IOT CHP 1

1.1 BOOK
1.2 IOT PROTOCOLS
BOOK
1.3 FUNCTIONAL BLKS / LOGICAL DESIGN OF IOT
APPLICATIONS-BOOK
IOT APPLICATIONS

7. Hacked Car
A connected car is a technology-driven car with Internet access and a WAN network.
The technology offers the user some benefits such as in-car infotainment, advanced
navigation and fuel efficiency.

8. Healthcare
Healthcare do real-time monitoring with the help of smart devices. It gathers and
transfers health data such as blood pressure, blood sugar levels, weight, oxygen, and
ECG. The patient can contact the doctor by the smart mobile application in case of any
emergency.

9. Smart Retail
IoT applications in retail give shoppers a new experience. Customers do not have to
stand in long queues as the checkout system can read the tags of the products and
deduct the total amount from the customer's payment app with IoT applications' help.

10. Smart Supply Chain

Customers automate the delivery and shipping with a smart supply chain. It also
provides details of real-time conditions and supply networks.

11. Smart Farming

Farmers can minimize waste and increase productivity. The system allows the
monitoring of fields with the help of sensors. Farmers can monitor the status of the area.

Internet-connected devices go from 5 million to billions in just one year. Business Insider
Intelligence estimates 24 billion IoT devices will install and generate more than 300
billion in revenue in the future.

12.INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION

Anyone can re-engineer products and their packaging to provide superior performance
in cost and customer experience with IoT applications. IoT will prove as a game-changer.
1.4 COMMUNICATION MODELS
BOOK
1.5 IOT COMMUNICATION APIS

REST Based Communication API :

REpresentational State Transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles by which you
can design web services and web APIs that focus on a system’s resources and how
resource states are addressed and transferred. REST APIs follow the request-response
communication model. The REST architectural constraints apply to the components,
connectors, and data elements, within a distributed hypermedia system.
ADVATANGES
 REST APIs are relatively simple to design and implement, making them a
popular choice for building APIs for web applications.
 REST APIs can be used to support a wide range of applications and services,
from simple web applications to complex enterprise systems.
 REST APIs can leverage caching to improve performance and reduce server
load.
 REST APIs are stateless, meaning that each request is processed
independently of any previous requests, making them easy to scale and
distribute.
Disadvantages of REST API:
 Limited real-time support
 Performance overhead
 REST APIs can be complex to design and implement for large, distributed
systems.
2. Web Socket Based Communication APIs :
Web Socket APIs allow bi-directional, full-duplex communication between clients and
servers. It follows the exclusive pair communication model. This Communication API
does not require a new connection to be set up for each message to be sent between
clients and servers. Once the connection is set up the messages can be sent and received
continuously without any interruption. WebSocket APIs are suitable for IoT
Applications with low latency or high throughput requirements.
Advantages of WebSocket API:
 WebSocket APIs enable real-time communication between the server and
client, making them ideal for applications that require real-time updates.
 WebSocket APIs are more efficient than REST APIs for real-time
applications, as they use a persistent connection to enable bidirectional
communication.
 WebSocket APIs are highly scalable, as they can support thousands of
connections per server.
 Reduced overhead
Disadvantages of WebSocket API:
 WebSocket APIs are more complex to design and implement than REST
APIs, requiring additional programming skills and knowledge.
 WebSocket APIs can be vulnerable to security threats if not properly secured.
 Compatibility

S.NO. REST API WEB SOCKET API

It is Stateless protocol. It will not store the It is Stateful protocol. It will

1.
data. store the data.

It is Bi-directional. Messages
It is Uni-directional. Only either server or
2. can be received or sent by both
client will communicate.
server or client.

3. It is Request-response model. It is Full duplex model.

It is suitable for real-time

HTTP request contains headers like head
4. applications. It does not have
section, title section.
any overhead.

New TCP connection will be set up for each

5. Only Single TCP connection.
HTTP request.

Both horizontal and vertical scaling (we can

Only vertical scaling (we can
6. add many resources and number of users
add resources only vertically).
both horizontally and vertically).
S.NO. REST API WEB SOCKET API

It depends upon the IP address

It depends upon the HTTP methods to
7. and port number to retrieve the
retrieve the data..
data

It is slower than web socket regarding the web socket transmits messages
8.
transmission of messages. very fastly than REST API.

It does not need memory or buffers to store It requires memory and buffers
9.
the data. to store the data.

1.6 IOT ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES

BIG DATA
WSN
CLOUD COMPUTING
4. Communications Protocols :
They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity and linking to
applications. Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data over the
network. Multiple protocols often describe different aspects of a single communication.
A group of protocols designed to work together is known as a protocol suite; when
implemented in software they are a protocol stack.
They are used in
1. Data encoding
2. Addressing schemes
5. Embedded Systems :
It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special tasks.
It includes microcontroller and microprocessor memory, networking units (Ethernet
Wi-Fi adapters), input output units (display keyword etc. ) and storage devices (flash
memory).
It collects the data and sends it to the internet.
Embedded systems used in
Examples –
1. Digital camera
2. DVD player, music player
3. Industrial robots
4. Wireless Routers etc.

1.7 M2M
BOOK
DIFF IOT AND M2M BOOK
 IOT CHP 2
SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Sensors are used for sensing things and devices etc.
A device that provides a usable output in response to a specified measurement.
The sensor attains a physical parameter and converts it into a signal suitable for
processing (e.g. electrical, mechanical, optical) the characteristics of any device or
material to detect the presence of a particular physical quantity.
The output of the sensor is a signal which is converted to a human-readable form like
changes in characteristics, changes in resistance, capacitance, impedance, etc.

