CONTENT

1. ABSTRACT

2. INTRODUCTION

3. SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN INDIA

4. SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN CHINA

5. SOCIAL WELFARE SYSTEM IN INDIA

6. SOCIAL WELFARE SYSTEM IN CHINA

7. ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL WELFARE SYSTEM IN INDIA AND CHINA

8. LITERATURE REVIEW

9. CONCLUSION
TOPIC

ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL WELFARE SYSTEM IN INDIA AND CHINA.

ABSTRACT

‘’Our foremost priority is the removal of poverty, hunger and malnutrition, disease and
illiteracy. All social welfare programmes must be implemented efficiently. Agencies involved
in the delivery of services should have a strong sense of duty and work in a transparent,
corruption-free, time-bound and accountable manner.”
- PRATIBHA PATIL (former president of India)
A social welfare system is a scheme for providing financial aid to individuals or families in
need in a society.it is also not only about financial support but also medical aid,
unemployment benefits program, education, old age pension, widow pension etc.
This research paper discusses the social problems in India and China, various schemes
available, development of those schemes etc.
It will take us a journey on how the welfare system began and how it evolved throughout
these years.

KEYWORDS

POVERTY, MALNUTRITION, ILLITERACY, CORRUPTION, SOCIAL WELFARE

SYSTEM.

INTRODUCTION

Social welfare system is a scheme, which is introduced for offering assistance to individuals
and families in need. This system includes financial support, health care, education, pension
etc. The term social welfare do not have a particular meaning at present, social welfare refers
to vast variety of activities and services of the volunteers, non-profit organization and
governmental companies offering assist to needy humans who are not able to take care of
themselves, activities and resources designed to improve the wellbeing of people, households
and the bigger society and the efforts to cast off or lessen the occurrence of social problems.
The history of social welfare is an interdisciplinary examination of the evolution of
charitable works, organized activities associated with social reform actions and non-profit
organizations or public social services designed to shield or benefit people, households and
the larger society. Charitable efforts have often grown out of spiritual ideals- ideals that
stimulated reformers to deep compassion, corporate moral convictions and a robust feel of
justice. The reformers' religious backgrounds have been the muse of actions including
abolition, temperance and the establishment of settlement houses. And from the nation's
earliest days, religious groups and individuals have provided significant labour and monetary
aid for social reform and humanitarian aid.
The social reformers from Ram Mohan Roy to Gandhi aimed towards reforming the Hindu
society. They were revolting against spiritual inequality and in a few instances towards social
inequality as well. They fought against the prevalent practice of excluding the minor groups
from worshiping god and their right to religious knowledge. Some of them tried to eliminate
the social discrimination by preaching that every human is equal before the god.
Social welfare in China has gone through diverse adjustments throughout history. The
ministry of human resources and social security is in charge of the social welfare system in
china. In pre 1980s reform China, the socialist state fulfilled the desires of the society from
cradle to grave.

SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN INDIA

Social problems is India can be majorly classified into:

1. Gender issues
● gender gap

According to the reports of the economic survey 2017-18, there are almost 63 million
missing women in India. Missing women are those women who are not alive due to

foeticide or infanticide.as per the economic forum, India is ranked at 87th position in the
global gender parity report.
● triple talaq

Many Muslim majority countries have banned triple talaq, this was done to bring
justice and equality to women.

● sexual harassment at work place

 There are many instances in India, which acts as a proof of sexual harassment at work
place. Government had introduced various measures to stop this.
2. Poverty related issues
● Poverty

The major cause for poverty in India is economic and social inequality, unemployment,
indebtedness, social exclusion and unequal distribution of wealth.
3. Health issues
● Impact of air pollution

According to India's state-level disease burden initiative report, 26% of Indians suffer
from premature deaths and disease due to air pollution.
4. There are also other issues like people addicted to drugs, increasing in number of
youth suicide, problems faced by the migrants, caste issues etc.

SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN CHINA

Social problems in china includes:

1. Rural-urban disparity and the wealth gap.

After the economic reforms began in china, inequality in the income earned by people
increased. The growing gap between the rich and the poor lead to discrimination in
access to areas such as public health, education, pensions and unequal opportunities to
the Chinese people.
2. Employment issues

China suffers from an unequal distribution of employment. Employment level differs

from region to region in china.
3. Government and law

There is the presence of corruption, poorly built infrastructure, lack of the rule of law,
and there is no clear distinction between the powers of government and judiciary.
4. Crime

Crimes related to fraud and scams increased, illegal transactions, increase in corporate
irregularity etc.
5. Social unrest

Dissatisfaction of people regarding the corrupt government officials and protest against
the injustice done by the local government or local businesses.
 SOCIAL WELFARE SYSTEM IN INDIA

In India, social security consists of a number of statutory insurances and social grant
programmes that are combined into a system that was once complicated and is now managed
by the federal and state governments of India. Among developing nations, the social security
system of India is regarded as one of the most generous in the world. It is reflected in the
Directive Principles of State Policy, which are incorporated in Part IV of the Indian
Constitution that India is a welfare state.
● Food security

National food security act, 2013 guarantees all Indians food security. According to this
act, the government provides food grains to weak sections of the society at lower prices.
● Aadhaar

It is a 12 digit unique identification number based on the biometric and demographic

data of the citizens. The Indian government uses Aadhaar number to provide social
security and welfare benefits to its citizens and legal residents.
● National pension system

This system replaced the civil servants pension system. 1981. Civil servants who were
in service before 2004 were entitled to civil service pension scheme 1972 and general
provident fund. To avail this pension, one must have been in service for 10 years and at
least 58 years old. But this system became a huge burden on the government, so this
system was replaced by the national pension system. This is administered by pension
fund regulatory and development authority, [PFRDA]. In this system the employer
contributes 10% of his gross income and the employer contributes 6% of the amount
earned. When the employee reaches the legal retirement age, 60% of the balance can be
withdrawn as a lump payment, while the remaining 40% must be used to purchase an
annuity that will be used to provide a monthly pension.
● Employees provident fund organization

This is one the most important social security schemes which includes most of the
employees in India. This scheme is governed by code on social security, 2020. The
contributions received under this scheme go towards three social security schemes
namely: the mandatory provident fund, pension scheme, disability and life insurance.
● National health insurance

People working under the organized sector get their health insurance through their
employer. Whereas for people working under the unorganized sector they get their
health insurance from a government scheme called Ayushman Bharat Yojana, it has
coverage that includes 3 days of pre-hospitalization and 15 days of post hospitalization
expenses.
● Atal pension yojna
 It is a voluntary basic supplementary pension plan that is primarily designed for persons
who rely on part-time work, temporary employment, or daily wage jobs to make their
living. It is available to all people with saving bank or post office accounts who are
between the ages of 18 and 40, and the contributions vary depending on the pension
amount selected. At the age of 60, subscribers would start receiving the guaranteed
minimum monthly pension of Rs. 1,000, Rs. 2,000, Rs. 3,000, Rs. 4,000, or Rs. 5,000.
● Maternity benefits

All female employees are entitled to 26 weeks of fully paid maternity leave under The
Code on Social Security, 2020. Women could take advantage of this benefit for a
maximum of 8 weeks prior to the due date, with the remaining time being used after
delivery.
● Accident assurance scheme

