EARTH SCI 1.

3
Sedimentary Rocks
- turned into solid rocks by geologic processes
- through the action of lithification
- contains fossils
- covers 75% of land surface
- transported and deposited by geological features/processes
- undergoes compaction/cementation for millions of years to form these rocks
Types of Sedimentary Rocks
1. Clastic (Detrital) sedimentary
- formed from mechanical weathering of debris
- found deposited on floodplains, beaches, deserts, and in sea floors
Types of Clastic sedimentary rocks
a. Breccia

- composed of larger angular fragments

- murag corn beef
b. Conglomerate
- composed of large rounded fragments
- cookies n’ cream
- conglomate (heat + pressure) = metaconglomerate
c. Sandstone

- made-up mainly of sand-size weathering debris

- over-seasoned chicken
d. Shale
 - clay-size weathering debris
- typically breaks into thin flat pieces
- charcoal ice cream
e. Siltstone

- forms from silt-size weathering debris

- chocolate ice cream
2. Chemical sedimentary
- formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a solution
- forms in oceans, lakes, caves, and hot springs
- has crystal-like shape to them
- common to find marine-life fossils in these rocks
Types of Chemical sedimentary rocks
a. Chert
- microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline composed of silicon dioxide SiO2
- used it to fashion cutting tools and weapons
- occurs as nodules and concretionary masses and less frequently as a layered
deposit
- breaks with the conchoidal fracture, often producing very sharp edges
- ulo sa stone pick axe
b. Flint

- hard, tough, chemical, or biochemical

- breaks with a conchoidal fracture
- form of microcrystalline quartz
- often forms as nodules in sedimentary rocks
- cow or flint n’ steel sa minecraft
c. Dolomite
- “dolostone”
- thought to form when limestone or lime mud is modified by magnesium-rich
ground water
- very similar to limestone
d. Iron Ore

- forms when iron and oxygen combine in solution and deposit as a sediment
- hematite, most common sedimentary iron-ore material
- pork tenderloin
e. Rock Salt
 - forms from the evaporation of ocean or saline lake rivers
- “Halite”
- processed for use as a seasoning
3. Organic sedimentary
- forms from the accumulation of plant or animal debris
- classified based on material and mineral composition
- formed from the accumulation and lithification of organic debris, such as leaves, roots,
and other plant or animal material
Types of Organic sedimentary rocks
a. Chalk

- composed mainly of calcium carbonate derived from the shells of tiny marine
animals (foraminifera)
- from the calcareous remains of marine algae (coccoliths)
- chalk sa blackboard
b. Diatomite

- made up with silica-rich materials

- composed mainly of fossilized skeletal remains of diatoms (tiny single-celled
algae)
- crushed into powder known as “diatomaceous earth”
- lightweight, porous, relatively inert, and has a small particle size along with a
large surface area
- useful as filtration media, lightweight aggregate, lightweight filler, absorbent, etc.
- murag clumped baking soda
c. Coal

- forms from the accumulation and preservation of plant materials

- usually from swamp environments
- combustible rock
- mined for use of fuel
- mainly from plant debris
- pang-sugba
d. Oil Shale

- contains kerogen material (mixture of hydrocarbon compounds)

- liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons can be extracted but must be heated or
treated with solvents
- less efficient than drilling rocks that will yield oil or gas directly into a well
- the process used for hydrocarbon extraction produces emissions and waste
products that causes significant environmental concerns