To Study & Verify Half and Full Adder in Digital Electronics,

Description:
Adder In Digital Electronics- A combinational circuit that performs the addition of
bits is called an Adder. Each computer has an adder located in its CPU(ALU) that is
responsible for the process of addition. There are two types of Adder. They are also used
in other parts of the processor, where they are used to calculate addresses, table indices,
increment and decrement operators, and similar operations.
 Half Adder
 Full Adder
Half Adder:
A combinational circuit that performs the addition of two bits is called a Half Adder. It
receives two inputs and produces two outputs Sum and Carry. The block diagram for
a half adder is as follows.

Designing of Half Adder:

Designing of Half Adder involves the following steps.

1. Problem: addition of two bits.

2. The number of available inputs are two.
3. The input and output variables are assigned letter symbols. Let’s represent the inputs
by A AND B, and the outputs SUM and Carry by S and C respectively.
4. Truth Table

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 Simplified Boolean function.
The Sum and Carry are in simplified form and further it cannot be simplified.

Half Adder Logical Diagram:

We can 0btain the logical diagram for Sum and Carry by using the Exclusive OR gate.

Full Adder:
A combinational circuit that performs the addition of three bits is called a Full Adder. It
receives three inputs and produces two outputs Sum and Carry. The Block diagram for
the Full Adder is shown below.

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 Designing of Full Adder:
The designing of Full Adder involves the following steps.

 Problem: Addition of three Bits.

 The number of available inputs are three.
 The input and output variables are assigned letter symbols. Let we represent the
inputs by A, B, and C; and the outputs by S and C i.e. S for Sum and C for Carry.
 Truth Table

Full Adder Logical Diagram:

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The logical Diagram for Sum can also be obtained by using the Exclusive OR Gate.

Logical Diagram of the Full Adder using two Half Adders:

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 To Study & Verify Half and Full Subtractor

Introduction
Subtractor circuits take two binary numbers as input and subtract one binary number
input from the other binary number input. Similar to adders, it gives out two outputs,
difference and borrow (carry-in the case of Adder). There are two types of subtractors.
1. Half Subtractor
2. Full Subtractor

1) Half Subtractor
The half-subtractor is a combinational circuit which is used to perform subtraction of two
bits. It has two inputs, A (minuend) and B (subtrahend) and two outputs Difference and
Borrow. The logic symbol and truth table are shown below.

Figure-1:Logic Symbol of Half subtractor

Figure-2:Truth Table of Half subtractor

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 Figure-3:Circuit Diagram of Half subtractor

From the above truth table we can find the boolean expression.

Difference = A ⊕ B
Borrow = A' B
From the equation we can draw the half-subtractor circuit as shown in the figure 3.

2) Full Subtractor
A full subtractor is a combinational circuit that performs subtraction involving three bits,
namely A (minuend), B (subtrahend), and Bin (borrow-in) . It accepts three inputs: A
(minuend), B (subtrahend) and a Bin (borrow bit) and it produces two outputs: D
(difference) and Bout (borrow out). The logic symbol and truth table are shown below.

Figure-4:Logic Symbol of Full subtractor

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 Figure-5:Truth Table of Full subtractor

From the above truth table we can find the boolean expression.
D = A ⊕ B ⊕ Bin
Bout = A' Bin + A' B + B Bin
From the equation we can draw the Full-subtractor circuit as shown in the figure 6.

Figure-6:Circuit Diagram of Full subtractor

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