics on avr of port: When stam war apie othe racked vest ‘wed in ining raw companies quickly developed that fom of ansprtation. mn 1880, he exited ome 160 iors of iy tack fn Canad. Goverment ‘gus nduced rary companieso connect wwnsand cs thar were within 100 klometes ofeach othe. Ths areas uch as wouter Ona, rts of Quebe, andthe Maimes were ‘esved pil by these ant ink, By 190, sme 39000 kms of aay ine inked (Canada cout east. One ofthe ria’ primary impacts en soiey Was adams roc sn intravel tne Wheres took sme te dat travel by stagernh fe Tent 9 Monreal ea inthe 19 cena, ave om Torneo fo Port Moody, Brtsh Columbia, ‘oak only ve da by ua ar de er ofthe centr. Soret was the tne redton foe shara Canaan, Se Sandford Fleming invented th encept of eating ine snes fr dir extant ofthe wel Forspotthelmpact ofthe railway was mos ede and wldesread, Pinay, railway transportion peitted more people to engnge in sort simpy been ofthe fle and convenience factors. More profoundly, a universal impact an sport was the potential crysaliation of fndamenal concep in organized port—regularity. Baseball, Jaeroue, owing, and tack and fled competitions could actaly be scheduled wll in sdvance of the eents to he extent that whole new concept—leaucr—could ke svc: tured pir 1 a sporting season, Furthermore, mule-elab events were posible. For ‘example, 32 teame wed rail connections to attend a bonspll (a culing tournament) ovng the 18605 Inertial sorting tours, such asthe vst of «Brith cricket tem during che 18705, wee enjoyed because of allvay pase. "Spur lnes"or hor specially made temporary racks plo frm main Tine, were oe built serve a rasan cspecaly in wir for evens such as che very popula (in texas of compar and ‘pect alle) mowshoe rcs ofthe 1870 and 1880 nergent mchode and means of communication paralleled methods of transport, Mal delivery foexarpl, took days end weeks uni mid-century, the receive paid the page an she blk of BNA mal went cough Enland Spct and gues couldsbe ranged by lets oc by word of mouth, or by setting outa challenge fm one cub to nother inthe eres. Inthe later eg, the numer of newspaper in che country Increased frm 20 0 1200 fom 1840 1 190. Spot was ieulary covered fr most of ‘hispid: the snet pes were bore pou of the 20 centsy. Ard har waa ine Jag in eprting sorting contests such that news ofan even n Nove Seta might eke some time to pparin the Ontario pr and vice ver When the telegraph was invented {nthe 1850s, communication wae revolutionised, When the Atlante telegraph able wat competed in 1865, se meant chat news in 1867 ofthe Saint John, New Branswick, User he World Chapels in Pa, Frnce (at eam epoca eft in creating ad sutalnig fan inten variety of porta the ls, ‘rina rational, nd international evel. Sporting Equipment Evolution Socal and sonoma the 150 were prosperous yea ef rth for Canad In l- tom, Canada pied 37% hsewe a potas Lewes 1651s 186, 4 leat ‘election of he coutry' afuence sd alle to primary Bh immigrants, Prose ity and population creases way hae poste ec n ot, nd they certainly id in thiscae Coe ofthe mas end in prt nd recreation, air kating ani "om (Gast Sara" was reflected inthe mea acxns Cada uring he 1860. Arymbictc ar of he fr ting was he fnpuet of techno on orang ese chi case sates Tor example, ners and demand meant need prodction of states. More pares were taken ou rein improvement in blades td bos, aecensiy inert andeoss were quik rece ‘Another sec impact of ehnlogy on equipment manufac, rodvton, and lebtion ws unformiy er sandaation A nome i, basal bt, ving shell and wack and field equipment were mas produced, particants benefited fom ‘eer qulity and more tnd equipment. Whereas ex compettor i, fo eae, the hammer aowing event a Caledonian tack ad ld competion in Cape Beton, rg ave hl terete and si a aril of geement shout thesis eid weg of the hammer 9 be thrown, sandardzaton mean thar ll competi could se the ane supment. The plato fr the ophisetion of porting ongnation are vis “There aremyrnd specific wort tania tro abot by technoogl change, ‘ot al of whch canbe described in thi chapter. Cox reduction