ARTS APPRECIATION REVIEWER

Art history

- is the study of objects of art within their

time.
- Art historians analyze visual arts’
meaning (painting, sculpture,
architecture) at the time they were
created.
- Art history does not consist of listing all
the art movements and placing them on
a timeline.
- It is the study of objects of art
considered within their time. - It covers areas of artistic creativity that
ART HISTORY seek to communicate beauty primarily
through the senses.
- which is also called ART - Art embraces the visual arts (e.g.,
HISTORIOGRAPHY, i s the historical painting, sculpture, architecture, and
study of the visual arts that is graphic arts), auditory arts, performing
concerned arts (e.g., music, dance, theater, opera,
with identifying, classifying, describing, and cinema), and literature.
evaluating, interpreting, and
understanding the art products and Creativity- focuses on the process of forming
historic development of the fields of original ideas through exploration and discovery.
painting, sculpture, architecture,
Imagination- according to Albert Einstein, is
decorative arts, drawing, printmaking,
more important than knowledge. Knowledge is
photography, interior design, etc.
limited. Imagination includes the world.
Art Appreciation
Expression- according to Robin George
- The term “art appreciation” refers to Collingwood, what an artist does to emotion is
the knowledge of general and not to induce it but to express it. Through
everlasting qualities that classify all expression, he discovers his own emotions and
great arts. creates something beautiful out of them at the
- Art appreciation may be analyzed same time.
without reference to the subject matter,
symbolism, or historical context.
- Art appreciation can be subjective Nature of Art
depending on personal preferences for Art plays a large part in making our lives infinitely rich. Art
aesthetics and form or can be based on stimulates different parts of our brain to make us laugh. Art is a
several elements and principles of way to be creative and to express ourselves. All functional
designs are art. The essential nature of art is that it is a
design, depending on social and nonsymbolic form of communication and a primary counterpoint
cultural to language. Art is communicative without prior indoctrination.
acceptance.
- Art appreciation can bring reflection,
self-criticism, and enlightenment in the
quest for individual identity; the act of
discovery for some can be in itself a
reward of accomplishment in art, music,
and literature.
Art and Nature

- Art is not in nature.

- Art is a product of humans and not limited to what is perceived by our senses.
- Art is the man’s expression of his reception of nature. It is man’s way of interpreting nature
- Art is manmade and an expression of what he perceives around him driven by creativity
and imagination

