INDRAP

RASTHA
CONVE
NT
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATIORY PROJECT
SESSION: 2022 -23 SENIOR

SECOND
ARY

SETTING OF CEMENT

Submitted by Submitted to

Name Lakshya Rana SURENDER DAHIYA SIR

Class XI Section C2
 CERTIFICATE
This is certify that Lakshta Rana
student of class XI C2 has
successfully completed their chemistry
investigatory project under the guidance
of my honorable chemistry teacher MR
SURENDER DAHIYA.
 INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
INTRODUCTION
THEORY
EFFECT OF QUALITY OF SEND ON
SETTING OF CEMENT MORTAR
CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING
USING CEMENT
PROTLAND CEMENT EFFECT OF
TIME ON SETTING OF CEMENT
MORTAR
APPARATUS REQUIRED
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATION
CONCLUSION
PRECAUTIONS
 FORMATION OF
CEMENT
Cement is a mixture of different compounds. It
consists of Calcium oxide (CaO), Silicon dioxide
(SiO2), Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), Iron oxide
(Fe2O3). Water (H2O), Sulphur Trioxide (SO3)
and do not have any specific formula. The
chemical formula of cement is CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3.
A small amount of gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) is
usually added at the final grinding stage in
order to control the setting of the cement.
Hence gypsum controls the rate of hardening of
the cement. During the cement manufacturing
process upon cooling a small amount of gypsum
is added during the final grinding process. The
chemical formula of cement is CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thanks my chemistry teacher
Mr. SURENDER DHAIYA sir, whose
valuable guidance has been the once that
helped me patch this project and make it
full proof success his suggestion and his
instructions has served as towards the
completion of the project.
Then I would like to thanks my parents and
friends who have helped me with Valuable
suggestion and guidance has been helpful in
various phases of the completion of the
project.
Last but not the least I would like to thanks
my classmate who have helped me a lot.
 AIM OF THE
EXPERIMENT
To study the setting of
mixture of cement with
sand time and fly ash
with respect to time
and strength.
 INTRODTUCION
In the most general sense of word, CEMENT is
the binder, a substance that sets and hardness
independently and can bind other materials
together.
The word ”cement” traces to the romans, who
used the terms opus caementicium to describe
masonry resembling Morden concrete that was
made from crushed rock with burnt lime as
binder. The volcanic ash pulverized brick
additive that were added to burnt lime to obtain
a hydraulic binder were later referred to as
cementum, cimentum, cament and cement.
The most important use of cement is the
production of mortar and concrete. The
bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to
form a strong building materials that is durable
n the face of normal environment effects.
 THEORY
(A.) EFFECTS OF QUANTITY OF SEND
ON SETING OF CEMENT MORTOR:
Send obtain different sources has different qualities. For
example sea send obtain from sea contains unwanted salt and
retard setting of cement and is not suitable for making mortar.
On the other hand pit sand is obtained from pits in the soil and
the river sand obtained from riverbed is considered excellent
for preparing mortar and concrete.
(B.) CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING
USING CEMENT
Cement using in construction is characterized as hydraulic or
non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cement (e.g. Portland cement)
harden because hydration of the mixture’s water content; they
can harden under water or when constantly exposed to wet
weather. The chemical reaction that results when the produces
hydrates that are not water soluble. Non-hydraulic cement
(e.g. Lime and gypsum plaster) must be kept dry in order to
retain their strength.
(C.) PORTLAND CEMENT
Cement is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate),
small quantities of other materials (such as clay) to 1450oC in
a kiln in a process known as calcination where by molecule of
carbon dioxide is liberated from the calcium carbonate to
form of calcium oxide or quick lime which is than blended
with the other that have been in the mix.
The resulting hard substance, called “clinker”. Is the ground
with a small amount of gypsum in powder to make “Ordinary
Portland cement”, the most commonly used type of cement
(offered to referred to as OPC). Portland cement is a basic
ingredient of concrete, mortar and non-specialty grout. The
most common used for Port land cement is in the production
of concrete. Concrete is a composite material consisting of
aggregate (gravel and sand) cement and water.
(D.) EFFECTS OF TIME ON SETTING
OF CEMENT MORTAR
Time as an important role and strength of developed cement
mortar. When a cement mixture in the ration of 1:3 with water
is allowed given for setting. It acquires a nearly full strength
in 28 days.
 APPARATUS REQUIRED

BEAKERS. GLASS STIRRING ROD

WEIGHT BOX. MATCH BOX

 LIMESTONE.
SAND

CEMENT. FLY ASH

 PROCEDURE

1. Prepare mixtures of various composition as given observation table.

2. Take each of the given mixtures in different breakers and prepare the
pastes by adding minimum amount of water.

3. Take Nine cases of empty match boxes and mark from 1 to 9.

4. Fill the three cases with the paste of each composition.

5. Spray water of time to time over the paste, so that they remains moist all
the times.

6. After three days, take out one slab of each composition and test their
strengths.

7. Similarly, take out of the set three slab after 7 days and after 30 days
respectively and test their strengths.
 OBSERCATION
COMPOSTIONS OF
Sno MINIMUM WEIGHT TO
MIXTURE AND
. BRAK THE SLAB AFTER
RATIO

10
3 DAYS 7 DAYS
DAYS
CEMENT:RIVER
1 SAND 18g 20g 30g
(1:3)

CEMENT:RIVER
2 SAND:FLY ASH 16g 18g 26g
(2:9:1)

CEMENT:RIVER
3 SAND:LIME 10g 15g 20g
(1:3:1)
 CONCLUSION
THE STRENGTH OG THE SLAB
INCRESES WITH INCREASE IN
THE SETTING TIME ALLOWED.
 PRECAUTIONS
 Handle the glass wares carefully
 Allow the time required to set
 Spray only required amount of water
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.slideshare.com
 www.google.com
 Google image

SAMPLE