Handling of Line Breaking on Latin-to-Balinese
Script Transliteration Web Application as Part of
Balinese Language Ubiquitous Learning
Gede Indrawan
Department of Computer Science
Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha
Singaraja, Indonesia
gindrawan@undiksha.ac.id
Wayan Sutaya
Department of Electrical Engineering
Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha
Singaraja, Indonesia
wsutaya@undiksha.ac.id
Abstract— This study is aimed to preserve part of Balinese
local culture that is endangered, i.e. Latin-to-Balinese Script
transliteration knowledge through the web technology that
support ubiquitous learning. It analyzed handling of line
breaking on Latin-to-Balinese Script transliteration web
application since there has not been studied yet on no-word
boundaries (scriptio continua) script. There are two rules of
thumb should be applied: 1) No line breaking is allowed
between syllable-sign cluster or consonant-vowel cluster; and
2) No line breaking is allowed just before a colon, comma, or
period. This research added certain perspective and
strengthened the transliteration knowledge, as part Balinese
Language ubiquitous learning that support Balinese Language
education, which is a mandatory local subject from basic to
high school in Bali Province. This analysis was conducted on
Hanacaraka web application that was developed as a
technological product of Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha
(Undiksha), Indonesia. Hanacaraka basically receives Latin
text input and outputs Balinese Script based on Bali Simbar
font. Through the experiment, its handling on line breaking
gave good transliteration result since special algorithm was
applied. Future work to enrich and strengthen the
transliteration knowledge is by extending the handling of line
breaking on Latin-to-Balinese Script web application that was
supported by dedicated Balinese-Unicode font.
Keywords— Balinese; Latin; line breaking; transliteration;
ubiquitous learning; Unicode font
I. INTRODUCTION
Balinese script has rarely been used today and has caused
concern over the threat of extinction [1]. Its Latin-to-
Balinese Script transliteration knowledge, as part of
transliteration research in general [2][3], is also affected by
that condition. Preservation effort by the Bali government
has already been conducted through the Bali Governor
Circular Letter [4] that follows up the Bali Governor
Regulation [5]. Also, from the previous preservation
regulation, Balinese Language (including all aspect of
Balinese Script) was considered and running as a mandatory
local subject from basic school to senior high school.
As the preservation effort of the language can be done by
that governmental/political approach, multiple approaches
should strengthen it and should have greater impact. This
XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE
Komang Setemen
Department of Computer Science
Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha
Singaraja, Indonesia
k.setemen@undiksha.ac.id
I Ketut Paramarta
Department of Balinese Language Education
Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha
Singaraja, Indonesia
ketut.paramarta@undiksha.ac.id
research joined the effort through the technological
approach, by providing analysis for handling of line breaking
on Latin-to-Balinese Script transliteration since there has not
been studied yet on no word boundaries (scriptio continua)
script [6][7]. Moreover, this study was conducted on web
application that can be reused for mobile computing [8][9] to
support ubiquitous learning. This research strengthened the
transliteration knowledge, as part Balinese Language
ubiquitous learning that support Balinese Language
education. As known, ubiquitous learning improves learning
by providing learners with content and interaction anytime
and anywhere [10] by mobile and embedded computers and
wireless networks in everyday life [11].
In the old time of writing on dried palm leave (lontar),
spaces were scarce and the “page setup” for lontar was
always a thin landscape. The number of lines is small, with
every space must be filled for optimal use. There was
common practice to break the sentence at any places. For
modern writing, the following rules of thumb should be
applied: 1) No line breaks allowed between syllable and any
of its signs; and 2) No line breaks allowed just before a
colon, comma or full stop [12][13]. These rules was studied
to be accommodated by web technology through the web
application in this research.