Relationship Between Art and Nature

Assumptions (and Theories) of Art
Nature is more than plants and animals. According to Ralph
Waldo Emerson, “Philosophically considered, the universe is
composed
Art is Universal of Nature and the Soul. Strictly speaking,
therefore, all that is separate from us, all which Philosophy
- Art is universal
distinguishes and
as the not me,timeless, spanning
that is both naturegenerations
and art.” and continents through and through.
- It transcends cultures, conditions, or situations.
Nature and art, according to Emerson, are the nonphysical Some works of art that are created long ago are
parts ofstill
life.famous today.
- art is not good because it is old, but it is old because it is beautiful. Age is not a factor;
Art is essentially
instead, thea quality
creationofby
thehumans, although
art is what makessomeit stand out through time.
natural creations are no less than the best pieces of visual
art. Art is the use of skill and imagination in the creation of
aesthetic objects, environments, or experiences that can be
shared with others. Art is the imagination in the mind of the
artist that he transforms into a tangible form through his skills.
An artist gets inspired mostly by nature, although the genius
of the artist draws on his own occasionally. For the
differences between art and nature, nature is original, and art
is only created by humans. Art attempts to replicate natural
things, but nature will always remain superior. In addition, the
considerably deeper meaning is conveyed by an artist on his
canvas although he appears to mimic nature than nature.
However beautiful the creation by humans may be, art can
never be better or more beautiful than nature itself.
Art imitates life and reality
- Art is born in experience; it is the
footprint or fingerprint of the artist’s
experience of reality.
- Artists live in a given time, place, and
culture.
- Therefore, their artworks are statements
that probe the concepts of life and
reality during their time.
Art has intrinsic worth: the value is in itself
- Humanities are generally regarded as
the areas in which human values and a
person’s expressiveness and creativity
are celebrated.
- Every creative work of art has a
life-enhancing value.
- A great masterpiece of art is never
out of date, and they tend to magnify
their value through the ages to come.
Art is Imitation
Plato, the idealist,
- believes that art is far removed from
reality, which exists in the realm of
ideals or universals, of which our world
is but an imperfect imitation; art is, in
turn, only an imitation in our world.
- He places art on the same level as
shadow and reflections of things on
water, all being mere illusion and
illusions of reality.
Aristotle, an empiricist,
- rejected the belief in the realm of ideas.
- He believed that reality exists right in
the
world, around us, and within us, as
perceived by our senses.
- Art is a mirror of reality; therefore, it
brings us in contact with it.
Art is Pleasure
- Aristotle, in his Nicomachean ethics,
explained the connection between
imitation, learning, and pleasure.
Imitation
- is natural to man from childhood; one of
the advantages of men over lower
animals is that man is the most imitative
creature in the world and learns at first
by imitation.
Art is a Play
- We need an outlet to vent our passions,
emotions, and other forms of
uncontrolled expression of energy.
- Artists find this in art; they feel it
indirectly through their expression of
their art.
Art is Expression
Our reactions to art depend on two related
assumptions:
- First, one of the things artists do is to
express their emotions;
- Second, the expression is one of the
sources of aesthetic value.
- However, art as an expression is
concerned with the relationship between
the artist and his work of art and the
work of art and its audience.
Art...
-is universal
- imitates life and reality
- has intrinsic worth; the values are in itself
- is imitation
- is pleasure
- is play
- is expression
 Categorizations of Art
Visual art
- can be defined as a form of art that uses
any medium to represent the artist’s
idea, emotion, and imagination.
- Visual art, such as paintings,
sculptures, and architecture, has
evolved through time.
- The most famous art movements and
styles include impressionism, cubism,
surrealism, expressionism, favism, art
nouveau, realism, and relativism.
a. Painting- is the practice of applying paint,
pigment, color, or other media to a solid surface
(support base).
b. Sculpture- is the art of making 2D or 3D
representative or abstract forms, especially by
carving stone or wood or by casting metal or
plaster.
c. Photography- is the art, application, and
practice of creating durable images by recording
light or other electromagnetic radiation, either
electronically via an image sensor or chemically
via light-sensitive materials.
d. Drawing- is a form of visual art in which a
person uses various drawing instruments to
mark paper or another 2D medium.
Performing Arts.
- performing arts range from vocal and
instrumental music, dance, and theater
to pantomime, sung verse, and beyond.
a. Theater- is a collaborative form of fine art
that uses live performers, typically actors or
actresses, to present the experience of a real or
imagined event before a live audience in a
specific place, often a stage.
b. Music- is an art form and cultural activity
whose medium is sound that is organized in
time.
c. Film- is a series of still images that, when
shown on screen, create the illusion of moving
images.
d. Dance- is a performing art form consisting
of purposefully selected sequences of human
movement (Solmerano, 2019). Dance is a kind
of nonverbal communication, where the
movement of the body is aesthetically pleasing
and harmonious.
Literature refers to writing considered to have
artistic merit:
a. Prose is a form of language that has no
formal metrical structure. It applies a natural flow
of speech and ordinary grammatical structure,
instead of rhythmic structure, such as in the
case of traditional poetry.
b. Poetry is a type of literature based on the
interplay of words and rhythm. It often uses
rhyme and meter (a set of rules governing the
number and arrangement of syllables in each
line). In poetry, words are strung together to form
sounds, images, and ideas that may be complex
or abstract to describe directly.
Applied arts
- is a broad subject area that combines
aesthetics, design, consumer need, and
finding practical solutions to problems.
- It is an area in which design and
decoration come together to create
objects and ideas that are useful and
beautiful (Murphy, 2019).
a. Architecture- s the art and science of
designing building and nonbuilding structures.
b. Fashion design- is a form of art that is
dedicated to the creation of clothing and other
accessories that form part of someone’s
lifestyle. Modern fashion designing can be
further divided into two broad categories, that is,
ready to wear and haute couture.
c. Any object that is made of wood that is
aesthetically pleasing to the eye and functional
is called wood crafts.
d. Interior design- is the art and science of EXAMPLE:
enhancing the interior of a building to achieve a
healthy and aesthetically pleasing environment - Chairs are designed with four legs to
for the people using the space. carry the weight of a person.
- Cups has a deep surface to hold liquids,
- Table has four legs to support the weight
Functions of Art of the flat surface.
- Aristotle claimed that every particular
substance on earth has an end or
“TELOS” in Greek, which means
“PURPOSE.”
- Think of the purpose of things around FUNCTIONS OF ART
you, such as chairs, tables, picture 1.Personal Function
frames, cups, books, chandeliers,
furniture, etc. a. Art opens and educates the senses and sharpens
- This purpose is the reason why they are perception.
made or why they exist in this world.
- The telos or purpose is directly related b. Art serves as a vehicle for the expression of feelings,
to the function. emotions, motivations, and ideas.

