BMMS 08 GreenCommunications

Green Communications in
Wireless Home Area Networks

Безжични мултимедиски системи 2022
Вонр. проф. д-р Милош Јовановиќ
Agenda
} Overview
} ZigBee
} Smart Grid Challenges
} Home Area Networks
2 Безжични мултимедиски системи 2022

Overview: ZigBee Alliance
} Leader in delivering open energy management solutions
for the home;
} Originally launched in 2002 to develop open standards for
wireless sensor networks;
} Easy and cost-effective deployment of sensors and
controllers --> Internet of Things (IoT);
} Heating, air-conditioning, light systems, home security
systems, remote controls, etc.;
} Convenience, comfort, safety and economic benefits;

Overview: ZigBee Alliance
1. Over 50% of electricity is consumed in the home.
2. The home will be the location of the largest number of
distribution generation devices.
3. The home will be the home base for electric vehicles.
} Impacting consumer behavior in the home --> reducing

the growth in electric demand
} Necessity for high levels of information, communication,
automation and participation
} To achieve workable demand response and load control for the
huge amount of homes and consumers;

ZigBee Alliance
A family of ZigBee standards for

license-free wireless communication
ZigBee Alliance
} Develops and promotes a family of license-free standards
based on wireless technology
} They target inexpensive, low-power applications which
use wireless sensor and control networks (IoT);
} Key attributes of these networks:
} Self-organizing, self-healing;
} Scalable up to many thousands of devices;
} Energy efficient, able to take advantage of harvested energy
sources;
} Reliable, extremely tolerant to interference;
} Low cost, low complexity;
} Able to support multiple layers of security (from open to 128-
bit AES);
ZigBee Alliance
} Fully integrated ZigBee chipsets which deliver these attributes
} Capable of running on battery power for multiple years;
} Available at very low cost;
} Can be networked easily: up to 65,536 devices in a single mesh
network, formed autonomously;
} The ZigBee family of standards uses the IEEE 802.15.4 standard
for its base communications needs
} Performs very well in a variety of environments;
} Around 30 ms to join a network;
} Less than 15 ms to go from sleeping to active;
} Less than 15 ms to access a channel;
} Communication range: 10 - 40m within a building, up to 100m in an open
field;

ZigBee Frequency Bands

ZigBee Mesh Networks
} Three categories defined in the ZigBee stack:
1. ZigBee router
} Associates with other ZigBee routers and participates in multihop
routing of messages to form a mesh network;
2. ZigBee coordinator
} Only one is required for each ZigBee network;
} Initiates network formation and acts as the network coordinator;
} Any ZigBee router can act as the coordinator and can return to acting
as a router once network is formed;
3. ZigBee end device:
} Optional network component, delivers base communications and
network participation for a simple low-cost device (e.g. window /
door monitor)
} Does not participate in packet routing in the mesh network;

ZigBee Mesh Networks
} The network specification is designed to use minimal
hardware resources
} Memory requirements vary based on features used;
} E.g. coordinators / routers require more RAM than end
devices;

ZigBee Alliance Application Standards
1. ZigBee Building Automation (efficient commercial spaces)
2. ZigBee Remote Control (advanced remote controls)
3. ZigBee Smart Energy (home energy savings)
4. ZigBee Health Care (health and fitness monitoring)
5. ZigBee Home Automation (smart homes)
6. ZigBee Input Device (easy-to-use touchpads, mice,
keyboards, wands)
7. ZigBee Light Link (LED lighting control)
8. ZigBee Retail Services (smarter shopping)
9. ZigBee Telecom Services (value-added services)
10. ZigBee Network Devices (assist and expand ZigBee networks)

802.15.4 Standard
} LR-WPANs
} Wireless personal area networks (WPAN) which focus on low-
cost, low-speed ubiquitous communication;
} In contrast of Wi-Fi, which offers more bandwidth and requires
more power;
} Physical Layer
} Unlicensed frequency bands:
} 868.0–868.6 MHz: Europe, allows 1 channel;
} 902–928 MHz: North America, up to 30 channels;
} 2400–2483.5 MHz: Worldwide, up to 16 channels;
} DSSS, PSSS

802.15.4 Standard
} MAC Layer
} Data service;
} Management interface:
} Channel access: CSMA/CA;
} Network beaconing;
} Control frame validation;
} Guarantees time slots;
} Node association;
} Hook points for secure services;
} Frames of up to 127 bytes;