Several related works on Latin-to-Balinese Script
transliteration were conducted on the previous author’s
works [14]–[21]. Various non-dedicated Balinese-Unicode
fonts (i.e. Bali Simbar [22] and Bali Simbar Dwijendra [23])
and dedicated Balinese-Unicode font [24][25] (i.e. Noto Sans
Balinese [26]) were used for Balinese Script output rendering
on those previous research. More developed dedicated
Balinese-Unicode font, was found on Noto Serif Balinese
font [27] rather than Noto Sans Balinese font. Bali Simbar
font was used in [14] with relatively good accuracy result on
testing cases from The Balinese Alphabet writing rules and
examples document [12][13]. It was also used on the
developed robotic system that writing Balinese Script from
Latin text input [15]. Bali Simbar Dwijendra (BSD) font, as
the improvement of Bali Simbar (BS) font, was used in [16]
with additional testing cases from the Balinese Script
dictionary [28], in addition to the same testing cases on [14].
Ten transliteration lessons was also learned by using this font
[17] and on the exploration of the mathematical
representation transliteration [18]. Noto Sans Balinese font
was used in [19] with the same testing cases in [14] and gave
relatively good accuracy result. It was also used on the
developed robotic system that writing Balinese Script from
Latin text input [20]. Extensive accuracy analysis on the
developed algorithm [19] was conducted in [21] for the
improvement in the future. The deep learning process [29]
for both side of transliteration was also possible to be
conducted for the future improvement on accuracy. This
research rather focused on the optimal rendering display on
the web application that would be useful for both rule-based
and deep-learning transliteration.
This paper was organized into several sections, i.e.:
Section I (Introduction) described the problem background
related to Balinese Script in general, and Latin-to-Balinese
Script transliteration in specific. Related work was also
described in this section; Section II (Research Method)
contained the analysis of handling of line breaking on Latin-
to-Balinese Script transliteration method, including
supporting computer font and special rule-based algorithm
applied; Section III (Result and Analysis) covered the
analysis of testing result of that handling; and finally, Section
IV (Conclusion and Future Work) consisted of some
important concluded and future work points.
II. METHOD
The analysis of handling of line breaking on Latin-to-
Balinese Script transliteration method was relied on two
rules of thumb that should be applied: 1) No line breaks
allowed between syllable and any of its signs; and 2) No line
breaks allowed just before a colon, comma, or full stop. This
research explored this handling since there has not been
studied yet. Moreover, this study was conducted on web
application that can be reused for mobile computing to
support ubiquitous learning. It eventually strengthens the
transliteration knowledge, as part of Balinese culture
preservation effort.
A. Supporting Computer Font
The analysis was conducted on Hanacaraka web
application that was developed as a technological ubiquitous
learning product of Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha
(Undiksha), Indonesia. Hanacaraka basically receives Latin
text input and outputs Balinese Script based on JavaScript
technology [30] and using Bali Simbar (BS) font, which is
part of font+template package for writing Balinese script in
word processor [22]. BS font, consists of 211 glyphs
constructed by glyph of 1) vowel sign + sound killer
(pangangge tengenan) combinations; 2) vowel signs; 3)
punctuations; 4) numbers; 5) ligatured syllables; 6)
independent vowels; 7) special syllables (akśara şwalalita);
8) syllables; 9) dasaksara characters; 10) semi vowel (arda
suara); 11) special signs (akśara modres); 12) gempelan ra
repa; 13) miscellaneous syllables; 14) gantungan syllable;
15) gantungan akśara şwalalitas; 16) ra repa; 17) gantungan
forms; 18) gempelan forms; 19) la lenga; and 20) guru and
lagu characters [14].
B. The Algorithm
Fig. 1 shows a case of Latin-to-Balinese Script
transliteration with trimmed result (trimmed syllable with
under line) in the absent of line breaking handling. That case
was constructed by case 1-18 of “The Balinese Alphabet”
writing rules and examples document [14]. For proper output
rendering, line breaking handling was needed and its
pseudocode was shown by Fig. 2.
C. The Testing
The algorithm of line breaking handling on Latin-to-
Balinese Script transliteration web application was tested on
Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4600U CPU @ 2.09GHz platform with
8 GB RAM and Windows 8 64-bit Operating System. The
analysis used case 151 (a sentence case) of “The Balinese
Alphabet” writing rules and examples document [14] since it
represented various cases of Latin-to-Balinese Script
transliteration.