Personal Function c. Art provides awareness for other ways of thinking,

feeling, and imagining.
- It is the use of art merely for personal 2.Social Function
gain.
- It is highly SUBJECTIVE and depends a. Art seeks to influence proper human behavior.
on how a person uses an art.
- Several examples that are associated b. Art is created and can be used primarily for public
with personal function are expressive consumption.
art, art entertainment, and art therapy.
c. Art expresses or describes individual, social, or
- A person can use art for self-
collective aspects of existence.
expression. Similar to many artists,
3.Physical Function
people find relief Many attempts have been made to answer the basic questions th
and gratification when they can express
themselves.

Social Function

- Art serves social functions when it can

influence other people (Benjy, 2016).
- Several types of art are intended to
persuade the public.

Physical Function

- It is the function of art that is directly

related to the physical use or purpose of
art.
- The physical function of art can be
realized through the objects and
environments we create that fill a
utilitarian need.
 Philosophies of Art
Philosophy of art
- is the study of the nature of art,
including interpretation, representation,
expression, and form that is closely
related to aesthetics, which is the
philosophical study of beauty and taste.
Art as Imitation
- Art as imitation came from the Greek
Philosopher Plato. In his book,
“Republic,” he considered artists as
imitators and art as a mere imitation of
what is in reality.
- Plato disagreed with the inclusion of art
in the curriculum because it highly
affects HUMAN REASONING.
- For Plato, the true real world is the world
of forms or the eternal world.
- Thus, whatever the artist is doing is
already an imitation, and art making is
considered to be a work of imitation.
Art as Representation
- According to ARISTOTLE, all arts have
their techniques and rational principles,
and the artist/craftsman brings his
conceptions through mastery.
- Aristotle believed that art is not a copy
of a copy but a version of possible
realities.
- Different from PLATO, Aristotle believed
that art will help people for the
fundamental realities of the world.
- According to Aristotle, art has two
purposes, as follows: art allows us to
experience pleasure, and art can teach
people and lead them to reflect on life.
Art for Art’s Sake
- A slogan translated from the French
word that was coined in the early 19th
century by French Philosopher Victor
Cousin.
- The phrase expresses the belief held by
many writers and artists, especially
those associated with aestheticism, that
ART NEEDS NO JUSTIFICATION, and
it needs to serve no political, didactic, or
another end.
- It is a work of Marcel Duchamp in 1917
entitled “Fountain.” Duchamp believed
that an artwork should be judged
separately from the other sphere of life,
such as morality.
Subject and Content of Art
Subject
- is the main focus object in the work of
art
Content
- is the overall meaning of the piece.
Definition of Subject
- the SUBJECT refers to the main
character, object, or anything that is the
main focus in the work of art.
- The subject can appear in the center of
the piece or any other part of it, but it is
always the most recognizable thing in
the entire work of art, regardless of its
size.
- This center of attention will be
recognized whether it is a commonly
known thing or because it can be seen
in context alongside the rest of the work
of art.
Example: In a photograph of a dog running on
the beach, the dog would be the subject
because it is the most recognizable component
in the picture. In conclusion, the subject is the most recognizable part of the work of art.

Definition of Content

- the CONTENT refers to the general meaning or intention of the piece.

- It is the way to manifest the message that the artist wants to say with his work.
- Content is the message given by the piece of art.
- It involves the subject, the techniques used to make the piece, the colors used, and anything
that was used by the artist to make a statement and give a message.

Example: Using a photograph of a dog running on the beach as an example, the content would be the
dog’s hair moving in the air, its tongue coming out, the white sand, warm light from the sun, etc. It gives
the message that the dog feels free and happy running outside. Content is the overall meaning or
message of the work of art.

Subject of Art

- The subject is a recognizable part of art because it is easily depicted by our senses.
- It is the visual focus of the image that may be extracted from examining the artwork.
- Subject pertains to the “what” of an artwork.

“Subject”

- is a term used for whatever is represented in a work of art.

- It refers to any identifiable object, individual, thing, place, or event that is illustrated in a work of
art.
- The subject answers the question of what it is or what it is about. However, not all artworks have
a subject.

ART MAY BE CLASSIFIED INTO 2 TYPES

1. Representational or Objective Art – It portrays or depicts something other than its form.
Representational art or figurative art represents objects or events in the real world, usually looking easily
recognizable. This type is also referred to as FIGURATIVE ART. Work that d oes not depict anything
from
the real world (e.g., figures, landscapes, animals, etc.) is called NONREPRESENTATIONAL ART.

Nonrepresentational art

- may depict shapes, colors, lines, etc. but may also express things that are not visible, such as
emotions or feelings.