Smart Grid Challenges
Smart Grid: the electrical (+ information) grid of the future

Smart Grid
} The power grid of tomorrow must deliver both energy and
information end-to-end, and do so bidirectionally.
} Energy: generated at traditional generation facilities and in local /
distributed generation facilities;
} Information: every information regarding electricity (from generation to
consumption) will also be conveyed throughout the system;

Smart Grid
} Smart Grid main aims:
} Improving power reliability and quality;
} Generation and transmission efficiency;
} Expanding the of use of renewable energy;
} Implement new load shifting and energy efficiency programs at
point-of-use (e.g. reduce consumption per customer);
} Additionally, the new smart grid is key to more effectively
managing and meeting our carbon footprint goals, and
building a workable electric vehicle infrastructure.

Smart Grid

Smart Grid Challenges
} Development of the Smart Grid Roadmap
} USA National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST);
} USA Department of Energy (DoE);
} Smart Grid Interoperability Panel;
} IEEE;
} Utilities Communications Architecture (UCA);
} Open Smart Grid (OpenSG);
} International Energy Agency (IEA);
} International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC);

IEA Smart Grid Roadmap

IEEE Smart Grid Guide

Home Area Networks
Connecting utility services with a home area network (HAN)

Home Area Networks
} Major USA utility companies realizes they could become
part of the home area network (HAN)
} To gain the ability for new customer programs, not possible
before;
} To gain detailed information regarding the status of the grid;
} HANs already had home automation capabilities
} But, advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) was missing;
} Also, associated network communications was missing, too;
} The result of this effort was the formation of the ZigBee
Alliance
} The missing AMI piece was developed as “ZigBee Smart
Energy”;
ZigBee Home Area Network

ZigBee Home Area Network

ZigBee Smart Energy
} Metering (real-time measurements, historical info, etc.)
} Support for distributed generation (solar, wind, etc.)
} Demand response (DR) and load control
} Pricing (multiple units and currencies, price tiers, etc.)
} Customer messaging
} Device support for programmable communicating
thermostats (PCTs), load controllers, energy management
systems, in-home displays (IHDs), smart appliances, and
more
} Security level options for data which is consumer only,
utility only, or shared
} Support for water and gas metering applications
ZigBee Smart Energy: Network Communication
} Gateway device: supporting two communication streams
between the utility AMI central database and the HAN devices
} Acts as a trust center and firewall;
} Backend communication can be via: (a) the Internet, or (b) a utility-
owned network;
} Option (b) is preferred for security and maintenance;
} Backend communication: can be one of LTE, GPRS, DSL, PLC,
WiMAX, etc.
} Gateway-to-HAN communication: via ZigBee Smart Energy
wireless sensor network
} HAN devices: need to be based on open standards, be low-
cost, support high-levels of security, etc.

Utility Connections in the Home

Use-Case: Operating Costs of Devices
} Using ZigBee Smart Energy-equipped devices, consumers
can request a meter read and historical data
} Devices: heating/ventilation/air-conditioning (HVAC) devices,
home appliances, smart plugs, etc.;
} Reader devices: computer, smartphone, etc.;
} Legacy devices?
} Usage of ZigBee-based smart plugs – can meter and report
electricity usage;
} End result: Consumers can now begin to quickly associate
what it costs to operate various devices in the house

Use-Case: Time of Use
} During peak high price periods, consumers can manually
power devices off and/or change temperature settings
} ZigBee Smart Energy devices can be programmed to
automatically respond to these utility price signals
} Consumers can also voluntarily allow the utility to have direct
access and control to devices;
} If there is an advance notice of a peak event, heating and
refrigeration equipment can be set to preheat/cool before the
event, then reduce usage during high rates;
} Results:
} Utilities gain the ability to manage peak events more efficiently
and effectively;
} Consumers see little loss in convenience or comfort;

Electric Vehicles
} Electric vehicles (EVs) are not just another consumer
appliance in a HAN – they are significantly more
challenging.
} In general, people normally arrive at their homes in a fairly
narrow window of time every evening;
} This time period is already associated with peak energy use;
} Up to 6 kW load, drawing significantly more energy than the
average single-family home;
} So, if everyone parks their EV and plugs it in during this peak
period, a local feeder or transformer will likely fail;
} The fact the EVs are mobile, means that standards are
critical to achieving anything useful and ubiquitous.
Electric Vehicles
} Possible scenarios arising from this situation:
} What if you get home, the EV is low on energy and you know
you have somewhere to go soon?
} What if you want the lowest price?
} What if you plug in somewhere else?
} ZigBee Smart Energy helps
both the consumer and
the utility intelligently
manage these scenarios.