Fig. 1. A case of Latin-to-Balinese Script transliteration with trimmed result
in the absent of line breaking handling
1. Get HTML textarea for Latin input space with certain row size.
For an example, Latin input that used that textarea space:
“hanacarakadatasawalamagabangapajayanya”
2. Get HTML canvas for Balinese Script output space where its width and
height size depend on browser window size recently used to access the
web application.
3. Get HTML context of HTML canvas where its font was set to Bali
Simbar font with certain font size.
4. Get transliteration intermediate output in Latin code from Latin input.
Latin code was used for appropriate rendering of Balinese Script
output using Bali Simbar font.
For an example, the Latin code for the Latin input example at stage 1:
“h nc rk dt sw lm gb\p jy z”
5. Get HTML canvas for Latin code space where number of Latin code
lines was obtained by splitting Latin code string with line break
delimiter (‘\n’).
6. Get top margin for certain Latin code line that was set based on
initial/previous top margin and line height. A Latin code line can be
divided into several lines (each has different top margin) if its width
bigger than its HTML canvas width.
Accumulated width of splitted Latin code character(s) less than canvas
width was count as a line. Splitted Latin code character(s) was
obtained by splitting string with space delimiter (‘ ‘). Width of splitted
Latin code character(s) was obtained by measuring its text width by
using HTML context.
For an example, the number of splitted Latin code character(s) for the
Latin code at stage 4: is equal to nine and constructs two lines of Latin
code, i.e. “h nc rk dt sw lm gb\p” and “jy z”.
This stage prevent trimming on the output, as shown by Fig. 1.
7. Get height of HTML canvas for Latin code space from top margin.
8. Render Balinese Script output from Latin code using Bali Simbar font
that was set at HTML context of HTML canvas.
Fig. 2. The pseudocode for handling of line breaking on Latin-to-Balinese
Script transliteration method
III. RESULT AND ANALYSIS
Fig. 3 shows previous case of Latin-to-Balinese Script
transliteration without trimmed result in the present of line
breaking handling. The Balinese Script output was rendered
from two lines of transliteration intermediate output in Latin
code. Fig. 4 shows a more various case of Latin-to-Balinese
Script transliteration without trimmed result in the present of
line breaking handling. It was case 151 (sentence case) of
“The Balinese Alphabet” writing rules and examples
document [14]. Balinese Script output was rendered from six
lines of transliteration intermediate output in Latin code.
 TABLE I shows 13 stages of transformation of Latin code
intermediate output before rendering Latin code of last stage
as the Balinese Script (Fig. 4). The underlined character(s)
shows the transformation of character(s) from the previous
stage.
Analysis on Latin code transformation of TABLE I related
to two rules of thumb of line breaking on Latin-to-Balinese
Script transliteration. In general, Latin code string of last
stage should have enough generated spaces between
character(s) since space was used as the delimiter for evenly
line dividing of line breaking handling (six lines in Fig. 4
case).
Fig. 3. A case of Latin-to-Balinese Script transliteration without trimmed
result in the present of line breaking handling
Fig. 4. A sentence case of Latin-to-Balinese Script transliteration without
trimmed result in the present of line breaking handling
TABLE I. LATIN CODE TRANSFORMATION OF A SENTENCE CASE
OF LATIN-TO-BALINESE SCRIPT TRANSLITERATION
No Latin code
1 Akeh akśarane, 47, luir ipun: akśara suara, 14, akśara wianjana,
33, akśara suara punika talěr dados pangangge suara, tur
madrěwe suara kakalih, kawāśţanin: suara hrěswa miwah dīrgha.
2 hakeh akśarane, 47, lwir hipun: akśara swara, 14, akśara
wyanyjana, 33, akśara swara punika taòr dados pangangge
swara, tur madréwe swara kakalih, kawāśţanin: swara hréswa
miwah dī(gha.