Representational art

- is the type of art that we see the most. It is the use of signs that stand in for and take the place of
something else. Representational means descriptive, figurative, and symbolized. Briefly, it depicts
something easily recognized by most people.

2. Nonrepresentational or Nonobjective Art – Nonobjective art represents except its form. If

representational art is a picture of something, then nonrepresentational art is the complete opposite.
Instead of directly portraying something recognizable, the artist will use form, shape, and color, and
line,
which are essential elements in visual art, to express emotion, feeling, or other concepts.
 It is also called “COMPLETE ABSTRACTION”
or non figurative art. Non representational and
abstract arts are not exact things. There is no
clear-cut divide, but they exist in the spectrum.
When artists work on abstraction, they are
distorting the view of a known thing, a person, or
a place.
Sources and Kinds of Subject of Art
1. Nature – The natural environment has
always been the source and popular subjects
used by the artist. The painter’s observation of
and communion with nature is always a
convenient and ever available subject
throughout the ages. Van Gogh’s Starry Night is
a good example.
2. Animals – Most primitive paintings and
sculpture are about animals. Either the graceful
movements or the brute strength of certain
animals continued to attract and inspire painters
and sculptors. Albrecht Durer’s The Rhinoceros
is an example.
3. History – Traditionally, historical figures
such as rulers, statesmen, leaders, and heroes
were always good subjects for writers, painters,
and sculptors. Throughout the ages, sculptors
carved the bust or figures of great men, and
many painters drew the portraits of outstanding
leaders to show their admiration and respect.
The statue of Augustus Caesar in the Vatican
Museum, Rome is an example.
4. Mythology, Legend, and Folklore –
Religious and mythical characters are also the
favorite subjects of many artists. The sacred,
sublime, and supernatural character of religion
and ancient mythology helps the artist create a
sense of awe, intrigue, and inspiration, which is
manifested in his work. The Christian religion
had tremendous influences on artists belonging
to the medieval period. The Medieval
masterpieces of art were subjects include
Christ, Madonna and Child, and stories from the
New and Old Testaments. These artworks
reflected the power of the Church on European
society during the early Middle Ages. Legendary
figures and folk heroes are also good subjects
for artists. Literary epic writers heralded the
exploits of legendary figures, such as those
of King Arthur. In our case, we have the epics
of Biag ni Lam-ang, Bernardo Carpio, etc.
The exploits of folk heroes, whether part-
history or pure fiction, such as Robin Hood,
William Wallace, Sinbad the Sailor, and
Darna, are celebrated by artists in either print
or cinema.
5. Everyday Life – Several artists make as
subjects people doing ordinary activities. They
have created these activities in painting.
Examples are Planting Rice and Laundry
Woman by Fernando Amorsolo.
Content in Art
- Content is the meaning that is
communicated in an artwork.
- Content is not the subject or things in
the painting.
- Content is the communication of ideas,
feelings, and reactions that are
connected with the subject.
- Content is the ultimate reason for
creating art.
Form
- is the development and configuration of
an artwork, that is, the process it has
been through until it becomes a visible
work of art; it is the “how” of any artwork.
- Form answers the question of how the
artist uses the medium and techniques
to come up with an artwork.
3 LEVELS in the meaning of the content of
art:
1. Factual – The literal statement or the
narrative content in the work that can be directly
apprehended because the objects presented are
easily recognized.
2. Conventional – It refers to the special
meaning that a certain object or color has a
particular culture or group of people.
3. Subjective – Any personal meaning
consciously or unconsciously conveyed by the
artist by using a private symbolism that stems
from his association of certain objects, actions,
or colors with past experiences.
Filipino Artists and Artisans
(NCCA) National Commission of Culture and
the Arts
- conducts a research, screening, and
awarding process of Filipino artists and
artisans for their excellent work and
representations of our dynamic national
identity.
(GAMABA) Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan
- The awards for Filipino artisans is called
the Order of the National Artists
A. National Artists
- The NCCA inducts Filipino artists in the
Order of National Artists from the fields
of architecture, cinema, literature,
historical literature, visual arts, dance,
theater, theater design, music, and
fashion design.
- It honors Filipino artists that contribute
to the national identity through arts and
have dedicated their lives to the creation
of art.
● Fashion design by Ramon Valera.
● The architecture of the Administration
and University Library of the University
of the Philippines Diliman was designed
by National Artist Juan F. Nakpil.
● National Artist theater designer Salvador
F. Bernal.
- Additionally, t he function of an artisans’
● National Artist Edith L. Tiempo and
some of her published works.
● National Artist for Dance Alice Reyes.
● National Artist for Theater Arts Honorata
“Atang” dela Rama.
● A poster of a Lino Brocka film.
● A poster of Kidlat Tahimik's film
● Ryan Cayabyab's album.
● Comic book penned by Larry Alcala.
B. GAMABA Awardees