sone general change hat hd wide reaching repercaion fo spor dfn tothe mid ed lower clase. ‘hike opr pot ang the Bish elite, remained a elatvely expensive poor ‘mos ofthe 1h cetry—bats, fall and pa were often sold in jewellery sores. One ticker bat co anywhere fom 36 $9, wheres by 1900 one cold purchase roe stick for es thn 5 cents. Sai flies for pot were cial o spre dpesion td inter. Barball and lacrosse fll demanded relatively litle cow to create aed ralnas, whee goifcoures (ohch dd nape ut he 187s) wee expentve ropattions dat kep gf an uperclas pre: lating rissa carling ares could be cleared on lol ver ot, within cts, fie departments cen tk outdor rinks and ‘cog rns Vary few inde ii or pr eed ring the te 9th cea tak thosethat ddrhockey ting and cling incendie rempetve por perpen nd inter, apetafly when ge lighting allowed ply to extend lao the evening theseby proving broader oppor othe werkog clas Going, 1970) hap ne of the moet ining, ssi inpecting, and rceaonally facinating ‘ect of eupment developed ding the th centory was the byl detain stems ffom Fane ard England when hotiphones(woodename worwhelel vehicles with 10 pedals and no asin, more like a weeden hore on wheels than a bile), ieee recur, wer wed by gileneno even thle oud Byles, ieles ele ofan od penny fathing bec \ncepshetertce sere ofthe pen hing variety, which had» 120-centinet font wheel over which the ‘er gerched ona speingls seat and diminutive bck whel of sane 30 ceninets. ‘Theft ofthese machines to each Canada key rived somecimein the earl 1870, In spite of thee ihe, how unconfrable they wer toed, pooe real fo ig, and thei expense atleast $100), the publ facination with bieyceswasremarable. Over he ‘est 30 yen, areting and innovations in desig ead to poetic te, epal- nd wheel (ished “scl” by the mit-188s), end ll manner ef ccouterent, uch lig, hom peng seats, and ready read cosa. Ries, offen presenting ieee las acd onthe penny fathings and on the sft. Howeve, ch ike skating, the real pect ofthe bicycle wa in i widespread we for epotcion and eretion across social clase a ars gender lines and socal convevions. Many histovan credie he bole fo feng one ofthe ft means of eretcnal paste nd for extasng dress reform fr womin (Hall, 2002). Specic developments of women's argon spots ‘edad latin he chapter. Montreal The Cradle of Organized Sport Another compcoent of industilcation was the phenomence of wbigaton, oF the ‘endeneyof pole ose in chats of wns andi Orgel spor very mich an ‘bead and ban fcated soci ehavous In many pet, ea reauof the process of induilition and urbanisation, mos people had more money and ime © compete in spo. Leaders andleneship in Canadian sprt development exe fam the Iaygest les, i pariculr the city of Morel. Without question, Montreal was the commercial hb of Canada twas the nen fr tbr, fa tein, shiping aed ey companies and frend wach pane of mona dst asthe Molin, Rath anc MeO eyoone. Ths cenit of conor and india prowess ya more i port such hat Montel fen bed athe "alle of eget in Canad, Justin terms ti ftering censin ort entepenets a thiscly were esponsbl fr founding, Sef, ‘evloping aed auconaling wich poss snomboeing, le hockey, figure satin, ‘peed dating lee (the non Nave von) cylin and focal Bach ofthese ports ‘lie its ge story of won. However, fo the puss of his chape, wats ‘portant to nda about Montreal's vanguard role in ogmiing Canadian spet ithe Seaton of the Montreal Amateur Athlete Awociaion (MAA) in 1881 “A.tioof dts with rong meteship and established practices Montel Snow ‘hoe Cub the Mintel Lactose Cl, andthe Montel lye Cub—hought the Mone ‘eal Gymastimin the core downtown ats of he ce ar ahome fe the conlemeration Scab called the MAAA. the oe f te thes cabs, the Montreal Seow Shoe Cb (Germs 1a 1843} played an instena ole in fesesing snorshoe events, race long Aiznee tramp ote, carey evens daa productions sok events of dames aed ‘dncing (nen wih ben) and general chemponed the manly vats of being asnowtoe tiipant (Bel, 1851). Cla sembus and excetves rough wealth of anageial ‘xpetience othe MAA. tse organation, the Montreal Lcrose