3 hakeh akśarane, 47, lwir hipun: akśara swara, 14, akśara
wyaňjana, 33, akśara swara punika taòr dados pańańge swara,
tur madréwe swara kakalih, kawāśţanin: swara hréswa miwah
dī(ģa.
4 hakeh akśarane, 47, lwir hipun: akśara swara, 14, akśara
wyaňjana, 33, akśara swara punika taòr dados pańańge swara,
tur madréwe swara kakalih, kawāśţanin: swara hréswa miwah
dī(ģa.
No Latin code
5 hakeh akśarane,47,lwir
hipun:akśaraswara,14,akśarawyaňjana,33,akśaraswarapunikataòr
dadospańańgeswara,tur
madréweswarakakalih,kawāśţanin:swarahréswamiwah dī(ģa.
6 hakeh akśarane,47,lwir
hipun:akśaraswara,14,akśarawyaňjana,33,akśaraswarapunikataòr
dadospańańgeswara,tur
madréweswarakakalih,kawāśţanin:swarahréswamiwah dī(ģa.
7 h ek ; Á k× r en, ɓ ɖ, lÙi ( hi pu n/: Á k× r sÙ r, ɐ ɓ, Á k× r wê
zé n, ɒ ɒ, Á k× r sÙ r pu ni k t ò ( d edo sæ \ e\á sÙ r, tu ( m dÉ)
ew sÙ r k k li ;, k wo [Õ ni n/: sÙ r hÉ) sÙ mi w ; dI ( f.
8 h ek ; Á k× r en, ɓ ɖ, lÙi ( hi pu n/: Á k× r sÙ r, ɐ ɓ, Á k× r wê
zé n, ɒ ɒ, Á k× r sÙ r pu ni k t ò ( d eDÿ sæ \ e\á sÙ r, tu ( m dÉ)
ew sÙ r k k li ;, k Wÿ [Õ ni n/: sÙ r hÉ) sÙ mi w ; dI ( f.
9 h ek ; Á k× r en, ɓɖ, lÙi(hipu n/: Á k× r sÙ r, ɐɓ, Á k× r wê zé n,
ɒɒ, Á k× r sÙ r pu nik t ò (d eDÿ sæ \ e\á sÙ r, tu (m dÉ) ew sÙ
r k k li;, k Wÿ [Õ nin/: sÙ r hÉ) sÙ miw ; dI(f.
10 h ek ; Á k× r en, ɓɖ, lÙ^hipu n/: Á k× r sÙ r, ɐɓ, Á k× r wê zé n,
ɒɒ, Á k× r sÙ r pu nik t ò (d eDÿ sæ \ e\á sÙ r, tu (m dÊ ew sÙ r
k k li;, k Wÿ [Õ nin/: sÙ r hÊ sÙ miw ; d!f.
11 h ek ; Á k× r en, 47, lÙ^hipu n/: Á k× r sÙ r, 14, Á k× r wê zé n,
33, Á k× r sÙ r pu nik t ò (d eDÿ sæ \ e\á sÙ r, tu (m dÊ ew sÙ r
k k li;, k Wÿ [Õ nin/: sÙ r hÊ sÙ miw ; d!f.
12 h ek ; Á k× r en, 47, lÙ^hi pu n/: Á k× r sÙ r, 14, Á k× r wê zé
n, 33, Á k× r sÙ r pu ni k t ò (d eDÿ sæ \ e\á sÙ r, tu (m dÊ ew
sÙ r k k li;, k Wÿ [Õ ni n/: sÙ r hÊ sÙ mi w ; d!f.
13 h ek ; Á k× r en, 47, lÙ^hi pu n/: Á k× r sÙ r, 14, Á k× r wê zé
n, 33, Á k× r sÙ r pu ni k t ò (d eDÿ sæ \ e\á sÙ r, tu (m dÊ ew
sÙ r k k li;, k Wÿ [Õ ni n/: sÙ r hÊ sÙ mi w ; d!f.
At the first stage, the Latin text input could contain
uppercase and/or lowercase letter(s) alongside with
number(s) and punctuation(s). In Balinese Script writing,
number is in between comma.