- The Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan or
National Living Treasures Award honors
Filipino artisans who have demonstrated
technical and artistic expertise on
cultural and traditional art.
- To be awarded the GAMABA award,
one must have passed on the craft to
the current generation.
- The current generation must
demonstrate the same level of expertise
as the National Living Treasure.
(National Commission on the Culture
and the Arts, n.d.)
- The awardees of the GAMABA craft
music, stories, poetry, handmade woven
textiles and mats, and other crafts that
show the way of life and culture of
different Filipino tribes and groups.
● Textile weaved by Bagobo textile
weaver Salinta Monon and her tribes'
people.
● Darhata Sawabi, a textile weaver from
the Tausug tribe in Parang, Sulu.
● Sama mat weaver Haja Amina
Appi from Tandubas, Tawi-Tawi
"haja-amina-appi-200x300"
● Magdalena Gamayo, Ilocano textile
weaver from Pinili, Ilocos Norte.
● Yabing Masalon Dulo, Ikat Weaver.
Artist vs. Artisan
A. Purpose
- The Artisan creates art for a specific
social or cultural function.
work is to preserve and pass on the
culture and way of life to succeeding
generation.
- Artists create art to reflect their idea of
reality.
- The art they make is a “finished” work
and functions to be shown and
 interpreted by people who may not be
within the social circle or community
of
the artist.
B. Content
As seen in the works of GAMABA awardees
and National Artists, the content of their work
also differ. The content of the art of Artists are
usually the context or immediate environment
they are living in, while the content of Artisan
works are cultural symbols.
C. Mediums
Artists use written literature, built architecture,
staged theater, film, music, and visual arts.
Artisans use indigenous material, such as
grass, and historically-traded material, such as
gold and other metals.
D. Techniques
Artists use and innovate from techniques taught
in art schools. Sometimes, artists create their
own technique for creating art. On the other
hand, Artisans learn the techniques of crafting
from their ancestors and seek to preserve such
techniques. As a result, artisans prefer to use
handmade and indigenous techniques, while
artists innovate from tried-and-tested
techniques.
Art Administration
- The process of bringing community
artisans’ work and artists’ work to a
wider audience is called art
administration or art management.
- As a business venture, art
administration makes sure that
resources are available for the
production of art while providing artists
a - They specialize in specific sectors.
chance to work creatively. Most of these
resources come from art patrons and
buyers.
Aspects of the Art Market
ART MARKET
- is where buyers and sellers of art
transact with each other.
- It is a unique market because it uses a
complex system to set art prices based
on prediction on future values of art and
cultural value.
- Additionally, any art market
m
transactions are done privately.
Art Administrators or Managers
- Administrators or managers are the
ones responsible for the efficient
allocation of resources to produce art.
- They decide what projects should be
prioritized and how much resources can
be dedicated to selected projects.
- Their tasks include time management,
human resource management, budget
management, and marketing
management.
Art Buyers
- These are people who buy art and often
do so based on their personal taste and
for a personal function. find and
purchase artwork to suit their
distinguished taste.
- A buyer is well-versed in all types of
art, techniques, and development
processes; keeps up to date on art
theory and criticism; and uses this
knowledge to evaluate the quality and
worth of a piece of art within an
economic framework.
Collectors
- Collectors are involved in the art market
and have generally important artistic
knowledge.
Collections typically hold pieces of
artwork from an individual artist,
particular school or art, art theme, or
period.
Art Dealers
 - Art dealers buy artwork from artists or
artists’ agents and sell them to buyers
or The elements of art are the following:
collectors.
- They forge good relationships with 1. Color – It is harder to see colors
artists to represent and with collectors when the light is dim. Color relies
and museums whose interests are likely on light. Color is what the eyes
to match the work of the represented
see when the light is reflected on
artists.
- Art dealers are usually the first persons an object. Color refers to the hue
to bring new artwork to the public arena. and value, which means the
Talent Agents amount of white or black in the
hue and intensity or brightness.
- Talent agents work similarly to art
dealers: they bring to the public the
work
of the artist.
- Sometimes they bridge artists to funders ● Characteristics of Color
who can give resources and money to 1. Hue – Hue is the name of a color,
write books, make a musical album,
such as red, blue, or yellow. Hue
make a film, or make a collection of
paintings. is the dimension of color, which
refers to a scale ranging through
Curators
red, yellow, green, and blue.
- A curator is an expert in the art that is
being managed.
- He/She facilitates the research and Primary Colors – red, blue, and yellow
sharing of relevant information that Secondary Colors – violet, green, and orange
contextualize an art piece.
- In art administration, a curator advises Complementary Colors – those that are
the management on how to present an opposite in the scale
artwork so that it will be appreciated by
Intermediate Colors – those that are adjacent
the audience.
to each other in the wheel