People with bank accounts between the ages of 18 and 70 who are Indian residents or
NRIs are eligible for the Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana. It has a premium of
rupees 12 per year, excluding taxes. The Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana is
exempt from the GST. The sum is deducted from the account automatically. This
insurance programme, which can cover you for a full year from 1 June to 31 May,
would be provided by banks and run by public sector general insurance companies.
People who die because of suicide, alcohol, drugs are not covered under this scheme.
● There are other social assistance and grants provided by the government, namely:
1. Free school meals: The National Food Security Act of 2013 governs the Government
of India's school meal programme known as the Midday Meal, which aims to improve
the nutritional status of school-age children nationwide.
2. Pradhan mantri awaas yojana: This is India's housing assistance programme, created
primarily to lessen homelessness and poverty in both rural and urban areas. To build
or upgrade homes for low-income groups and pensioners, the programme offers
financial help of rupees 420,000 in plain areas and rupees 530,000 in challenging
places (high land area).
3. Maternity benefit for unemployed or self-employed women, integrated child
development services, national rural employment guarantee scheme, national social
assistance scheme, swachh bharat abhiyan toilets, ujjwala yojana LPG gas connection
and saubhagya yojana electricity connection etc. are other various schemes to help
socially and economically backward people in both rural and urban areas.

SOCIAL WELFARE SYSTEM IN CHINA

Throughout history, China's social welfare has gone through a number of transformations.
Currently, depending on their means of production, social welfare in China is somewhere
between 40 and 75 percent. The hukou system in China is related to welfare. The government
offers a variety of programmes to those with non-agricultural hukou status, including
healthcare, employment, retirement pensions, housing, and education.
● It was in 1978, China abandoned the isolationism of the planned economy and
embraced an open socialist market economy.
● For those working for urban state businesses in China, the health insurance system
offers nearly free coverage, while it is only moderately expensive for their families.
● The Chinese educational system has a six-year primary school programme, three
years of lower and upper secondary school, and four years of a typical university
programme. Rural schools are more reliant on their own financial resources while all
urban schools are funded by the state.
● dibao, or the minimal guarantee of subsistence, both in terms of public spending and
population coverage. Since its founding in Shanghai in 1993, dibao has swiftly spread
throughout urban and rural China, serving 14.8 million urban and 45.8 million rural
beneficiaries in 2016.
● China has established a comprehensive social assistance system, centered on dibao,
that covers education, health care, housing, employment, and temporary forms of aid.
● The "Seven-Year Priority Poverty Alleviation Programme (1994-2000)" was
published by the State Council in 1994.
● Since 1995, there have been programmes in place in China for the advancement of
women.
● To promote and coordinate aging-related policies across the government, the Central
Committee of the CCP and the State Council established the National Committee on
Aging in 1999.
● The Ministry of Labour changed its name to the Ministry of Labour and Social
Security in 1998.It underwent a change in 2008 and became the Ministry of Human
Resources and Social Security.
● To coordinate rural migration issues among ministries and government organizations,
the State Council established a Joint Committee on Rural Migration in 2006.
● The Minimum Subsistence Guarantee is the major clause. This grants access to a
regionally defined minimum degree of financial assistance, dependent upon family
income. The assistance is coordinated and paid locally, with some state or local
Government support