Several transformations exist at the second stage, i.e.:
• A punctuation has been positioned without a space
immediately after a character. A trailing space after a
punctuation was also generated. This transformation
ensures compliance to the second rule of line
breaking handling where no line breaking is allowed
just before a colon, comma, or period. No space
between punctuation and a preceding character
ensures that since line breaking using space as the
delimiter.
• Several character(s) transformations were based on
special character(s) transliteration as an exception to
the standard character(s) transliteration. For an
example, since assimilation applied [31], consonant
cluster “nj” of word “wianjana” was transformed to
be “nyj”. These transformations used dictionary data
structure that maintained special words with their
special transliteration [14].
At the third stage, transformations were based
programmatically on special character(s) transliteration as an
exception to the standard character(s) transliteration.
There is no transformation at the fourth stage. It was
based on consecutive vowels existence where if consecutive
vowels exist, it should be transformed by inserting character
“h’ in between. For an example, phrase “warna ungu” (color
purple) should be transformed as “warna huńu”.
Space removal was happened at the fifth stage with the
exception on space after Balinese Script consonant sign
bisah (“h”), cecek (“ng”), and surang (“r”). At the contrary,
space addition was processed at the sixth stage, which is no
transformation in this case, for certain condition involving
same two syllable each with same trailing consonant sign.
For an example, word “cengceng” (cymbals) should be
transformed as “ceng ceng”.
The fifth stage was prepared for the seventh stage for
major transformation through string pattern matching. Space
removal ensures compliance to the first rule of line breaking
handling where no line breaking is allowed between syllable-
sign cluster or consonant-vowel cluster. For an example,
consonant-vowel cluster “kśa” of word “akśara” (letter)
should be transformed as “k×”. Even though this example
has already no space, do not separate it with space in other
way (like “ak śa ra”) or the matching process would go
improperly. No space between cluster ensures proper line
breaking since space was used as the delimiter.
At the eighth stage, transformations were based on
ligature existence [14]. For an example, Latin code or
consonant-vowel cluster “edo” (edo) was transformed as
“eDÿ” (eDÿ).
Transformation based on space removal for more
aesthetic Balinese Script was performed at the nineth stage.
For an example, Latin code or sign-sign cluster “i (” of
phrase “lÙi ( hi pu n/” (lÙi ( hi pu n/) was transformed as
“i(” and then “^” (the tenth stage) of phrase “lÙ^hipu n/”
(lÙ^hipu n/) for non-overlapping vowel-sign and consonant-
sign. In between space of number was also remove at the
nineth, tenth, and eleventh stage to ensure compliance to the
first rule of line breaking handling on number-number
cluster.
At the twelfth stage, transformations were based on space
addition between vowel-sign and consonant cluster.
Finally, at the last thirteenth stage, transformations were
based on space addition between consonant-consonant
cluster. No existence of this cluster without space since
previous stage has already added space on this kind of
cluster. The Latin code at this last stage was processed by
using line breaking algorithm (Fig. 2) and rendered six lines
of transliteration result in Balinese Script (Fig. 4).
IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
Line breaking on Latin-to-Balinese Script transliteration
was based on two rules of thumb and can be handled by web
technology through the special algorithm, consists of thirteen
stages, applied on web application. Study of this line
breaking handling added certain perspective and
strengthened the transliteration knowledge, as part of
Balinese Language ubiquitous learning that support Balinese
Language education, which is as part of Balinese culture
preservation effort.
Future work to enrich and strengthen the transliteration
knowledge is by extending the handling of line breaking on
Latin-to-Balinese Script web application that was supported
by dedicated Balinese-Unicode font. At the other side,
certain challenge on transliteration accuracy was identified
on vast number of words that need special treatment during
the process by the rule-based algorithm.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by Indonesian Ministry of
Education and Culture through the Applied Research Grant
No. 113/UN48.16/LT/2020.