1. Value – Value is the lightness or

Elements of Art darkness of a color. It can be
Art is a powerful language. Artists communicate changed by adding black or white.
thoughts, ideas, and emotions through art. Color is the name given to the
Similar to languages, the language of art has its
relative degrees of light and dark.
vocabulary and is not made up of words;
instead, it is made up of visual, auditory, and
tactile elements. The visual elements are color,
line, shape, form, space, and texture.

The medium is the physical means through

which we can have contact with a work of art;
the elements are its qualities or properties.
Medium is concrete whereas elements are
abstract.
 ● Ways of Using Color
● Scale of Medium – White, light,
medium, and dark sources of
values, that is, the object itself (local
color), the creation of value through
shadows or reflection of light, and
the intensity or saturation (the
brightness or darkness of a hue).
● Color Schemes – Colors can be
combined to produce many
interesting and exciting results.
Artists use different types of color
schemes to create various
effects. The following are
examples of the color schemes:
Monochromatic – This scheme uses different
values of a single hue, such as dark green,
medium green, and light green.
Analogous – This color scheme uses colors
that are side by side with the color wheel and
share a hue.
Warm or Cool Color Scheme – Warm color
schemes with red, yellow, and orange colors
project the sun and its warmth. Artists use blue,
green, and violet, that is, a cool color scheme, to
make the preceptors/viewers think of cool items,
such as ice or grass.
1. Representational Use – The
artist paints objects from the real
world in hues approximating the
colors that are present in ordinary
illumination, thereby indicating
color constancy in the color of the
objects.
2. Impressionist Use – It rejects the
use of painting or colors in the
local order; instead, it seeks to
render nature with a sensitive
perception of the effects of
changing conditions of lights on
objects.
3. Decorative or Ornamental Use –
This is related to pattern and
design in which colors appear as
design components to enhance
rhythm and sensuous appeal.
4. Personal Use – Artist uses hues
to express his feelings and
emotions and their spontaneous
impulses and whims.
5. Scientific Use – This refers to
using a consistent format of a
colored square of a different hue.
6. Symbolic Use – The meaning of
colors changes from one culture
to another and may also vary from
one period to another.
2. Line – A line as an element of art
is defined as the path of a moving
point through space. Line is the
simplest, most primitive, and most
 universal means for creating
visual arts. Line is defined as the
shape of the artwork.
● Kinds of Lines
1. Horizontal Lines – They run
parallel to the ground and appear
to be at rest projecting a sense of
quiet relationship and
contemplation. Long horizontal
lines give a sense of infinity that is
difficult to obtain in any other way.
2. Vertical Lines – Vertical lines are
associated with the body in an
upright standing position and
generally express poise,
alertness, equilibrium, firmness,
strength and it connotes a static
position though not without
tension.
3. Diagonal Lines – The diagonal
line is associated with the body
forward and charging purposefully
towards an objective. It signifies
energy, dynamism, impulse, will
power, aspiration, and passion, as
well as emotion.
4. Curved Lines – Curved lines
show action, life, and energy.
They suggest grace and beauty
with the body in movements that
create a rhythm of curved lines in
space. Curved lines are allied to
feelings, impulse, spontaneity,
play graces, charm eroticism and
sensuality.
5. Zigzag Lines – Lines, which are
made from combined diagonal
lines, can create confusion or
suggest action.
3. Shape – Shape is an element of
art that refers to an area set off by
one or more of the other elements
of art. Shapes are limited to two
dimensions – length and width.
● Kinds of Shapes
1. Geometric Shape – They are
to be made with a ruler or
drawing tool. Square, circle,
triangle, rectangle, and oval are
the five geometric shapes.
2. Organic - They are also called
free form. Organic shapes are not
regular or even. Their outlines
may be curved or angular or may
be a combination of both.
4. Form – Like shapes, forms have
length and width. They also have
a third-dimension depth. Form is
an element of art that refers to an
object with three dimensions. With
forms found in the works of art,
 5. such as sculpture, one can experience the three dimensions by walking around or
perceive directly through these artworks.
5. Space – refers to the distance between around, above, and within things. In both two and
three-dimensional works of art, the shapes or forms are called the positive area. The empty
spaces between the shapes are called negative shapes. The relationship between the
positive and the negative spaces will affect how the artwork can be interpreted.
● Kinds of Space
1. Positive Space – the composition field that is partly occupied by an object or subject

