Journal of
Marine Science
and Engineering
Article
Effect of Winding Steel Wire on the Collapse Pressure of
Submarine Hose
Daifeng Wei 1 , Chen An 1, *, Jixiang Zhang 1,2 , Yixuan Huang 1
Citation: Wei, D.; An, C.; Zhang, J.;
Huang, Y.; Gu, C. Effect of Winding
Steel Wire on the Collapse Pressure of
Submarine Hose. J. Mar. Sci. Eng.
2022, 10, 1365. https://doi.org/
10.3390/jmse10101365
Academic Editor: Eva Loukogeorgaki
Received: 25 August 2022
Accepted: 21 September 2022
Published: 23 September 2022
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Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
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4.0/).
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1365. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101365
and Chenwang Gu 1
1 College of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
2 Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering (CENTEC), Instituto Superior Técnico,
Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
* Correspondence: anchen@cup.edu.cn
Abstract: The submarine hose plays a vital role in the single-point mooring system and is a necessary
channel for medium transportation. Once crushed under the load of the seawater external pressure,
it will cause oil and gas leakage and major safety accidents. It is a composite hose composed of a
rubber layer, cord layer and steel helix wire, of which the steel helix wire plays an important part
in bearing mechanical properties. In this work, python language was used to model the submarine
hose parametrically, the finite element (FE) analysis software ABAQUS was utilized to analyze the
ultimate bearing capacity of the hose under uniformly distributed external pressure loads and the
influence of the initial ovality of the submarine hose, the diameter and pitch of the helix wire, the
yield strength of the helix wire material on the ultimate bearing capacity of the submarine hose were
studied. Through a large number of FE results, the ultimate bearing capacity of the hose was obtained
by fitting the prediction formula.
Keywords: submarine hose; steel helix wire; collapse analysis; rebar
1. Introduction
According to different mooring methods, commonly used offshore oil terminals are
divided into multi-buoy mooring systems, fixed dock mooring systems, single-point moor-
ing systems and fixed tower mooring systems. The catenary single-point mooring system
(CALM) is the earliest type of single-point mooring system and is currently most widely
used [1]. There are about 600 in practice around the world, mainly distributed in Southeast
Asia and the Mediterranean coast of Europe. The main structures are buoys, mooring
systems, mooring lines, floating hoses, submarine hoses, rotary joints, etc. [2].
One end of the submarine hose is connected to the flange on the Pipe Line End
Manifold (PLEM), and the other end is connected to the rigid pipeline at the bottom of the
buoy, as shown in Figure 1. The static form of the submarine hose is maintained by a float
with certain buoyancy attached to the hose [3,4]. As shown in Figure 2, a submarine hose
with larger diameter, lower bending stiffness and external pressure bearing capacity has
undergone extensive application, which is a necessary channel for medium transportation
and a significant part of CALM system design. Collapse damage will cause leakage,
leading to monetary loss and environmental harm [5]. Hence, research into collapse
bearing capacity for submarine hose is of considerable significance.
The submarine hose is composed of reinforcement fiber layers, rubber layers and steel
helix wire, as shown in Figure 2. The inner rubber layer with H2 S corrosion resistance
capacity was normally made from nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) in the submarine hose.
The second and fourth layers are wrapped with a good deal of cord fabric to form the
reinforcement layer. The main function of the steel helix wire embedded in the middle
rubber layer is to increase the mechanical properties of the hose, including resistance to
internal and external pressure, tensile force and bending moment. The outer rubber layer
of the submarine hose has protective and corrosion resistance properties. Those layers
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jmse
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1365 2 of 20

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW

are bonded 2 ofin
together and vulcanized in a uniform manner to withstand external loads 22
engineering application.

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of single point mooring system.

The submarine hose is composed of reinforcement fiber layers, rubber layers and
steel helix wire, as shown in Figure 2. The inner rubber layer with H2S corrosion resistance
capacity was normally made from nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) in the submarine hose.
The second and fourth layers are wrapped with a good deal of cord fabric to form the
reinforcement layer. The main function of the steel helix wire embedded in the middle
rubber layer is to increase the mechanical properties of the hose, including resistance to
internal and external pressure, tensile force and bending moment. The outer rubber layer
of the submarine hose has protective and corrosion resistance properties. Those layers are
bonded together and vulcanized in a uniform manner to withstand external loads in en-
Figure1.1.Schematic
gineering
Figure Schematic diagramof
application.
diagram ofsingle
singlepoint
pointmooring
mooringsystem.
system.

The submarine hose is composed of reinforcement fiber layers, rubber layers and
steel helix wire, as shown in Figure 2. The inner rubber layer with H2S corrosion resistance
capacity was normally made from nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) in the submarine hose.
The second and fourth layers are wrapped with a good deal of cord fabric to form the
reinforcement layer. The main function of the steel helix wire embedded in the middle
rubber layer is to increase the mechanical properties of the hose, including resistance to
internal and external pressure, tensile force and bending moment. The outer rubber layer
of the submarine hose has protective and corrosion resistance properties. Those layers are
bonded together and vulcanized in a uniform manner to withstand external loads in en-
gineering application.

Figure2.
Figure Submarine hose
2. Submarine hoseand
andthe cross
the section.
cross section.

At present, the technical specifications for the design, manufacture and testing of
At present, the technical specifications for the design, manufacture and testing of
submarine hoses are mainly the specifications issued by the Oil Companies International
submarine
Marine Forum hoses are mainly
(OCIMF) theAPI
and the specifications
standards [6,7].issued by the Oil Companies International
Marine TheForum (OCIMF)
mechanical andofthe
behavior theAPI standards
floating hose was [6,7].
widely studied [8], yet there are few
Theonmechanical
studies behavior
submarine hoses. Gao of the(2018)
et al. floating hose
[9] and was et
Tonatto widely studied
al. (2017) [8], yetthe
[10] analyzed there are
few studies on submarine hoses. Gao et al. (2018) [9] and Tonatto et al. (2017) [10] analyzed
failure behavior of composite pipe under internal pressure load using ABAQUS software,
respectively.
the Extended
failure behavior finite element
of composite pipemethod
under (XFEM)
internal has recently
pressure loadbeen proposed
using ABAQUS to soft-
predict
ware, the failure
respectively. of pipelines
Extended [11,12]. Based on nonlinear cable-like response to lift and
Figure 2. Submarine hose the finite element method (XFEM) has recently been proposed
drag forces,and cross section.
toMorison-type
predict the failure Huang
of pipelines and Leonard (1990) [13] studied the lateral stability of the
[11,12]. Based on nonlinear cable-like response to lift and
submarine hose under slowly changing current, which shows that for the actual hose, the
Morison-type
At present, drag
theforces, Huang
technical and Leonard
specifications for the(1990) [13]
design, studied theand
manufacture lateral
testingstability
of of
most critical parameters are the ratio of section length to span, the axial stiffness of the hose,
submarine hoses are mainly the specifications issued by the Oil Companies International
the hose size and the current speed. Ma et al. (2017) [14] analyzed the environmental load
Marine Forum (OCIMF) and the API standards [6,7].
characteristics of submarine hoses, established a slender member model of submarine hoses
The mechanical
considering behavior
the interaction of the
of the floating
internal hose
fluid wassubmarine
of the widely studied [8], yet
hose and the there
externalare
few studies on load.
environmental submarine hoses. Gao etofal.
The deformation (2018) [9] and
submarine hosesTonatto
under et al. (2017)
different [10] analyzed
water currents
the failure behavior of composite pipe under internal pressure load using ABAQUS soft-
ware, respectively. Extended finite element method (XFEM) has recently been proposed
to predict the failure of pipelines [11,12]. Based on nonlinear cable-like response to lift and
Morison-type drag forces, Huang and Leonard (1990) [13] studied the lateral stability of
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1365 3 of 20