REFERENCES
[1] G. Indrawan, I. K. Paramarta, K. Agustini, and S. Sariyasa, “Latin-
to-Balinese Script Transliteration Method on Mobile Application: A
Comparison,” Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 1331, Jun. 2018, doi:
10.11591/ijeecs.v10.i3.pp1331-1342.
[2] S. Karimi, F. Scholer, and A. Turpin, “Machine transliteration
survey,” ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 1–46, Apr.
2011, doi: 10.1145/1922649.1922654.
[3] K. Kaur and P. Singh, “Review of Machine Transliteration
Techniques,” International Journal of Computer Applications, vol.
107, no. 20, pp. 13–16, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.5120/18866-0061.
[4] Bali Government, “Surat Edaran Gubernur Bali No. 3172 Tahun
2019 tentang Penggunaan Busana Adat Bali dan Aksara Bali [Bali
Governor Circular Letter No. 3172 Year 2019 about The Usage of
Balinese Traditional Clothing and Balinese Script],” 2019.
https://jdih.baliprov.go.id/produk-hukum/peraturan/abstrak/24741
(accessed Aug. 17, 2020).
[5] Bali Government, “Peraturan Gubernur Bali No. 80 tentang
Pelindungan dan Penggunaan Bahasa, Aksara, dan Sastra Bali serta
Penyelenggaraan Bulan Bahasa Bali [Bali Governor Regulation No.
80 on Protection and Usage of Balinese Language, Script, and
Literature, also Organizing Balinese Language Month],” 2018.
https://jdih.baliprov.go.id/produk-hukum/peraturan/abstrak/24665
(accessed Aug. 17, 2020).
[6] M. Eversen and I. M. Suatjana, “N2908: Proposal for Encoding the
Balinese Script in the UCS,” 2005.
http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2005/05008-n2908-balinese.pdf
(accessed Jul. 05, 2020).
[7] A. R. Widiarti and R. Pulungan, “A method for solving scriptio
continua in Javanese manuscript transliteration,” Heliyon, vol. 6, no.
4, p. e03827, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03827.
[8] C. Griffith, Mobile App Development with Ionic 2: Cross-Platform
Apps with Ionic, Angular, and Cordova. CA: O’Reilly, 2017.
[9] S. Cha and Y. Yun, “Smartphone Application Development using
HTML5-based Cross-Platform Framework,” 2013.
[10] G. J. Hwang, C. C. Tsai, and S. J. H. Yang, “Criteria, strategies and
research issues of context-aware ubiquitous learning,” Journal of
Educational Technology and Society, vol. 11, no. 2, 2008, doi:
10.1186/s40561-014-0004-5.
[11] H. Ogata, Y. Matsuka, M. M. El Bishouty, and Y. Yano,
“LORAMS: linking physical objects and videos for capturing and
sharing learning experiences towards ubiquitous learning,”
International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, vol. 3,
no. 4, p. 337, 2009, doi: 10.1504/IJMLO.2009.027452.
[12] Ida Bagus Adi Sudewa, “The Balinese Alphabet,” 2003.
http://www.babadbali.com/aksarabali/alphabet.htm (accessed Aug.
17, 2020).
[13] G. Indrawan and I K. Paramarta, “Komputerisasi Transliterasi Teks
Latin ke Aksara Bali [Computerized Transliteration of Latin Text to
Balinese Script],” 2019.
https://ebooks.gramedia.com/books/komputerisasi-transliterasi-teks-
latin-ke-aksara-bali-seri-teknologi-informasi-untuk-budaya (accessed
Aug. 17, 2020).
[14] G. Indrawan, Sariyasa, and I. K. Paramarta, “A New Method of
Latin-To-Balinese Script Transliteration based on Bali Simbar Font,”
in 2019 Fourth International Conference on Informatics and
Computing (ICIC), Oct. 2019, pp. 1–6, doi:
10.1109/ICIC47613.2019.8985675.
[15] P. Nyoman Crisnapati et al., “Pasang Aksara Bot: A Balinese Script
Writing Robot using Finite State Automata Transliteration Method,”
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1175, no. 1, p. 012108,
Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1175/1/012108.