2. Negative Space – the open or empty space surrounding an object

6. Texture – generally used as the tactile element or the use of the sense of touch; run your
finger over the top of your desk or worktable and you feel the surface’s texture. Texture
refers to the way things feel or look, as though they might feel, if touched.
● Types of Texture
1. Optical Texture – An artist may use his skillful technique of painting to create a color
illusion.
2. Physical texture – an artist can use dynamic brushstrokes, the shape of which transmits
both the artist and his subject's physical and emotional strength. The actual nature of the
components may often be used to indicate their unique characteristics, such as wood
grain, sand flakiness, rust flak, fabric coarseness, and paint smear.
3. Ephemeral Texture – This is the third group of textures whose transient shapes, including
clouds, dust, fire, bubbles, and liquids, are subject to shift.
Elements of Music

Meter and Beat – A beat is the rhythm of music; it may be normal

or irregular. The NOTES and RESTS correspond to a certain
number of beats; BEATS are grouped in a measure.

Dynamics – Dynamics refer to performance volume. Dynamics

are indicated in written compositions by abbreviations or symbols
that signify the power to play or sing a note or move.

Harmony – Harmony is what you hear when you play two or more
notes or strings simultaneously. Harmony encourages and gives
structure to the melody.

Melody – It refers to the overall melody that is created by playing

a sequence of notes or succession and is influenced by pitch and
rhythm.

Pitch – The sound pitch is based on the vibration frequency and

the vibrating object’s dimension.

Tempo – Tempo refers to the speed of performing a piece of

music.

Texture – Musical texture refers to the number and form and how
these layers are connected in a composition.

Elements of Literature

Emotional Appeal – accomplished if the reader is affected by

literary work emotionally

Intellectual Appeal – adds information or knowledge to remind

you of what he forgot

Humanistic Meaning – can be accomplished by rendering a

literary work an improved individual with an improved outlook in
life and a good view of his inner self

Elements of Poetry

Denotation/Connotation – Denotation is the true meaning of a

dictionary word.

Imagery – This is the image of the meaning through experience.

Figurative Language – Similarity and metaphor are the most

commonly used and most important parts of the language.
Rhythm/Meter – In language, meter is the accents arranged to
occur at seemingly equal intervals. Metrical language is known
as a LINE.

Meaning and Idea - A poem’s meaning is the experience it is

expressing. Here, we can distinguish between a poem’s total
meaning and its prose significance.

Elements of Short Story

Plot – Plot refers to the succession of incidents or events that

make up a story.

Character –Character reading is more complicated, varied, and

ambiguous than reading for a ploy. Most short stories focus on one
character or evolve into one.

Themes – Theme refers to a master understanding of a fictional

work or its central perspective. This is the unifying generalization
of life, which the story tells or implies.

Symbol and Irony – A LITERARY SIGN is more than what it

says. It is an object, a person, a situation, an action, or something
else that has a literal meaning in the story but also suggests or
presents other meanings

Elements of Dance

Body – Dance consists of many movements of the body, reflecting

sentiment and feeling. Our bodies act to express themselves
through locomotive and non loco motive movements.

Energy – Energy refers to the force that our body works to convey.

Space or Level – We need to make good use of our surroundings

to show variation and movement.

Relationship – We also dance with another person or a huge

number of people in a band or group. We communicate and react
with our bodies similar to having a conversation.

Time – Timing is an essential part of any dance. We follow the

BEAT or rhythm of our actions to match the music.
Elements of Drama

Theme – A play’s theme refers to its core premise. It can either be

stated through a dialog or action or can be concluded after
watching the entire performance.

Plot – The order of events that occur in a play make up its plot.

Character – The characters are parts of the story that are

intertwined with the dramatic plot. Every character in a play has its
personality and a set of principles and convictions.

Dialogue – The story of a play is conducted through dialogues.

The narrative is revealed to the viewer through the engagement of
the characters in the form of dialogues.

Setting – The period in which the events happened affects

personalities and characters.

Performance – Performance is a major aspect of the drama

because the effect of a plot on the viewer is primarily affected by
the actors’ performances.

Music – This dimension involves the use of sound and rhythmic

compositions used in dialogs and musical compositions.

Visual Element – The narration and music are the auditory

elements of the film, while the VISUAL DIMENSION includes
situations, costumes, and special effects.