and directions as well as the most vulnerable parts of submarine hoses were obtained,
which has a vital reference value for the design of submarine hoses. Yang et al. (2018) [15]
summarized the design and manufacturing requirements, some of working conditions,
environmental loads and technical requirements of Chinese lantern-shaped submarine
hoses were analyzed, and case study of dynamic response and fatigue analysis of submarine
hoses was conducted. Wang et al. (2019) [16] conducted dynamic analysis on the Chinese
lantern type and Lazy-S type submarine hoses, and studied the effects of wave height, flow
angle, soil stiffness and hose hydrodynamic load on the structural behaviour of submarine
hoses. Amaechi et al. (2019) [17] developed a coupled dynamic model including buoys and
hoses, and carried out parameter studies to analyze the influence of the hose hydrodynamic
load, flow angle, bending moment, effective tension and minimum bending radius on the
structural behavior of the hose.
At present, the primary research on submarine hoses focuses on the cause discussion
of engineering accidents and design methods, and the structural design of submarine hoses
with resistance to external pressure has not formed a unified specification. The existing
results adopt slender rod models for the mechanical response of submarine hoses, which are
easily affected by the environment. The resistance ability to external pressure of submarine
hoses has not been explored from the perspective of theoretical analysis and simulation
analysis, and no specific model has been established. Subsequently, a study on the collapse
of submarine hoses is of great significance to the structural design of submarine hoses.
In this paper, a finite element model combined with the nonlinear analysis method for
the collapse analysis of the submarine hose with initial ovality is established and analyzed,
considering the influence of the geometric parameters and material parameters of the helix
wire on the collapse pressure of the submarine hose, based on the abundant results of
finite element models, nonlinear least squares fitting is performed to obtain the prediction
formula of the collapse pressure of submarine hoses.

2. Finite Element Model of Submarine Hose

Due to the complex structure of submarine hoses, the mechanical model is established
under the following series of assumptions:
(1) Each layer structure of the submarine hose is an ideal cylindrical layer without
manufacturing defects.
(2) The processing and manufacturing of the submarine hose body does not bring
about pre-stress and strain.
(3) The layers of the submarine hose body, the reinforcing material and the base
material are kept tightly bonded in the initial state and other various actual engineering
conditions.
(4) The cross section at any position of the submarine hose body remains parallel after
being subjected to external loads.
(5) Select the middle section of the submarine hose pipe body for finite element analysis
and expect that the performance of the middle section can represent the entire pipe body.
Rubber, cords and steel helix wire are the main components of the composite hose.
The embedded technology is used to simulate the interaction of each material, and the rebar
element is used to simulate the mechanical behavior of the fiber cord. Wei et al. (2022) [18]
and Gao et al. (2018) [9] use the embedded technology and the rebar element to simulate
the mechanical behavior of the same type composite hose under the torsional load and the
inner pressure, and uses a series of tests to verify the validity of the finite element model.
At the same time, riks method is a effective technique for buckling and crushing analysis.
An et al. (2014) [19], Bai et al. (2016, 2018) [20,21] and Yang et al. (2020) [22] used the riks
method by the Abaqus software to study the buckling behavior of the composite pipes
(sandwich pipe and SSRTP pipe) and verified them with experiments. For the validation
of the finite element model, it is reliable to study buckling behavior of the composite hose
under the external pressure through the embedded technology, rebar element and the
riks method.
 J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1365 4 of 20

2.1. Simplification of the Hose Model

In this work, a certain type of submarine hose is carried out to study the collapse
property of the hose under external pressure. The submarine hose dimensions are length of
10.7 m, inner diameter of 500 mm and both ends have steel flanges as connectors. In order
to reduce the calculation amount of finite element analysis, the 3000 mm middle section
of the pipe body was split to eliminate the influence of stress concentration according to
Saint-Venant principle. Since the floating body ring and the outer protective layer had a
negligible contribution to the mechanical properties of the structure, which can be ignored
when building the model. The model structure from the inner to the outer is: inner rubber
layer, 1st reinforcement fiber layer, middle rubber layer, 2nd reinforcement fibre layer, outer
rubber layer: a total of five layers of structure. The dimensions of the submarine hose
structure are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Main structural parameters of submarine hose.

Submarine Hose Structure Parameters Value Unit

Inner diameter 500 mm
Thickness of inner rubber layer 8 mm
Thickness of middle rubber layer 14 mm
Thickness of outer rubber layer 7 mm
1st Reinforcement fibre layer 14 × 1.4 mm
2nd Reinforcement fibre layer 4 × 1.4 mm
Diameter of steel helix wire 12 mm
Pitch of steel helix wire 50 mm
Winding angle of the fibre layers 45 Deg

The finite element software ABAQUS was applied for parametric modeling. As the
layers of the pipe body are tightly bonded and the three rubber layers were constructed
as a whole with the same materials, the fiber reinforced layer and the steel helix wire can
be separately established, and a reasonable contact relationship with the base rubber be
defined. With the purpose of ensuring the accuracy of the model to the greatest extent, the
rebar stiffener elements were used as the finite element modeling of the fiber reinforced 5 of 22
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW
layer in this paper. Rebar element is suitable for adding reinforcing material to the base
element to improve the rigidity of the overall structure. The parameters that need to be
defined are rebar element area, element spacing, material properties and included angle.
The modeling process of submarine hose structure is shown in the Figure 3.

Figure 3. Simple geometric model of submarine hose.

Figure 3. Simple geometric model of submarine hose.

2.2. Material Properties and Constitutive Model

The submarine hose has a complex multilayered reinforced structure. The steel helix
wire is an isotropic metal material, and the material parameters are shown in Table 2. In
order to simplify the calculation, it is assumed that the fibre reinforced layer is an elastic
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1365 5 of 20

2.2. Material Properties and Constitutive Model

The submarine hose has a complex multilayered reinforced structure. The steel helix
wire is an isotropic metal material, and the material parameters are shown in Table 2.
In order to simplify the calculation, it is assumed that the fibre reinforced layer is an
elastic material.

Table 2. Material properties.

Elasticity Modulus E (MPa) Poisson’s Ratio Tensile Strengthσu (MPa) Yield Strength σy (MPa)
The steel helix wire 210,000 0.3 1030 645
Fibre reinforcement 1807.35 0.42 _ _

For the hyperelastic material, multiple physical parameters are required to accurately
simulate the real deformation law of rubber [23]. Among the multitude of constitutive
models of hyperelastic materials, such as the Mooney–Rivilin model, Neo-Hookean model,
Yeoh model and Ogden model, the theoretical algorithm of the Ogden model uses the
principal stretch instead of the common strain tensor invariant as the reference variable,
which can more accurately characterize the mechanical properties of rubber materials.
Therefore, the Odgen constitutive model was used in the analysis of rubber tubes in this
paper, as shown in Equations (1)–(3), and the material parameters shown in Table 3.

N N
2µi αi 1
∑ λ1 + λ2 i + λ3 i − 3 + ∑ ( Jel − 1)2
α α
W= (1)
i =1
α i i =1
D i

1
λi = J − 3 λi (2)
J = λ1 λ2 λ3 (3)
where N is the order of the model, usually a number between 1–3, µi and αi are the constant
of the material. λi are the principal stretches, J is the Jacobean determinant, Jel is the elastic
volume ratio.

Table 3. Material parameters of the rubber.