Electric Vehicles
} EVs offer an interesting Smart Grid opportunity beyond
being eco-friendly transportation: they can be used to
store energy.
} EVs can charge up during low use periods, and then supply
power to the grid during periods of high demand;
} With the owners' permission, utilities can selectively target
vehicles with sufficient spare power to cover a peak event;
} Result: Better management of resources;
} Result: Significantly more environmentally friendly;
} Result: Consumers benefit by using cheaper night-time
electricity from their cars to power their homes during peak
daytime periods;

So, Why Are We Talking About Energy?
} The energy stakeholders have been enhancing the ZigBee
Smart Energy standard
} It serves the growing set of needs required of the relationship
between the Smart Grid, homes and consumers;
} This set of needs includes the ability to run over a variety of
mainstream communications protocols, wired and wireless:
} IEEE 1901;
} IEEE 802.3;
} IEEE 802.11;
} IEEE 802.16;
} IEEE 802.15.4;

Q&A
Quiz questions to refresh what we just learned

Question 1
} Which are some important features of ZigBee networks?
} Self-organizing
} Scalable up to many thousands of devices
} High energy consumption
} Short life-span
} Low cost
} Open and unencrypted

Question 2
} Which are valid ZigBee device categories?
} ZigBee switch
} ZigBee router
} ZigBee coordinator
} ZigBee authenticator
} ZigBee server
} ZigBee user device
} ZigBee end device
} ZigBee mobile device

Question 3
} Why is the power grid of the future, i.e. the Smart Grid,
so important for the ICT industry?
} The electric power will be delivered using Ethernet routers and
switches
} Information delivery is an integral part the Smart Grid
} Smart Grids elements will have to communicate between
themselves
} The electro-magnetic field of WiFi can be used to induce
(create) electricity in the Smart Grid

Question 4
} Which are the main goals of Smart Grid?
} Improving power reliability and quality
} Increase general electricity cost
} Expanding the of use of fossil fuel and coal energy
} Implement energy efficiency programs at point-of-use
} Increase humanity’s carbon footprint

Question 5
} What is a ZigBee Home Area Network (HAN)?
} A network with home automation capabilities
} A network with utility servers in the home
} A network communicating with an advanced metering
infrastructure

Question 6
} Which are some of the ZigBee Smart Energy features?
} Metering
} Support for distributed generation
} Pricing
} Customer messaging
} Security level options for data

Question 7
} Which elements comprise the ZigBee Smart Energy
network?
} ZigBee HAN devices
} Gateway device
} AMI central database
} Wireless communication between the home and the utility

Question 7

Question 8
} Which are some customer use-cases for ZigBee Smart
Energy?
} They can use the AMI connection for broadband Internet
access and video streaming
} They can associate what it costs to operate various devices in
the home
} They can share the electricity costs with their neighbors
} They can control the cost by manually / automatically adjusting
energy consumption during high-price / low-price periods

Question 9
} Which are some characteristics of electric vehicles, as
elements of the Smart Grid?
} Can be used as ethernet routers for the HAN, to offload traffic
from the wired / wireless network
} They consume significant amounts of energy, when charging
} Most EVs are being charged in the same time window, during
peak consumption times
} Can be used to store cheap energy, to be used later, at peak
times

Question 10
} Which is the base IEEE standard which ZigBee networks
use for base communication needs?
} IEEE 802.3
} IEEE 802.11n
} IEEE 802.15.4
} IEEE 802.16.1

Questions?


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Green Communications in

Wireless Home Area Networks

2 Безжични мултимедиски системи 2022

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} Impacting consumer behavior in the home --> reducing

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A family of ZigBee standards for

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Smart Grid: the electrical (+ information) grid of the future

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Connecting utility services with a home area network (HAN)

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Quiz questions to refresh what we just learned

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