Principles of Design

The principles of design are the rules a designer must follow to create an effective and attractive
composition. The fundamental principles of design are emphasis, balance and alignment, contrast,
repetition, proportion, movement, and white space.

1. Emphasis – Make a mental outline. Let your brain organize the information and then lay
out your design in a way that communicates that order. If the band’s name is the most
essential information, then place it in the center or make it the largest element on the
poster; you can also place it in the strongest, boldest type. Similar to writing without an
outline or building without a blueprint, if you start your composition without an idea of
what you are trying to communicate, then your design will not succeed.
2. Balance and Alignment –Every element you place on a page has a weight. The weight
can come from color, size, or texture. In the same way that you would not place all your
furniture in one corner of a room, you should not crowd all your heavy elements in one
area of your composition. Without balance, your audience will feel as if their eye is sliding
off the page. Symmetrical design creates balance through equally weighted elements
aligned on
 either side of a centerline. Meanwhile, asymmetrical design uses opposite weights to
create a composition that is not even but0 still has equilibrium. Symmetrical designs are
always pleasing, if not occasionally boring. Asymmetrical designs are bold and can bring
real visual interest and movement to your composition.
3. Contrast – Contrast is what people mean when they say a design “pops.” It comes away
4. from the page and sticks in your
communicated to your audience.
memory. Contrast creates space
Movement creates the story or the
and difference between elements
narrative of your work. For
in your design. Your background
example, a band is playing at this
needs to be significantly different
location and time; here is how you
from the color of your elements
can obtain tickets.
for them to work harmoniously
8. White Space – White space (or
together and are readable.
negative space) is the only one
5. Repetition – Repetition unifies
that specifically deals with what
and strengthens a design. If only
you do not White space is the
one thing on your band poster is
empty page around the elements
in blue italic sans-serif, then it can
in your composition. For
be read as an error. If three things
beginning designers, white space
are in blue italic sans-serif, then
can be a perilous zone. Giving a
you created a motif and are back
composition room to breathe can
in control of your design.
often upgrade it from mediocre to
Repetition can be important
successful. White space creates
beyond one printed product.
hierarchy and organization. Our
Current packaging design is
brains naturally associate ample
heavily embracing beautiful
white space around an element
illustrated patterns.
with importance and luxury. It is
6. Proportion – Proportion is the
telling our eyes that objects in one
visual size and weight of elements
region are grouped separately
in a composition and how they
from objects elsewhere.
relate to each other. It often helps
to approach your design in Principles of Art
sections instead of as a whole.
The principles of art include balance, variety,
7. Movement – Movement controls harmony, proportion, movement, and rhythm.
the elements in a composition.
1. Balance – Balance is concerned
Thus, the eye is led to move from
with arranging elements to ensure
one to the next, and the
that no one part of a work
information is properly
overpowers or outweighs any
 other part. In art, balance is either
seen or felt by the viewer.
Kinds of Balance
1. Formal Balance – This refers to
symmetrical balances between
the two halves that are mirror
images.
2. Informal Balance – This refers to
asymmetrical balances two
dissimilar elements that seem to
carry equal weight. For example,
a small shape painted bright red
will balance several larger items
painted in duller red.
3. Variety – Routine activity day
after day can become dull and
boring. The same color or
shapes repeated over and over
in an artwork can become
equally dull. To avoid dullness,
artists use the principle of variety
in their works. Variety is a
principle of art that is concerned
with combining one or more
elements to create interest by
adding slight changes.
4. Harmony – If limited variety can
become dull and boring, then
excessive variety can also create
disorder and chaos. Artists avoid
such predicaments in their works
by using the principle of harmony.
Harmony is a principle of art that
is concerned with blending
elements to create a calm and
restful appearance.
5. Emphasis – To attract and gain
the viewer’s attention to
significant aspects of an artwork,
artists use the principle of
emphasis. Emphasis is making an
element in a work stand out. It can
be created by contrast or by
extreme changes in an element.
6. Proportion – Proportion is a
principle of art that is concerned
with the relationship of one part to
another and the whole. It is not
limited to size. Elements, such as
color, can be used in differing
proportions to create emphasis.
7. Movement – Artists use the
principle of movement to lead the
viewer’s eyes throughout the
work. Movement is the principle of
art used to create the look and
feel of action and guide a viewer’s
eye through the work of art. It
encourages the viewer to scan,
visualize, and probe the artwork.
8. Rhythm – Artists make use of the
principle of rhythm, which is a
principle of art that is concerned
with repeating elements to make a
work seem active or to elicit
vibration. To create rhythm, an
artist can repeat the element and
the same objects over and over.