Club which had a Torofcroxover rember, was eared tone of he premier competitive fcr cabs (Canad. And of use dhe Monza Biyle Club wat synbole of exalating scl intes- stn the ley. The MAAA's orga stand purpose was practical and unambitons “the promotion o phyla metal ure among, and the proving of atinal amuse ments and recreation fr, x members (Meerow, 1981 p 26). However, the MAAA tssumed postin of ional et leederhip aol proporsion stated purpose, By the 1890, the MAAA membenkip rurmbered some 2,500 men withthe thre founding cas pls fool, aogen, and eating hb depaement in bland, shoe {ng moat nd bowling and connected club in deama, ches, hockey fencing end boning What me nigely important abou che MAAA was that, forthe mos part its members (nein i lub excutves) were midle ral makes. Movie houses opened, women’s sage was granted (1918) ae a long seu by sages an abour unions were formed ou ofthe inpeieof he violent 1919 Winaipeg Genal Suk. Woeld War farther oited Bath lyalis (and nso boing reared an even deeper ft berven Hench and English Canadians with the le of ‘lear ees) and ao smut the economy. Al theae change underscore the revingcurentofsommercial growth and pesperity in Canaan soir. The ate was ‘turn grt; however, although the ron-lad ale of anata reigned ape among sport governing bods, this eal was son contested Entrepreneurial Interests By 1905, igh eve am spr eeceiel the most notoriety nthe pest and in able pe- ‘expen. Concomitart wth the commercial end in sci in arose ie oskey, eek and fed and fod share wat an “outa” of profesional (dhe exuivalent of pal oe ‘nomamarearabiing practitioners) and uesacury "rfesional behaviou (auch a ply {ng under an alias to et rund sate regulations) So reat wa the pofesinal gma tha evento play asta rfeaioal athlete on another tem could reel i the satear athletes supension fom competitive sot For so-called major teams fa lca and, hockey, whele eas were an suspended. Ath sane ine reap championships ‘eam and cabs prochiring thee amateur fliation wed obs ad ere payments to ‘cri the bc playen. Ironia ews the MAAA orgnanca tha ainde sl wer on to permit ames to ply with and against pofecnals a lang as everyone new ‘whothe acral ofesionl players were. What ete wer ance the year protracted war among toe faccons who wanted wo remain purely araner andthe MAAA induced ‘soup who wanted mae open competion (Momo, 1986) ln dhe end, amateur a ‘eoloyilUelpevald while growing interes and preva tems embeded in ‘he 1908 London Olymp: Games aed this rslaton ofthe confit n Cada ‘And ye the preservation ofthe deal ws often nominal even by aster moguls, For example, consider the ne of one consumiate amateur athlete, ace-walker George (Goulding. His acing eater ganned ame 10 yer binning in 1906 By the time he reted fom racing, be eld weld cords in alow every distance rom 010 mile His technique was faves ro once was he even accused f iting” n spore where jude ‘ould leon the round to tspectrace-walker who technically might be running, not talking. While Goulding never secepted anything more chan travel expenses fo his Tene hicnagnsie arto for stators wot ich that Roding matched race fet ‘ng his name wool atta: hows of paying fan, even to the pin of filing Mado Suare Gardens in New York City. Clty, port venue operators mae money fom is owes and amateur officials often went to rat lens to equal the competition by handicapley Goulding starting time to let is comptior gain an advantage or by holding races hat had enly Gouling and one othe jr etal even though de later sr cleay contrary c the rue and ideals fame since it wlated the cop atlces nly fora compeion (Motow & Lethon, 1987). ‘What the Goulngeate and many ther examples fom inva and tam sports show is that the quest fr excellence in opis sport almost demanded some other rmethd of promotion thn the retrieve blanket of amsteusm, What cranpied wat shat enreeencus envidoned 2 commercial bai for high-quality spor, epecly for ‘team spo, Thus, for example, hockey was developed at every lve of sae pay i "ast amateu league, Ard atthe same tne openly pofenional hockey