● Social insurance includes five different forms: pensions, medical, work injury,
unemployment, and maternity.
● There are three groups eligible for pension insurance: rural inhabitants, other urban
residents, and employees of urban enterprises.
● The retirement age is normally 60 for men and 50 to 55 for women.
● Pensions are paid out after a minimum of 15 years of contributions, at a rate that
should result in members receiving pensions that are around 15% of the average local
 salary after the minimum of 15 years of contributions, plus an extra 1% for each
subsequent year of contributions.
● Three parts make up the public health insurance: basic health coverage for urban
workers, basic health coverage for other urban residents, and rural cooperative health
coverage for the farming community.
● The enterprise system has contributions that are equal to around 6% of employer
salary expenditures and 2% of employee salaries.
● In 2003, the new rural cooperative medical insurance programme was launched, and it
is now in use across the country. 97 percent of the farming population was covered by
the end of 2011.
● Every insured farmer received a basic financial subsidy of 240 Yuan per year in 2012,
and they also made a personal contribution of 60 Yuan per year.
● Employing businesses are required to provide work injury insurance, which is entirely
supported by employer contributions (no employee contributions). The contributions
are adjusted across areas, industries, and businesses in accordance with the incidence
of work injuries, and are set at an appropriate amount to cover operating costs.
● Employer and employee contributions pay for the unemployment insurance, which is
mandated for businesses that employ people. It provides support for unemployed
people for up to 24 months, covering their living and, under certain conditions,
medical costs.
● Female employees covered by maternity insurance are entitled to reimbursement for
lost wages as well as medical costs incurred during childbirth (or undergoing
abortion). Employers pay the full cost of the insurance at a regionally-different rate of
no more than 1 percent of the employer's salary expenses. The birth allowance is
granted for a minimum of 90 days and at a level similar to the regional average pay.
● Social services for children are primarily offered through institutions (children's
welfare houses, boarding schools, and the like) and are aimed towards orphaned,
abandoned, or disabled children. Foster care and adoption are encouraged.
● Social services for people with disability certificates, include basic subsistence
guarantee, special disability allowances, and special schooling, rehabilitation, and job
services.
● Veterans, military members and family members have access to a special care and
placement system with priority access to housing, healthcare, social security benefits,
and other services for retired members.

ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL WELFARE SYSTEM IN INDIA AND CHINA.

India is one unique example of the existing social security system which is made up mostly of
non-institutional forms of social security. Accordingly, India has had its own social security
system in the shape of:

(a) A self-sufficient village economy

(b) A caste structure

(c) A joint family

(d) A charitable organization since ancient times.

According to the Preamble, India will be a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic republic
that will guarantee justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity to all of its citizens. Social Security
and labour welfare are listed as concurrent issues, therefore state and union governments can
simultaneously pass legislation addressing them. Article 38(i), 38(ii), 39, 41 and 42 of Indian
constitution falls in support of social welfare. The administration of social security in China
is under the jurisdiction of the national government, although local governments are in charge
of the specifics. Chinese workers and their employers are required to contribute to the
country's social security system. Employers must contribute to the final two funds (maternity
and work-related injuries). In addition to paying monthly premiums into the first three
(pensions, medical bills, and unemployment).

LITERATURE REVIEW

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/148722/1/86109509X.pdf

This paper discusses what kind of welfare state china is whereas it did not describe whether
the kind of welfare state is good or did not mention how effective the system is without
which we cannot determine the efficiency of the social welfare system of that particular
country.

https://thelawbrigade.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Harshit-Shivani-1.pdf

In this paper we come to know about social welfare systems in India and China but it does
not describe on what basis we should mark a country with the best social welfare system.
Without the bases we can’t compare the two systems.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_in_China#:

This link is a basic source to get information related to China's social welfare system but it
does not have a clear picture about the origin of the social welfare system in china. Knowing
the origin helps us to compare the past and the present of the social welfare system of the
same country.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security_in_India#:

This link is a basic source to know about the welfare system in india.it mentions the best
schemes introduced but does not give us the clarity regarding in what sense they are calling
the policies the best among the other social policies.

CONCLUSION

Social policy has a crucial influence in how economic processes are organized; this function
changes but becomes more important as economies open up. India has a variety of social
welfare schemes which is very different from China's social welfare policies because of
different political systems. While India's political democracy and free press have avoided the
greatest national excesses but haven't done well in terms of alleviating widespread
deprivation, China's political system has produced both human development disasters and
significant accomplishments. Both the countries have come a long way in their
developmental path. Implementing the policies which are made is very important compared
to making more policies and ignoring the old ones. It is important to make sure every social
benefit scheme is reaching every house in need of it and that is when we can call a country a
''country with the best social welfare system". Adopting and implementing the best policies of
different countries does no harm but instead will lead to development of the nation. Social
welfare system in India is not completely successful because more than half of the working
population work in the unorganized sector which is unrecorded. Both India and China are
emerging economies which will play a very important role in the near future.