[16] G. Indrawan, I. P. E. Swastika, Sariyasa, and I. K. Paramarta, “An
Improved Algorithm and Accuracy Analysis Testing Cases of Latin-
to-Balinese Script Transliteration Method based on Bali Simbar
Dwijendra Font,” Test Engineering and Management, vol. 83, pp.
7676–7683, 2020, [Online]. Available:
http://www.testmagzine.biz/index.php/testmagzine/article/view/5056
[17] G. Indrawan, I. G. A. Gunadi, M. S. Gitakarma, and I. K. Paramarta,
“Latin to Balinese Script Transliteration: Lessons Learned from
Computer-based Implementation,” in The 4th International
Conference on Software Engineering and Information Management
(ICSIM), 2021. [forthcoming]
[18] G. Indrawan, G. R. Dantes, K. Y. E. Aryanto, and I. K. Paramarta,
“Handling of Mathematical Expression on Latin-to-Balinese Script
Transliteration Method on Mobile Computing,” in The 5th
 International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC),
2020. [forthcoming]
[19] G. Indrawan, I. K. Paramarta, and K. Agustini, “A New Method of
Latin-to-Balinese Script Transliteration based on Noto Sans Balinese
Font and Dictionary Data Structure,” 2019, in The 2nd International
Conference on Software Engineering and Information Management
(ICSIM), 2019, doi: 10.1145/3305160.3305167.
[20] G. Indrawan, N. N. H. Puspita, I. K. Paramarta, and S. Sariyasa,
“LBtrans-Bot: A Latin-to-Balinese Script Transliteration Robotic
System based on Noto Sans Balinese Font,” Indonesian Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, vol. 12, no. 3, p.
1247, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.11591/ijeecs.v12.i3.pp1247-1256.
[21] L. H. Loekito, G. Indrawan, Sariyasa, and I. K. Paramarta, “Error
Analysis of Latin-to-Balinese Script Transliteration Method Based
on Noto Sans Balinese Font,” in Proceedings of the 3rd International
Conference on Innovative Research Across Disciplines, 2019, doi:
10.2991/assehr.k.200115.055.
[22] I. M. Suatjana, “Bali Simbar,” 1999.
http://www.babadbali.com/aksarabali/balisimbar.htm (accessed Aug.
17, 2020).
[23] I. M. Suatjana, Bali Simbar Dwijendra. Denpasar: Yayasan
Dwijendra, 2009.
[24] The Unicode Consortium, The Unicode Standard Version 13.0 –
Core Specification. The Unicode Consortium, 2020.
[25] The Unicode Consortium, “Balinese Unicode Table,” 2020.
http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1B00.pdf (accessed Aug. 17, 2020).
[26] Google, “Google Noto Fonts,” 2020.
https://www.google.com/get/noto/#sans-bali (accessed Aug. 17,
2020).
[27] Google, “Google Noto Serif Balinese,” 2020.
https://github.com/googlefonts/noto-
fonts/blob/master/phaseIII_only/hinted/ttf/NotoSerifBalinese/NotoSe
rifBalinese-Regular.ttf (accessed Aug. 17, 2020).
[28] I. G. K. Anom et al., Kamus Bali - Indonesia Beraksara Latin dan
Bali [Balinese - Indonesian Dictionary with its Latin and Balinese
Script]. Denpasar: Bali Province, 2009.
[29] M. Rungruanganukul and T. Siriborvornratanakul, “Deep Learning
Based Gesture Classification for Hand Physical Therapy Interactive
Program,” In: Duffy V. (eds) Digital Human Modeling and
Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management.
Posture, Motion and Health. HCII 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer
Science, vol 12198. Springer, Cham, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-49904-
4_26.
[30] L. Groner and G. Manricks, JavaScript Regular Expressions.
Birmingham: Packt Publishing, 2015.
[31] I. N. Medra et al., Pedoman Pasang Aksara Bali [The Guidance of
Balinese Script Construction]. Denpasar: Department of Culture,
Bali Province, 1997.