leagues devel ‘oped in southern ancl northern Ontario such that by 1910 the Nainal Hockey Associa tion (the freranee to dae NEL) wa formed with catrctal obligations tat cased rules about how long payer was bound by the zeta to play with one tan. Lerose snd baetll di che se ching although the permanency of the sicces of thee two rofeonal sports in Carada wat ot the sine at hockey. Whereas a athlete like George Goulding ha no choieeor opportunity to make money foe his talent, sme 10 yeas later Lionel Conacher, Teroao-bors ablete who was voted Cana bes ll ound alee ofthe fist halcenary, mas able to caption his athe ables. Conacher ‘excelled in baseball, cose, fob, wrestling, boing, nd hockey. Te wa the poe onal opportunity in hockey that enable hime "num po” and make bis velo rn, ‘aming money in sport ft, up unl 1937 when he rete fom pro hockey, he wasa se prefesional or peoisional in all six of hs chosen spr (Marrow, 197). The Hero/Star in Sport (One ofthe important byroducts ofthe burgeoning development of nd nee in high- level petingcompstiton was the notion of Canadian sts x heroes—atlek umlates se sport. Both Goulding and Conacher were wil known in thet poring Himes Spor hres provide windows texts throogh which we can se ow comune euloyse and celebrate dessin spor tre Hemp, provide base mages and metaphors ‘hat infoe the peceions memories and even aspeators ofa sole. And we en never rinimize she Inpace one dvd ean have on the rate, mgt, and direction of ange in spr. A exe inpoine is Dr Geoge W. Bees, the Montea dentist nd ming ucts evangelic” Bees codified the ast oftles for is sport and ser up a convention to eli ational pt governing body bath in 1867. He lo showese Ierome to England, he Kinbplae of modem erpni pot, by leading to succes international seus 1876 ard 1883, the ner posored nytt by the federal Depaent of Agu ‘are aan inition peomotng lative (Maro, 1982), Because of Bee's incredible Tarot slesmuzsip, fr more than a ceny lease was dough wo hae ben forall ele oe nacnl sport eve as dig his etine, bu bo hockey, a ur wine ‘par, and leone, our umes spor, wee piven tht scion i the sl 199). Ce ‘aly thee wer oer factor in he development and diperion of arose, bur Bess 2 ‘ling sleet inary who owe snl eden in sport (Lindy, 1972), Although Ber played lcrmear 2 galtende, he was noe the Kind f lsc spre ‘hero who damiated hs spare aan athlete es inereing that pepe the fat rch ‘era in Canam sport was working cl, of rh descent, and an avowed profesional cara, Nel Hann. World chaapon fiom 1880-184, Hanla absoleely captivated ‘he sporting pul dung is er. Altugh wnallern ature than many of hs compet- tor, Hanlan mitered the ur of the sliding seat a rovng tothe een tha be virally coatlle the pace of hs evens, His exploits ae too numerous to mendom here, but ‘sha is important thot wae Hani’ sl combined with his busines samen chat ‘chat ely hi eric tats to pbc tha was ceri awed by hr. Bren inthe United Stats, fr one singe event onthe Potomac Rive, hath Houses of Congres sloured eo jla ve 10000 spectarn fr jst ne f his races, and chat was pie © ‘is word chamgon achievement. He wat an anomaly i terns of al profesional st, ‘ower, isl and domination af the pot abetted bythe pociviy toward gambling on hs events elovated him sbove nomal tandads and convention (Costing; 1974). Moreover, even when he went on tour and compete in Ausallaaftr losing ls wold tide he waco wie aclalmed tha on two separate trips he was the major devine ‘ard (Erown, 195), Hanlin war the consunsrae arr male, highly sll charismatic, sd unabashedly adored inerationally. Culturally port at ae products of che ines ‘snd envionmerte In French Canc, Lois Cy, ed dig the ate 1925 wea 205 eure athe ‘work's strongest man" embodied the revered phyial prowes ennobled by French Canalins (Weider, 1976). Women Sports Heroes What also intersect heroic tte gender. We have learned how mich sport isa male preserve. Socal, for mae of che period under hotel exambaton, women were marginalized scaly, poltcally, and physically. ‘Tora considerable extent, women’s bodies were under the rule of medical