Material Parameters Value

µ1 −1.092
µ2 0.12
µ3 4.155
α1 3.422
α2 3.993
α3 −6.601

2.3. Mesh, Loads and Boundary Conditions

The steel helix wire adopts the entity reduced integration C3D8R element, the rubber
layer adopts the reduced hybrid C3D8RH element and the cord layer is established by the
“Rebar Layer” method and the three-dimensional four-node reduced integration SFM3D4R
element is selected [24]. After setting a reasonable grid size, use the structured grid to mesh
the submarine hose. The meshing process of submarine hose is shown in Figure 4.

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1365
ering the possible impact of local effects, and the fixed support was applied at both ends
according to the actual situation. The steel helix wire and cord layer have been integrally
bound with the rubber tube, which is dispensable to define boundary conditions for them
At the same time, in order to analyze the collapse pressure, a uniform external pressure
of 2 MPa is applied to the outer surface of the submarine hose. The interactions,
6 of boundary
20
conditions and loading conditions are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 4.4.Mesh
Figure Meshmodel
modelof of
thethe
submarine hose.
submarine hose.
It is believed that no relative displacement between the layers of bonded submarine
hose. In order to transfer the load completely, the degrees of freedom of each node between
the layers are bonded to each other; therefore, the rubber is modeled as a whole in the
process of building the model, the steel helix wire and the cord were embedded in the
rubber subsequently. Owing to the utilization of the embed technique to achieve the contact
relationship, no other inter-layer contact relationships were necessary.
This paper studies the mechanical response of a submarine hose fixed at both ends
under uniform external pressure. A relatively long local pipe model was selected consid-
ering the possible impact of local effects, and the fixed support was applied at both ends
according to the actual situation. The steel helix wire and cord layer have been integrally
bound with the rubber tube, which is dispensable to define boundary conditions for them.
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW
At the same time, in order to analyze the collapse pressure, a uniform external pressure of 7
2 MPa is applied to the outer surface of the submarine hose. The interactions, boundary
conditions and loading conditions are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5. Interaction, loads and boundary conditions: (a) Embedded fibre reinforced layer, (b) em-
Figure 5. Interaction, loads and boundary conditions: (a) Embedded fibre reinforced layer, (b
bedded steel helix wire, (c) fixed constraint of pipe section, and (d) pressure on the outside of
bedded steel helix wire, (c) fixed constraint of pipe section, and (d) pressure on the outside
the pipe.
pipe.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Finite Element Analysis Results
The hose under the 2 MPa external pressure is calculated by the non-linear
 Figure 5. Interaction, loads and boundary conditions: (a) Embedded fibre reinforced layer, (b) em
bedded steel helix wire, (c) fixed constraint of pipe section, and (d) pressure on the outside of th
pipe.
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1365 7 of 20

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Finite and
3. Results Element Analysis Results
Discussion
3.1. Finite
The Element Analysis
hose under theResults
2 MPa external pressure is calculated by the non-linear Rik
methodThe of theunder
hose ABAQUS the 2software.
MPa externalFigure 6 are the
pressure deformedbydistribution
is calculated the non-linear diagrams
Riks of th
method of the ABAQUS software. Figure 6 are the deformed distribution
hose. It can be observed that the buckling collapse zone of the hose is close to the diagrams of middl
the hose. It can be observed that the buckling collapse zone of the hose is close
in the axis direction of the hose. The deformation trend of the hose is similar to the exper to the
middle in the axis direction of the hose. The deformation trend of the hose is similar to
iment result of the sandwich pipe [19] and SSRTP pipe [20]. The arc length-LPF (Load
the experiment result of the sandwich pipe [19] and SSRTP pipe [20]. The arc length-LPF
Proportionality Factor) curve, as shown in Figure 7. The maximum of LPF is 0.625, which
(Load Proportionality Factor) curve, as shown in Figure 7. The maximum of LPF is 0.625,
indicates that the
which indicates thathose maymay
the hose buckle and
buckle andcollapse
collapse when theexternal
when the external pressure
pressure is near
is near to to 1.2
MPa
1.25 MPa (0.625 × 2 MPa). It can be seen that maximum Von Mises stress of the helix wire wire i
(0.625 × 2 MPa). It can be seen that maximum Von Mises stress of the helix
916.4 MPa,
is 916.4 MPa,which
which exceeds
exceeds thetheyield
yield stress
stress (645(645
MPa)MPa) ofhelix
of the the helix wire, shown
wire, shown in Figurein6.Figure 6

Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 22

6. Deformed
Figure 6.
Figure Deformeddistribution:
distribution:(a) (a)
rubber layers
rubber and fiber
layers and reinforcement layers; (b)
fiber reinforcement steel helix
layers; wire.helix wire
(b) steel

0.7
(0.625)
0.6

0.5

0.4
LPF

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

0 5 10 15 20
Arc Length

Figure 7. Arc length—LPF curve.

Figure 7. Arc length—LPF curve.

The hose under 1.24 MPa external pressure with non-collapse crush is studied, and
the results are shown in Figure 8. The inner and outer cords of the hose have different
distribution forms for rebar force (the rebar force is equal to the stress of the fiber rein-
 J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1365 8 of 20

The hose under 1.24 MPa external pressure with non-collapse crush is studied, and the
results are shown in Figure 8. The inner and outer cords of the hose have different distribu-
tion forms for rebar force (the rebar force is equal to the stress of the fiber reinforcement
cord times its cross-sectional area) under the influence of the external pressure of the hose
structure. The maximum value of the rebar force on the inner cords (layers 1st~14th) is
around 0 degree and 180 degrees at the cross section; it is affected by the ovality of the hose,
as shown in Figure 8a,b. However, it is around 240 degrees, and 300 degrees on the outer
cords, which is shown in Figure 8c. The maximum of the rebar force on the inner cords is
included in the 13th layer. This is because the inner cords close to the helix wire is affected
by the helix wire, which causes its maximum of the rebar force to rise quickly, as shown in
Figure 8d. The downward general tendency may be seen in the inner cords that separate 9 of 22
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW
from the helix wire. Maximum rebar force on the outer cord is rapidly increasing, and the
maximum of the rebar force is 12 N, which is located at the 18th layer.

Rebar force (N) Layer 1

8 Layer 2
120 60
6
Layer 3
4
Layer 4
2
0
Layer 5
Layer 6
Layer 7
Layer 8
Layer 9
180 0 Layer 10
1st reinforcement layer Layer 11
(layer1 ~ layer 14) Layer 12
Layer 13
0
Layer 14
2
4
6
240 300
8

(a) (b)
Rebar force (N)
Layer 15
120 60 12 External pressure 1.15MPa
10 Layer 16
Uncollapse status
Max of the rebar force (N)

Layer 17
5
Layer 18 10
0

180 0 6
2nd reinforcement layer
(layer15 ~ layer 18)
4

5 2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
10 Layer number
240 300

(c) (d)
Figure 8.8.Rebar
Figure Rebarforce
force of
of the cordwith
the cord withnon-collapse:
non-collapse:
(a)(a)
fullfull cords,
cords, (b) inner
(b) inner cords,cords, (c) cords,
(c) outer outer cords,
(d)(d)
maximum of the force in each cord.
maximum of the force in each cord.