EXMPLES

Types of sensors –

 Electrical sensor :
Electrical proximity sensors may be contact or non contact.
Simple contact sensors operate by making the sensor and the component complete an
electrical circuit.
Non- contact electrical proximity sensors rely on the electrical principles of either
induction for detecting metals or capacitance for detecting non metals as well.
 Light sensor:
Light sensor is also known as photo sensors and one of the important sensor.
Light dependent resistor or LDR is a simple light sensor available today.
The property of LDR is that its resistance is inversely proportional to the intensity of
the ambient light i.e when the intensity of light increases, it’s resistance decreases and
vise versa.
 Touch sensor:
Detection of something like a touch of finger or a stylus is known as touch sensor.
 Range sensing:
Range sensing concerns detecting how near or far a component is from the sensing
position, although they can also be used as proximity sensors.
Distance or range sensors use non-contact analog techniques. Short range sensing,
between a few millimetres and a few hundred millimetres is carried out using electrical
capacitance, inductance and magnetic technique.
Longer range sensing is carried out using transmitted energy waves of various types eg
radio waves, sound waves and lasers.
 Mechanical sensor:
Any suitable mechanical / electrical switch may be adopted but because a certain
amount of force is required to operate a mechanical switch it is common to use micro-
switches.
  Pneumatic sensor:
These proximity sensors operate by breaking or disturbing an air flow.
The pneumatic proximity sensor is an example of a contact type sensor. These cannot
be used where light components may be blown away.
 Optical sensor:
In there simplest form, optical proximity sensors operate by breaking a light beam
which falls onto a light sensitive device such as a photocell. These are examples of non
contact sensors.
Speed Sensor:
Sensor used for detecting the speed of any object or vehicle which is in motion is
known as speed sensor .For example – Wind Speed Sensors,
Speedometer ,UDAR ,Ground Speed Radar .
 Temperature Sensor:
Devices which monitors and tracks the temperature and gives temperature’s
measurement as an electrical signal are termed as temperature sensors .These electrical
signals will be in the form of voltage and is directly proportional to the temperature
measurement .
 PIR Sensor:
PIR stands for passive infrared sensor and it is an electronic sensor that is used for the
tracking and measurement of infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of
view and is also known as Pyroelectric sensor .It is mainly used for detecting human
motion and movement detection .
 Ultrasonic Sensor:
The principle of ultrasonic sensor is similar to the working principle of SONAR or
RADAR in which the interpretation of echoes from radio or sound waves to evaluate
the attributes of a target by generating the high frequency sound waves .
TCTUTORS-BOOK
Rfid
Def-book
Chllenges-book
types of tgs-book
rchitecture-book
Features of RFID :
 An RFID tag consists of two-part which is an microcircuit and an antenna.
 This tag is covered by protective material which acts as a shield against the
outer environment effect.
 This tag may active or passive in which we mainly and widely used passive
RFID.
Application of RFID :
 It utilized in tracking shipping containers, trucks and railroad, cars.
 It uses in Asset tracking.
 It utilized in credit-card shaped for access application.
 It uses in Personnel tracking.
 Controlling access to restricted areas.
 It uses ID badging.
 Supply chain management.
 Counterfeit prevention (e.g., in the pharmaceutical industry).
Advantages of RFID :
 It provides data access and real-time information without taking to much
time.
 RFID tags follow the instruction and store a large amount of information.
 It improves the Efficiency, traceability of production.
 In RFID hundred of tags read in a short time.
Disadvantages of RFID :
 It takes longer to program RFID Devices.
 RFID intercepted easily even it is Encrypted.
 Active RFID can costlier due to battery.

Wsn-book
Exemplary device
r-pi-book interfces tdd nd fetures

The Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board computers (SBCs) developed in the

United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the
teaching of basic computer science in schools. The Raspberry Pi is a popular choice for
IoT (Internet of Things) applications due to its low cost, versatility, and ease of use.

The Raspberry Pi has a number of interfaces that can be used to connect it to IoT
devices and networks. These interfaces include:

 GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins: The Raspberry Pi has a number of

GPIO pins that can be used to connect to sensors, actuators, and other
devices. The GPIO pins can be configured as inputs or outputs, and they can be
used to control devices directly or to read data from sensors.
 UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter): The Raspberry Pi has a
UART interface that can be used to communicate with serial devices, such as
modems and barcode scanners.
 Ethernet: The Raspberry Pi has an Ethernet port that can be used to connect it to
a wired network.
  Wi-Fi: The Raspberry Pi can be used with a Wi-Fi dongle to connect to a wireless
network.
 Bluetooth: The Raspberry Pi can be used with a Bluetooth dongle to connect to
Bluetooth devices.

 pcDuino
 pcDuino is a series of open-source SBCs that are based on ARM processors.
They are typically powered by a single-core or dual-core ARM Cortex-A7
processor and have a range of input/output interfaces including USB, HDMI, IR,
serial, ethernet, SATA, and a 96-pin extended interface. pcDuino boards typically
run Linux operating systems, but they can also run Android.
 BeagleBone
 BeagleBone is another series of open-source SBCs that are also based on ARM
processors. They are typically powered by a dual-core ARM Cortex-A8 processor
and have a range of input/output interfaces including USB, HDMI, IR, serial,
ethernet, SATA, and a 72-pin expansion header. BeagleBone boards typically
run Linux operating systems, but they can also run Android.

Fetures Pcduino,Beglebone-book