men who somehow undemtood the apparent” tally ofthe female body and the attendant tendencies toward “yet” ofthe mind. Ie wa inded the adopeon and adaption of the beyele during the 1890s that alos literally emancipated women to Became more active physical. Drop ame safery bicycles led tothe invention of bloomers and elit ‘is thereby geal nlitating movement for women. Tete sre sporadic reat of women parllstng i ll manne of por, fm pedestrians to fe hockey, bythe fae of Wold War adage the mot mous and slit influence on Canadian womea's partcpa- ‘on in spor waste Edmonton Commercial Gres basket warn, due imply the monten Grade From 1915-1940 this tam excelled ther spore. Coached the ene The smonton Gras, 1922. time by high scosl teacher J. Petey Page (who eventually became Alberts iutensnt vena), the Ga won some 93% of aver 400 highly competitive game gut lc, provincial national, inenarional, and Olympic (exhibition) teams: With a frm tar feeder sytem, treme ivi bose, sd dhe age Page, che ean was maeu In pracicebur had al dhe falar of skilled, profesional eam. However, che endeed order of ecey dictated tac they bad wo be lads fine and athlees sec. For ‘zample, Page ised ha al layers had to eran sng, smoking or ding was permite chaperones were equed fra tem events players a o dre of the our 28“peope” young voren an fir ply was bth valued and mardated(Mcdooad 1976) In shor, women alts, ged by this emartably access tex, ha olive a gn dkerel andar of haviour ha was ot expected of mt spor. Tadiviual wonenschletes hal sil expcations and asmption lice upon them bysoiery. When Bel Catherwocta member of Cano tack nd ld er inthe 1928 (Ope Games, competed isan won gl neal inthe high jmp, var er beauty that capeed media atetin, nother athletic prowes.Catherwrood, a native of Saskatchewan, ‘as pcm the"Saskaton Ly oving to he perceived goed look, Smal, Barta ‘Ann Scot, werd and Olympic champion gue skater ofthe ate 140, wa revered fr her ted looks her lt alent wards scood. Although ved Cana’ bat ale td therefore winner of cur preigous Lou Mass Awa in three separote yout Sect, recived the presto share of er media coverge in Candin the woe aston ofthe es, not on the prt pages. Instead of es thei ail reporters eee on er sang ttf. ln many ms Baars Ann Sot wn crn lye ml tb pt, eine, onde, ey, a daiing on dat, the valentine of Canad (he won one word champion ship in Febuary new Valen’ Day) and Canada's fay eines (Marrow, 1987) At ‘haps owing othe postwar conservation ofher ey wean image that woke. ed crafted toy Barbra Ann Sco dels were wear by ge and women ding the 1950s and repro anf that ll for $350 $500 ry on ey adc, ‘The “Matcls Si*Canadn womesOhmp wack a fel er arn Toronto, 1828, State Sport one were to cheese asnnbolt repent the dominant rend in Canadian sport becwees 1900 and 1960, i would aly be the dollar sgn. Entrerencail, commer, sd profesional intewsts and opportunites la spore were rampant. Ths i not to say tht ‘hes inet and opportunities were not contested. The Werke Sports Asotin of {Casa (WSA), for example, was formed ae atonal eration inthe mid- 1920, The WSA encourage all manne of spars forthe working claw and advocted sgn meg spor entities sch asthe Tnerational Opie Commies. Moreover, the WSA called forthe olson ofamateusism anda unionization of proeicnl and Olympic athletes anopen eff rng social clas equaliey to pet ‘Another imortan dad in Canadian spore development dating the 20ch century goverment involvement ln spor, recreation, and tne Understandably, he 186 ‘Bush Noch Areca Act war ellen on port Te eral goverment enlist invlve- ‘ment in sort wast immigationdaered inesment inthe 188 lacosewout to Oreat Baa (mention earl) and its ponsoehip of Canadian tavalvemen in intemal ‘le competitions sch as The By, sa in Great Btn. Direct fer intervention ‘came fat in the form ofthe 1911 Suathcana Tat, an act to encourage phys arad rly traning inthe Canaan public education ster. The ust was peated by the Deparement of Mili inthe schols and had the decided fect of embedding altary

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