Whenthe
When thehose
hose is
is collapsed
collapsedatat1 1MPa
MPa external pressure,
external the rebar
pressure, force force
the rebar at the at
cross
the cross
section of the hose is shown in Figure 9. Both at around 0 degree and 180 degrees, the rebar
section of the hose is shown in Figure 9. Both at around 0 degree and 180 degrees, the
force distribution on the cords with non-collapse is comparable to the distribution after
rebar force distribution on the cords with non-collapse is comparable to the distribution
collapse. The maximum of the rebar force at the cross section of the hose is 192.59 N, which
after collapse.
is located Thelayer.
at 18th maximum of the rebar force at the cross section of the hose is 192.59 N,
which Theis located at
Von Mises 18th layer.
stress distribute of the helix wire at the cross section is shown in
The 10.
Figure VonTheMises stress stress
Von Mises distribute
at theof thesection
cross helix wire at the cross
is different; section isisshown
the maximum around in Fig-
ure 10. The Von Mises stress at the cross section is different; the maximum isMPa,
5 degrees and 185 degrees. The maximum of Von Mises stress in the helix wire is 390.67 around 5
when the
degrees andhose
185under 1.24 MPa
degrees. Theexternal
maximumpressure with Mises
of Von non-collapse,
stress as
inshown in Figure
the helix wire10a.
is 390.67
MPa, when the hose under 1.24 MPa external pressure with non-collapse, as shown in
Figure 10a. The maximums of around 5 degrees, 80 degrees, 185 degrees and 255 degrees;
all exceeded the yield strength. The maximum of Von Mises stress in the helix is 765.82
MPa, when the hose collapsed, as shown in Figure 10b. The distribution of Von Mises
 J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1365 9 of 20
0, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 22

The maximums of around 5 degrees, 80 degrees, 185 degrees and 255 degrees; all exceeded
the yield strength. The maximum ofRebar
Vonforce (N) stress in the helix is 765.82 MPa, when the
Mises
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 120 60 10 of 22
hose collapsed, as shown in Figure 10b. 60
The distribution of Von Mises stress on the helix
Layer 1
wire is more greatly different with the rebar
30 force of the cords at the cross section.
Layer 2
0 Layer 3
Rebar force (N) Layer 4
120 60 Layer 5
60
Layer 6 Layer 1
30
Layer 7 Layer 2
180 0
0 Layer 8 Layer 3
Layer 9 Layer 4
1st reinforcement layer
Layer 10 Layer 5
(layer1 ~ layer 14) Layer 6
Layer 11
Layer 7
0180 Layer 12 0
Layer 8
1st reinforcement layer Layer 13 Layer 9
30
(layer1 ~ layer 14) Layer 14 Layer 10
240 60 300 Layer 11
0 Layer 12
Layer 13
(a) (b) 30
Layer 14
200 240 60 300
Rebar force (N) After collapsed at pressure 1.0 MPa
Layer 15 (a) 180 (b)
200 60
Layer 16
Max of the rebar force (N)

Collapsed
200
status of the hose
100 Layer
Rebar 17
force (N) 160
Layer 15 After collapsed at pressure 1.0 MPa
0 120 Layer 18 200 60 180
Layer 16
Max of the rebar force (N)

140 Collapsed status of the hose

100 Layer 17 160
0
Layer 18 120
140
100 120
0
80 100
2nd reinforcment layer 180 0
(layer15 ~ layer 18) 60 80
2nd reinforcment layer
(layer15 ~ layer 18) 40 60
0
40
100 0 20
100 20
200 300
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
240 200 300
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Layer number
Layer number
(c) (c) (d) (d)
Figure 9. Rebar forceFigure
of the9.9.
Figure cordRebarafter
Rebar forcecollapsed:
forceofofthe cord(a)
thecord full
after
after cords, (b)
collapsed:
collapsed: (a) inner
(a) full cords,
full cords,
cords, (b) (c) outer
(b) inner
inner cords,
cords,
cords, (d)cords,
(c) outer
(c) outer cords, (d)
maximum of the forcemaximum
in maximum
(d) of the
each cord. force
of the in each
force cord.
in each cord.

(a) (b)
Figure 10. Von Mises stress of the helix wire at cross section of the hose: (a) with non-collapse, (b)
(a)collapsed.
after (b)
Figure 10. Von Mises stress of the
Figure 10. Vonhelix
Miseswire
stressat
ofcross section
the helix ofcross
wire at the hose:
section(a) with
of the non-collapse,
hose: (b)
(a) with non-collapse,
after collapsed. (b) after collapsed.
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1365 10 of 20

3.2. Analysis of Initial Ovality
Although the initial ovality of the subsea hoses due to the production p
3.2.
theAnalysis
ovalityof Initial Ovality
will increase in the process of transportation, installation and la
Although the initial ovality of the subsea hoses due to the production process is tiny,
fecting the crushing performance of the submarine hoses.
the ovality will increase in the process of transportation, installation and laying, thus
It the
affecting cancrushing
be seen from Figure
performance 11 that the
of the submarine hoses.collapse resistance of the subm
highly
It caninfluenced
be seen fromby the11initial
Figure ovality.
that the collapse When the
resistance ovality
of the changes
submarine hose isfrom 0.
highly influenced by the initial ovality. When the ovality changes from 0.1% to 1%, the
ultimate collapse pressure of the submarine hose changes from 1.25 MPa
ultimate collapse pressure of the submarine hose changes from 1.25 MPa to 1.14 MPa,
which
which is aisreduction
a reduction
of 9.12%;ofobviously,
9.12%; the
obviously,
design of thethe designhose
submarine of should
the submarine
take into hos
into account
account the initialthe initial ovality.
ovality.

1.25
Collapse Pressure
Fit of Collapse Pressure
Collapse Pressure (MPa)

Equation y = a + b×x
a −0.12412
b 1.25827
1.20 0.99671
R-Square

1.15

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Initial Ovality of Subsea Hose (%)
Figure
Figure Collapse
11.11. pressure
Collapse corresponding
pressure to various initial
corresponding ovality of hose.
to various initial ovality of hose.
3.3. Effect of Helix Wire Material Parameters
3.3. According
Effect of Helix Wire Material
to the analysis Parameters
in the previous section, the ability of the submarine hose to
resist external pressure is mainly provided by the winding steel wire, the material parameter
According
that affects the criticalto the analysis
collapse pressure ofinthe
thesubmarine
previous section,
hose is mainlythe
the ability of σthe
yield stress y
subm
resist
of external
the winding steelpressure
wire. In thisissection,
mainly the provided by theofwinding
mechanical response submarinesteel
hoseswire,
under the m
uniform external pressure under the yield strength of 12 kinds of spiral
eter that affects the critical collapse pressure of the submarine hose is ma wire spiral materials
(350~900 MPa) is studied. The initial ovality ∆0 is 0.5%, and the helix wire diameter d is
stress 𝜎𝑦 pitch
12 mm. The
of the winding steel wire. In this section, the mechanical response
of the helix wire is 50 mm, and other material parameters and boundary
hoses under
conditions are theuniform external
same as before. pressure
The collapse under
bearing theobtained
capacity yield strength of 12 kinds
by finite element
simulation is shown in
spiral materials Figure 12.MPa) is studied. The initial ovality Δ0 is 0.5%, and
(350~900
It can be clearly seen from Figure 12 that the critical collapse pressure increases with
diameter d is 12 mm. The pitch of the helix wire is 50 mm, and other materi
the increase of the yield strength of the steel helix wire. In Figure 13, it can be seen that
and boundary
several conditions
response curves are the
begin to diverge withsame as before.
the displacement The collapse
increasing, bearing capa
which is because
the submarine hose begins to yield with the
by finite element simulation is shown in Figure 12. increase of the deformation. It can be clearly
seen that by increasing the yield strength of the material, the collapse resistance of the
submarine hose can be significantly enhanced.
 Different yield strength
1.6

Collapse pressure (MPa) Collapse pressure (MPa)

1.5
J. Mar. Sci.Sci.
J. Mar. Eng. 2022,
Eng. 2022,10,
10,x1365
FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 20 12 of
1.4

1.7
1.3

Different yield strength

1.6
1.2

1.5
1.1

1.4
1.0
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
1.3
Different yield strength (MPa)

1.2 12. Collapse pressure with different yield strength.

Figure

It
can be clearly seen from Figure 12 that the critical collapse pressure increas
1.1
the increase of the yield strength of the steel helix wire. In Figure 13, it can be se
1.0 response curves begin to diverge with the displacement increasing, whic
several
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
cause the submarine hose begins to yield with the increase of the deformation. I
Different yield strength (MPa)
clearly seen that by increasing the yield strength of the material, the collapse resis
the submarine
Figure
Figure 12.Collapse
12. Collapsehose can
pressure withbe
pressure withsignificantly
different enhanced.
yield strength.
different yield strength.

It1.8can be clearly seen from Figure 12 that the critical collapse pressure increases w
s s= 350 MPa
the increase
1.6 of the yield strength of the steel helix wire. In Figure 13, it can be seen t
s s= 400 MPa
several response curves begin to diverge with the displacement
s s= 450 MPa
increasing, which is
1.4
External pressure (Mpa)External pressure (Mpa)

cause the submarine hose begins to yield with the increase of

s s= 500 MPa the deformation. It can
1.2
clearly seen that by increasing the yield strength of the s s=material,
550 MPa the collapse resistance
the submarine
1.0 hose can be significantly enhanced. s s 600 MPa
=
s s= 650 MPa
0.8
1.8 s s= 700 MPa
s s= 350
s s= MPa
750 MPa
0.6
1.6 s s= 400
s s= MPa
800 MPa
0.4
1.4 s s= 450
s s= MPa
850 MPa
s s= 500
s s= MPa
900 MPa
1.2
0.2 s s= 550 MPa
1.0 s s= 600 MPa
0.0
s s= 650 MPa
-0.8
0.2 s s= 700 MPa
0 5 10 15 s s= 750 MPa 20
0.6
Arc length s s= 800 MPa
0.4 s s= 850 MPa
Figure
Figure Collapse
13.13. behavior
Collapse curve with
behavior curvedifferent
with yield stress.
different s s= 900
yield MPa
stress.
0.2
Figure
0.0 14 shows the variation of the submarine hose collapse pressure with the pitch
Figure
of the helix wire14under
shows the variation
different of theofsubmarine
yield strengths hose
the helix wire. The collapse pressure
collapse pressure of with th
the - 0.2helix wire
of submarine
the under
hose with the different
pitch of10 yieldmm
40~60 strengths
and yieldofstrength
the helix wire.
of 315 MPa,The
645collapse
MPa pre
0 5 15 20
and
the960 MPa were hose
submarine analyzed.
with the pitch of 40~60 mm and yield strength of 315 MPa, 6
Arc length
and 960 MPa were analyzed. strength of submarine hose is influenced by the yield
As shown in Figure 14, the yield
strength
Figure 13. of Collapse
steel helixbehavior
wire. Thecurve
collapse
withpressure
differentofyield
the submarine
stress. hose increases with the
increase of the yield strength, while the greater the pitch of the helix wire, the smaller the
influence of the helix wire yield strength is, and vice versa.
Figure 14 shows the variation of the submarine hose collapse pressure with the pi
of the helix wire under different yield strengths of the helix wire. The collapse pressure
the submarine hose with the pitch of 40~60 mm and yield strength of 315 MPa, 645 M
and 960 MPa were analyzed.
 J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 22

J. Mar.J. Sci. 3.0

Eng. 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW
Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1365 12 of 20

s s= 315 MPa
2.5 s s= 645 MPa

(Mpa)pressure (Mpa)
3.0 s s= 960 MPa

2.0 s s= 315 MPa

2.5 s s= 645 MPa

Collapse
1.5 s s= 960 MPa
Collapse pressure
2.0
1.0

1.5
0.5
40 45 50 55 60
Pitch of the helix wire (mm)

Figure1.0
14. Pressure capacity vs. pitches of helix wire for submarine hose with different yield
strength.

As
0.5shown in Figure 14, the yield strength of submarine hose is influenced by the yield
40 helix wire.45The collapse50pressure of55
strength of steel the submarine60 hose increases with
the increase of the yield strength, while the greater the
Pitch of the helix wire (mm) pitch of the helix wire, the smaller
the influence of the helix wire yield strength is, and vice versa.
Figure 14. Pressure capacity vs. pitches of helix wire for submarine hose with different yield strength.
Figure 14. Pressure capacity vs. pitches of helix wire for submarine hose with differe
3.4. Effect
Effect of
strength.
3.4. of the
the Influence
Influence for
for Winding Steel Wire
Winding Steel Wire Geometrical
Geometrical Parameters
Parameters
3.4.1. Effect of Helix Wire Diameter
As shown
This in Figure
section studies 14, the yield
the mechanical strength
response of submarine
of submarine hosesix
hoses with is helix
influenced
wire by th
diameters (10 mm, 11 mm, 12 mm, 13 mm, 14 mm and 15 mm) under
strength of steel helix wire. The collapse pressure of the submarine hose increasuniform external
pressure. The
The initial
initial ovality ∆00 of
Δ of the
the submarine
submarine hose is
is 0.5%,
0.5%, the spiral
spiral pitch
pitch s of the
the increase of theovality
yield strength, while thehose
greater the the
pitch of the helix wire, the
winding steel wire is 50 mm, and other material parameters and boundary conditions are
the influence of the helix wire yield strength is, and vice versa.
identical to the previous parameters. The collapsed bearing capacity is obtained by finite
element simulation, which is shown in Figure 15.
3.4. Effect of the Influence for Winding Steel Wire Geometrical Parameters
2.6
3.4.1. Effect of Helix Wire Diameter
Collapse pressure
2.4
This section studies the mechanical response of submarine hoses with six hel
Collapse pressure (MPa)

2.2
diameters (10 mm, 11 mm, 12 mm, 13 mm, 14 mm and 15 mm) under uniform e
pressure.
2.0 The initial ovality Δ0 of the submarine hose is 0.5%, the spiral pitch s
winding
1.8 steel wire is 50 mm, and other material parameters and boundary conditi
identical to the previous parameters. The collapsed bearing capacity is obtained b
1.6
element simulation, which is shown in Figure 15.
1.4
2.6
1.2
Collapse pressure
2.4
1.0
Collapse pressure (MPa)

10 11 12 13 14 15
2.2
Diameter of the helix wire (mm)
2.0
Figure 15. Collapse pressure of submarine hose corresponding
corresponding to
to different
different helix
helix wire
wirediameters.
diameters.
1.8can be seen from Figure 15 that increasing the diameter of the steel helix wire is of
It
It can be seen from Figure 15 that increasing the diameter of the steel helix wire is of
great help
great for improving
improving thethe compressive
compressive performance
performance of
of the
the submarine
submarine hose. When the
1.6 offor
help
diameter
hose. When the
the steel helix wire changes within 10~15 mm, the ultimate collapse pressure of
the submarine hose rises from 1.09 MPa to 2.48 MPa, increasing by 128.3%. Therefore, the
1.4
influence of the diameter of the steel helix wire has to be considered in the collapse design
of the1.2
submarine hose.

1.0

10 11 12 13 14 15
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 22

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1365

diameter of the steel helix wire changes within 10~15 mm, the ultimate collapse pressure
13 of 20
of the submarine hose rises from 1.09 MPa to 2.48 MPa, increasing by 128.3%. Therefore,
the influence of the diameter of the steel helix wire has to be considered in the collapse
design of the submarine hose.
Figure 16 shows
Figure 16 shows the
thebuckling
bucklingbehavior
behaviorcurve
curveofof submarine
submarine hoses
hoses under
under uniform
uniform ex-
external pressure with different helix wire diameters.
ternal pressure with different helix wire diameters.

D= 10 mm
2.5
D= 11 mm
D= 12 mm
External pressure (MPa) 2.0 D= 13 mm
D= 14 mm
D= 15 mm
1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

0 5 10 15 20
Displacement (mm)

Figure 16.
Figure 16. Collapse behavior
behavior curve
curve for
for submarine
submarine hose
hose with
with various
various helix
helix wire
wirediameters.
diameters.

It
It can
can be
be seen
seen from
from Figure
Figure 16 16 that
that the displacement load
the displacement load curve
curve of
of the
the hose considering
hose considering
the
the initial ovality slowly drops after a period of rise and then tends to be stable; the
initial ovality slowly drops after a period of rise and then tends to be stable; the load
load
value
value atat the
the inflection
inflection point
point is
is the
the critical
critical collapse
collapse pressure
pressure of
of the
the submarine
submarine hose hose model.
model.
In
In accordance
accordance with with Figure
Figure 15,
15, critical
critical collapse
collapse pressure
pressure increased
increased with
with the
the increase
increase ofof helix
helix
wire diameter increasing. It can also be seen from Figure 16 that the displacement–load
wire diameter increasing. It can also be seen from Figure 16 that the displacement–load
curve
curve rises
rises as
as the
the diameter
diameter ofof the
the helix
helix wire
wire increases,
increases, which
which means
means that
that in
in order
order to
to obtain
obtain
the
the same radial displacement, smaller external pressure needs to be applied when thethe
same radial displacement, smaller external pressure needs to be applied when di-
diameter
ameter of of thethe helix
helix wire
wire is smaller.
is smaller. Under Under the same
the same external
external pressure,
pressure, the larger
the larger the
the diam-
diameter
eter of theofhelix
the helix
wire,wire, the smaller
the smaller the radial
the radial displacement.
displacement.
3.4.2. Effect of Helix Wire Pitch
3.4.2. Effect of Helix Wire Pitch
This section studied the mechanical response of submarine hoses with five helix wire
This section studied the mechanical response of submarine hoses with five helix wire
pitches (40 mm, 45 mm, 50 mm, 55 mm and 60 mm) under uniform external pressure. The
pitches (40 mm, 45 mm, 50 mm, 55 mm and 60 mm) under uniform external pressure. The
initial ovality ∆0 is 0.5%, and the helix wire diameter d is 12 mm, the same conditions and
initial
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, x FOR PEERother
REVIEW ovality Δ0 is 0.5%, and the helix wire diameter d is 12 mm, the same conditions and
15 wire
of 22
parameters were applied as before. The collapse pressure with different helix
other parameters were applied
pitches is shown in Figure 17.
as before. The collapse pressure with different helix wire
pitches is shown in Figure 17.
3.0

Collapse pressure
2.5
Collapse pressure (MPa)

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5
40 45 50 55 60
Pitch of the helix wire (mm)

Figure 17. Collapse pressure

pressure of
of submarine
submarine hose
hose corresponding
corresponding to
to various
variouspitches
pitchesof
ofhelix
helixwire.
wire.

It can be seen from Figure 17 that the helix wire pitch has a great impact on the col-
lapse pressure of the submarine hose. When the pitch of the helix wire changes from 40
mm to 60 mm, the ultimate collapse pressure of the submarine hose changes from 2.71
MPa dropped to 0.71 MPa, a decrease of 64%. It can be seen that the influence of the helix
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1365 14 of 20

It can be seen from Figure 17 that the helix wire pitch has a great impact on the collapse
pressure of the submarine hose. When the pitch of the helix wire changes from 40 mm
to 60 mm, the ultimate collapse pressure of the submarine hose changes from 2.71 MPa
dropped to 0.71 MPa, a decrease of 64%. It can be seen that the influence of the helix wire
pitch on the collapse bearing capacity cannot be ignored. It can also be seen that as the
pitch of the helix wire increases, the influence of the pitch on the collapse pressure of the
submarine hose will decrease.

3.4.3. Comprehensive Influence Analysis of Helix wire Diameter and Pitch

Figure 18 shows the corresponding relationship between the collapse pressure of the
submarine hose and the diameter of the helix wire under different helix wire pitches. The
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, x FOR PEERcollapse
REVIEW pressure of submarine hoses with helix wire pitch between 40 and 60 mm 16 of 22
and
helix wire diameter between 10 mm and 15 mm is analyzed.

6
Pitch=40 mm
Pitch=45 mm
5
Pitch=50 mm
Collapse pressure (MPa)

Pitch=55 mm
4 Pitch=60 mm

10 11 12 13 14 15
Diameter of the helix wire (mm)

Figure 18. Collapse pressure vs. helix wire diameters in different pitch of
of the helix
helix wire.
wire.

Figure 18 Research
4. Theoretical combineson theCollapse
influence of the diameter
Pressure and pitch
of Submarine Hose of the helix wire on the
collapse pressure of the submarine hose. It can be seen that as the pitch of the helix
4.1. The Prediction Formula of Collapse Pressure
wire increases, the diameter of the helix wire has an effect on the collapse pressure of the
At present,
submarine hose. there
Whenisthe nohelix
suitable
wireprediction
pitch is 40 formula
mm, the for the calculation
diameter increases offromthe10collapse
mm to
pressure
15 mm, and of submarine
the collapsehoses.
pressureIn this paper,
of the 164 setshose
submarine of finite element
increases modelsWhen
by 197%. of submarine
the helix
hosespitch
wire withisdifferent parameter
60 mm, the diameter combinations
increases from are10obtained
mm to 15 through
mm. The parametric modeling,
collapse pressure of
and
the submarine hose has increased by 142%. Although the influence of the diameter of pa-
the corresponding collapse pressure is obtained. Comprehensive effect of diverse the
rameters
steel wireincluding
is reduced, thethe
initial ovality,
collapse the diameter
pressure of the helixhose
of the submarine wire,bythe
thepitch of theof
diameter helix
the
wire andsteel
winding the yield strength
wire is still veryof large.
the helix wire
At the material
same time, on thebe
it can collapse pressure
seen that when the of the sub-
pitch of
marine hose are
the winding considered.
steel wire is greaterBased on the
than numerical
50 mm, results
the pitch hasof these
less models,
influence onit the
cancollapse
be used
to perform
pressure nonlinear
of the fitting
submarine to obtain
hose. the prediction
Therefore, the impactformula of the collapse
of the diameter pressure
of the helix wire onof
submarine hose [20].
the performance should be fully considered.
Based on the analysis in the previous section, the collapse pressure can be expressed
4.
as:Theoretical Research on Collapse Pressure of Submarine Hose
4.1. The Prediction Formula of Collapse Pressure
𝑃 = 𝑓 ∆ , d, s, D, 𝜎 , E, ν (4)
At present, there is no suitable prediction formula for the calculation of the collapse
𝑃 represents
pressure of submarine thehoses.
collapse pressure
In this paper,of164 thesets
submarine hose, ∆ models
of finite element is the initial ovality
of submarine
of the submarine hose, d is the diameter of the helix wire, s is
hoses with different parameter combinations are obtained through parametric modeling,the pitch of the helix wire,
D
andis the diameter of the helix
corresponding collapsewire, 𝜎 is the
pressure is yield strength
obtained. of the helix wire
Comprehensive material,
effect E is
of diverse
parameters including
the elastic modulus ofthe
theinitial ovality,
helix wire andthe diameter
ν is of the ratio
the Poisson’s helix of
wire,
the the
helixpitch
wire.of The
the
helix wire
value and the yield
of Poisson’s ratio strength of the helix
ν is generally takenwire material
as 0.3. on the
In order collapse the
to improve pressure of the
calculation
submarinethe
efficiency, hose are considered.
dimensionless Based(4)
Formula oncan
the benumerical
expressed results
as: of these models, it can be
𝑃 𝑑 𝑑 𝜎
= 𝑓 , , ,∆ (5)
𝜎 𝑠 𝐷 E
Based on Formula (5), combined with the numerical results obtained by parametric
modeling, the prediction formula for the collapse pressure of the submarine hose can be
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1365 15 of 20

used to perform nonlinear fitting to obtain the prediction formula of the collapse pressure
of submarine hose [20].
Based on the analysis in the previous section, the collapse pressure can be expressed
as:
Pcr = f ∆0 , d, s, D, σy , E, ν


(4)
Pcr represents the collapse pressure of the submarine hose, ∆0 is the initial ovality of
the submarine hose, d is the diameter of the helix wire, s is the pitch of the helix wire, D is
the diameter of the helix wire, σy is the yield strength of the helix wire material, E is the
elastic modulus of the helix wire and ν is the Poisson’s ratio of the helix wire. The value of
Poisson’s ratio ν is generally taken as 0.3. In order to improve the calculation efficiency, the
dimensionless Formula (4) can be expressed as:
 
Pcr d d σy
= f , , , ∆0 (5)
σy s D E

Based on Formula (5), combined with the numerical results obtained by parametric
modeling, the prediction formula for the collapse pressure of the submarine hose can be
expressed as:     a2 a3      a6 a7 σy a8
Pcr
= a1 d
s
d
D ( ∆ 0 ) a4 + a 5 d d
σy
  a10   a11s   aD12 E
(6)
σ a13
+ a9 d
s
d
D E
y
( ∆0 )

Nonlinear least squares method is used to perform nonlinear fitting on the obtained
results, and the values of a1 ~a13 are shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Unknown parameter values obtained by fitting.

Parameter Value
a1 1.594 × 10–7
a2 7.330
a3 −4.473
a4 0.003
a5 8.004 × 10–4
a6 −1.248
a7 1.709
a8 −0.749
a9 2.181 × 10–5
a10 4.211
a11 −0.441
a12 −1.091
a13 −0.180

The prediction formula is:

 7.330  −4.473  −1.248  1.709  −0.749
Pcr
= 1.594e−7 (∆0 )0.003 + 8.004e−4 ds
d d d σy
σy s D D E
 4.211  −0.441  −1.091 (7)
− 0.180
+2.181e−5 s
σ
d d
D E
y
( ∆0 )

4.2. Comparison of Finite Element Results and Formula Results

According to the obtained prediction formula, Table 5 lists some relevant parameters
and the results of finite element simulation and prediction formula, and calculates the
error value of the prediction formula. The error value result shows that the prediction
formula value is in good agreement with the finite element result. Through calculation, the
average error value between prediction formula and finite element simulation results is
1.792%, the maximum of 9.4823% and the minimum error value of 0.0322% are determined,
respectively, which is within the acceptable range.
 Table 5. FEM results compared with predictions from Equation (7).

∆𝟎 Sci. Eng.𝒅2022,
J. Mar. (mm) (mm) 𝒔 (mm) 𝐄 (MPa) 𝝈𝒚 (MPa) 𝑷𝒄𝒓 -FE (MPa) 𝑷𝒄𝒓
10, 1365𝑫 Fit (MPa) 16 Error
of 20
0.10% 12 592.4 50 210,000 645 1.376 1.425 3.55%
0.20% 12 592.4 50 210,000 645 1.337 1.345 0.61%
0.30% 12 592.4Table 5. FEM
50 results compared
210,000 with predictions
645 from Equation (7).
1.307 1.303 −0.27%
0.40% 12 592.4 50 210,000 645 1.291 1.275 −1.19%
Pcr -FE Pcr Fit
0.50%∆0 12d (mm) 592.4D (mm) 50 s (mm) 210,000 E (MPa) 645 σy (MPa)1.250 (MPa) 1.255 Error0.34%
(MPa)
0.60%
0.10% 12 12 592.4 592.4 50 50210,000 210,000645 645 1.241 1.376 1.238
1.425 3.55%−0.21%
0.70%
0.20% 12 12 592.4 592.4 50 50210,000 210,000645 645 1.219 1.337 1.225
1.345 0.61%0.51%
0.30% 12 592.4 50 210,000 645 −0.27%
0.80% 12 592.4 50 210,000 645 1.199 1.307 1.303
1.214 1.19%
0.40% 12 592.4 50 210,000 645 1.291 1.275 −1.19%
0.90%
0.50% 12 12 592.4 592.4 50 50210,000 210,000645 645 1.175 1.250 1.204
1.255 0.34%2.51%
0.60%
1.00% 12 12 592.4 592.4 50 50210,000 210,000645 645 1.162 1.241 1.238
1.195 −0.21%2.90%
0.70% 12 592.4 50 210,000 645 1.219 1.225 0.51%
0.50%
0.80%
10 12 590.4 592.4 50 50
210,000 210,000315 645
0.766 1.199 0.752
1.214 1.19%
−1.87%
0.50%
0.90% 11 12 591.4 592.4 50 50210,000 210,000315 645 0.911 1.175 0.906
1.204 2.51%−0.59%
1.00%
0.50% 12 12 592.4 592.4 50 50210,000 210,000315 645 1.086 1.162 1.195
1.097 2.90%0.98%
0.50% 10 590.4 50 210,000 315 0.766 0.752 −1.87%
0.50%
0.50%
13 11 593.4 591.4 50 50
210,000 210,000315 315
1.313 0.911 1.330
0.906 −0.59%1.30%
0.50%
0.50% 14 12 594.4 592.4 50 50210,000 210,000315 315 1.580 1.086 1.613
1.097 0.98%2.07%
0.50%
0.50% 15 13 594.4 593.4 50 50210,000 210,000315 315 1.886 1.313 1.330
1.951 1.30%3.46%
0.50% 14 594.4 50 210,000 315 1.580 1.613 2.07%
0.50%
0.50% 12 15 592.4 594.4 40 50210,000 210,000960 315 2.975 1.886 3.238
1.951 3.46%8.85%
0.50%
0.50% 12 12 592.4 592.4 45 40210,000 210,000960 960 1.770 2.975 1.937
3.238 8.85%9.48%
0.50%
0.50% 12 12 592.4 592.4 50 45210,000 210,000960 960 1.331 1.770 1.937
1.392 9.48%4.58%
0.50% 12 592.4 50 210,000 960 1.331 1.392 4.58%
0.50%
0.50% 12 12 592.4 592.4 55 55210,000 210,000960 960 1.163 1.163 1.156
1.156 −0.58%
−0.58%
0.50%
0.50% 12 12 592.4 592.4 60 60210,000 210,000960 960 1.064 1.064 1.064
1.064 0.03%0.03%

Figures19–22
Figures 19–22show
show thethe comparison
comparison curves
curves of some
of some finite finite
element element
results results
and the and the
results of the
results of the prediction
predictionformula,
formula,respectively,
respectively, showing
showing thethe finite
finite element
element values
values andand pre-
dictions of of
predictions thethe
helix
helixwires
wiresof
ofdifferent materialswith
different materials withdifferent
different initial
initial ovality,
ovality, different he-
different
helix
lix wirediameters
wire diameters and
andhelix
helixwire
wirepitches.
pitches.TheThe
comparison shows
comparison that the
shows finite
that theelement
finite element
value and the predicted formula value are in good agreement with each
value and the predicted formula value are in good agreement with each other. other.

s s = 3 15 M Pa (FEM )
1.6
s s = 3 15 M Pa (Fit)
s s = 6 45 M Pa (FEM )
1.5 s s = 3 15 M Pa (Fit)
Collapse pressure (MPa)

s s = 9 60 M Pa (FEM )
1.4 s s = 9 60 M Pa (Fit)

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

0.9
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Initial ovality (%)
19.Comparison
Figure 19.
Figure Comparisonof of
FEM andand
FEM fitting results
fitting with respect
results to different
with respect initial ovality.
to different initial ovality.
J.J. Mar.
Mar. Sci.
Sci. Eng.
Eng. 2022,
2022, 10, xx FOR
10,10, FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW 19
19
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 1365 17 of 20

2.4
2.4 ssss== 315
315 MPa
MPa (FEM)
(FEM)
sss== 315
315 MPa (Fit)
MPa (Fit)
2.2
2.2 s
ssss== 645
645 MPa
MPa (FEM)
(FEM)

(MPa)
pressure (MPa)
ssss== 315
315 MPa (Fit)
MPa (Fit)
2.0
2.0
ssss== 960
960 MPa
MPa (FEM)
(FEM)
1.8 ssss== 960
960 MPa
MPa (Fit)
(Fit)
Collapse pressure 1.8

1.6
1.6

1.4
Collapse

1.4

1.2
1.2

1.0
1.0

0.8
0.8

0.6
0.6
10
10 11
11 12
12 13
13 14
14 15
15
Diameter
Diameter of
ofthe
the helix
helix wire
wire (mm)
(mm)
Figure 20.Comparison
Figure20.
Figure 20. Comparison
Comparisonof FEM
of and fitting
of FEM
FEM and resultsresults
and fitting
fitting with respect
results withto
with different
respect
respect tohelix
to wire diameters.
different
different helix
helix wire
wire diameters
diameter

3.5
3.5

ss ss== 31
3155 MPa
MPa (FEM)
(FEM)
3.0
3.0 ss ss== 31
3155 MPa
MPa (Fit)
(Fit)
ss s== 64 5 MPa (FEM)
s 64 5 MPa (FEM)
(MPa)
pressure (MPa)

ss ss== 31
3155 MPa
MPa (Fit)
(Fit)
2.5
2.5 ss s== 96 0 MPa (FEM)
96 0 MPa (FEM)
s
ss ss== 96
9600 MPa
MPa (Fit)
(Fit)
Collapse pressure

2.0
2.0
Collapse

1.5
1.5

1.0
1.0

0.5
0.5
40
40 45
45 50
50 55
55 60
60
Pitch
Pitch of
of the
the helix
helix wire
wire (mm)
(mm)
Figure 21. Comparison of FEM and equation results with respect to different distances of helix wire.
Figure
Figure 21.
21. Comparison
Comparison of of FEM
FEM and
and equation
equation results
results with
with respect
respect toto different
different distances
distances of of helix
helix w
J. Mar. Sci. Sci.
J. Mar. Eng.Eng.
2022, 10,10,x 1365
2022, FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 20 20

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0
Fit result (MPa)

1.5

1.0
Max-error 9.8%
0.5 Ave-error 1.87%
Min-error 0.03%
0.0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

FEM result (MPa)
22.Correlation
Figure 22.
Figure Correlationresults between
results the prediction
between formula formula
the prediction and the finite
andelement model.
the finite element model.
5. Conclusions
5. Conclusions
A continuous increase in global demand for oil and gas has promoted the development
of offshore oil and promoted
A continuous increase theindevelopment
global demand of the for
submarine
oil andhose.gas This work studies
has promoted the deve
ment of offshore oil and promoted the development of the submarine hoses.
the influence of winding steel wire on the collapse bearing capacity of submarine hose. This w
The main conclusions are listed as follows:
studies the influence of winding steel wire on the collapse bearing capacity of subma
(1) The finite element model of the submarine hose was established, and the collapse
hoses. The
pressure main
of the conclusions
submarine are listed
hose under uniformas follows:
distribution pressure was analyzed. The
collapse pressure of the submarine hose wassubmarine
(1) The finite element model of the obtained and hosethewas established,
structure of each and
layerthe colla
pressure
was analyzed.of theIt issubmarine
concluded that hosethe under uniform
winding distribution
steel wire layer is thepressure was analyzed.
main structure of
the submarine hose to resist uniform external pressure. As the
collapse pressure of the submarine hose was obtained and the structure of each layer submarine hose reaches
the collapseIt
analyzed. pressure,
is concludedthe stress of the
that thewinding
winding steel wirewire
steel also reaches
layer isthe yield
the mainstrength
structure of
simultaneously; the deformation is known as plastic deformation.
submarine hose to resist uniform external pressure. As the submarine hose reaches
(2) In order to further study the influence of the geometric parameters and material
collapse pressure,
parameters of the helix thewire
stress
on ofthethe winding
collapse steelofwire
pressure also reaches
the submarine hose,thethe
yield strength
initial
ultaneously; the deformation is known as plastic deformation.
ovality, the diameter of the helix wire, the pitch of the helix wire and the yield strength
of the(2) Inwire
steel orderareto further study
combinatorial the influence
analyzed for different of submarine
the geometric hoses.parameters
Using Python and mat
language for parametric modeling, numerous submarine hose
parameters of the helix wire on the collapse pressure of the submarine hose, the in models are obtained, and
ABAQUS collapse analysis is performed to obtain the corresponding collapse pressure.
ovality, the diameter of the helix wire, the pitch of the helix wire and the yield strengt
(3) According to the large number of finite element values obtained, considering the
the steel wire are combinatorial analyzed for different submarine hoses. Using Pyt
effect of each parameter, the analysis shows that the greater the initial ovality of submarine
language for parametric
hose, the smaller the collapse modeling,
pressure; thenumerous submarine
larger the diameter of thehose
helix models
wire, the are obtained,
greater
ABAQUS
the collapse collapse
pressure ofanalysis is performed
the submarine to obtain
hose; the greater the corresponding
the spiral pitch of the helixcollapse
wire, the pressu
lower(3)theAccording
collapse pressureto theoflarge
the submarine
number hose; but as
of finite the pitch
element of the spiral
values helix considering
obtained, wire
increases, the influence of the pitch on the collapse pressure of the submarine
effect of each parameter, the analysis shows that the greater the initial ovality of sub hose decreases
accordingly; the greater the yield strength of the steel wire, the greater the collapse pressure
rine hose, the smaller the collapse pressure; the larger the diameter of the helix wire
of the submarine hose. As the yield strength increases, the influence of the yield strength
greater the collapse
on the collapse pressure pressure of the submarine
of the submarine hose will behose; the greater the spiral pitch of the h
reduced.
wire,(4)the
Forlower the collapse
the submarine hosepressure
with initial of ovality,
the submarine
based onhose;a largebut as theofpitch
number finiteof the sp
helix
element wire increases,
simulation thethe
results, influence
numericalofanalysis
the pitch on to
is used the collapse
obtain pressureformula
the prediction of the subma
of the decreases
hose collapse pressure of the submarine
accordingly; the greater hose.theThen thestrength
yield formula valueof theis steel
compared
wire,withthe greater
the finite element result. When the error value between the prediction
collapse pressure of the submarine hose. As the yield strength increases, the influenc formula value and
the finite element analysis result is within 10%, the prediction formula is considered to be
the yield strength on the collapse pressure of the submarine hose will be reduced.
(4) For the submarine hose with initial ovality, based on a large number of finite
ment simulation results, the numerical analysis is used to obtain the prediction form
of the collapse pressure of the submarine hose. