Theories of MotivationCOLLEGE OF 7 Soe SICAL THERAPY What is Motivation? oo * Condition that energizes + influenced by both personal (age, behavior and gives direction gender, personality, educational + Subjective ; and social background, + Experienced as a conscious experience, coping capacity, heath esire status, and lifestyle) and ea read environmental factors * Drink + Sex * Affection + Forces that act on or within an + Attention organism to initiate and direct + Power behavior + Global mental function — a conscious or unconscious drive — that produces incentive to act (WHO ICFD, 1999)COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Motivation Characterized by its * activation + initiation or production of behavior + persistence * continued effort to reach a goal + intensity + vigor of the response or behaviorTHEORIES OF MOTIVATIONCOLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Instinct Theory + Motivation by innate instincts or genetic programming + Instincts that labels/describes behavior: + Rivalry + Sympathy + Fear + Constructiveness + Curiosity + Jealousy + Self-assertion + Food-seekingCOLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Drive Theory + States that behavior is + Example: Thirst, hunger, and motivated by the desire to the need for warmth are all reduce internal tension by examples of drives. unmet biological needs such «A drive creates an as hunger, thirst, sleep or unpleasant state, a tension sexuality that needs to be reduced. In order to reduce this state of tension, humans and animals seek out ways to fulfill these : » >) biological needs. We get a SSS drink when we are thirsty.COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Incentive Theory + States that behavior is + Example: Just as in operant motivated by the pull of external conditioning, where behaviors goals and reward are performed in order to either gain reinforcement or avoid punishment, incentive theory states that your actions are directed toward gaining rewards. ... + Money is also an excellent example of an external reward that motivates behavior. + Behavior is based on expectation of consequences such as reinforcements or punishments EDD iCOLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Arousal Theory * The theory states that the major reason people are driven to perform any action is to maintain the optimal level of physiological arousal. Example : for instance, we go to night out with friends at a club or someplace where we can get our arousal elevated again when we're down, But, arousal levels don’t always drop and there’s a good chance that energy levels are too elevated. In those cases when you're too pumped up, taking a nap or going for a relaxing walk might help you soothe your arousal level again.COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Humanistic Theory + People are motivated to realize + We are motivated to satisfy their highest level of human needs at each progressive level potential + Humanistic theories of motivation are based on the idea that people * + ‘Needs Hierarchy Theory also have strong cognitive reasons + Abraham Maslow to perform various actions. + Basic + This is famously illustrated in + Safety Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of * Belongingness needs, which presents different + Self-esteem motivations at different levels. + Self-actualizationCOLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Theory of 16 Basic Desires * 16 basic desires that + Individual behave to motivates animals as well as maximize his/her experience humans of the 16 intrinsic joys + 16 basic desires are + Individuals prioritize the 16 considered to be genetically basic desires differently distinct + Satiation of a basic desire is + Satiation of each basic desire always temporary; soon after produces valued feeling of joy satisfaction, motive reasserts itself and needs to be satisfied againCOLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Theory of 16 Basic Desires * Power + Physical Exercise * Curiosity * Family + Independence + Love * Status * Order * Social Contact + Eating + Vengeance + Acceptance + Honor * Tranquility + Idealism + SavingCOLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Stimulus-response Theory States that behavior is the result. of the stimulus acting on a receptor activating a response Aconcept in psychology that refers to the belief that behavior manifests as a result of the interplay between stimulus and response. In other words, behavior cannot exist without a stimulus of some sort, at least from this perspective. Example: When a soldier sees the enemy, feels fear, and flees.+ Also called the “Theory of OSES E OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Hedonistic Theory psychological hedonism”, is the idea that human behavior is motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain (or, more accurately, displeasure). Individuals has a tendency to seek pleasure and avoid painCOLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Voluntaristic Theory * Factor of will * Human conduct reflects voluntary expression of a behavior that is activated by a motivating factorCOLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY + Rehab professionals have long held that patient motivation affects outcomeCOLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY + Highly motiv: ien were found to align themselves more closely to the aims and meth f rehab professionals and were more likely to understand the nature and purpose of their rehabilitatione Determinants of Posi Motivation in Rehabilitation Adequate information about rehabilitation favorable comparison with other patients desire to leave hospital COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Negative Determinants of Rehabilitation Overprotection lack of information and provision of mixed messages about rehabilitation unfavorable comparisons with other patientsForm of External Motivation INCENTIVES AND REWARDCOLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY REWARDS * Anything that impels an individual to action + Can be in the form of: OKnowledge of result OFear of failure QReward Punishment QCompetitionCOLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Reward & Incentive Motivation + Reward serve as a How does the Brain translates psychological “common Pleasure as “Common Currency” currency” for Motivation? + Reflects the value of each + Translate different pleasures action performed into the equivalent “peso = Is it worth repeating? value” = How pleasurable is the reward? + type of reward activate * Brain is able to keep track of the brain reward system good & bad consequences of producing same action past actions in order to better = MESOLIMBIC DOPAMINE SYSTEM guide future actions.COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY MESOLIMBIC DOPAMINE SYSTEM + Lies in the upper brainstem Widdees + Sends signals to the forebrain + NTA: dopamine { + Activated by different kinds of Rleward oe natural rewards \ * Once activated, an individual ——<— is motivated to seek for the Vent ener reward cua ae ‘coon toa oasis eeCOLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Drug Addiction & Reward + Addictive drugs has the ability to over-activate the reward system * Drug-induced euphoria + Drugs can be classified as a super-reward + Can cause super-activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system + Activate both pleasure (liking) & motivational (wanting) reward system Addictive drugs have the ability to produce unpleasant withdrawal symptoms * Lack of activity in pleasure system activates the unpleasant drug- opposite processes Tolerance develops * The need to take larger amounts to achieve the same euphoriaCOLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Drug Addiction & Reward * Addictive Drugs may produce permanent changes in brain reward system * Can cause craving even after withdrawal syndrome is over = Repeated activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system causes exaggerated craving CRELAPSEREINFORCERSCOLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Reinforcer + Anything that strengthen a * 3 categories of secondary desired behavior Reinforcer: + 2types + Social Reinforcer 1. Primary Reinforcer + Token Reinforcer + Food, water, security, warmth + Activity Reinforcer and sex 2. Secondary Reinforcer * Conditioned reinforcer + Acquire value by being related to primary reinforcerCOLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Subtypes of Reinforcers * Negative Reinforcers * Positive Reinforcers = behavior is strengthened * presentation of something because negative dependent on the occurrence of behavior that increases the frequency of that behavior condition is stopped as a consequence of good behaviorCOLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Psychiatric Application + Anxiety Hierarchy + Tension Reduction Theory + Learned Helplessness Model + Brain Stimulation and Reinforcement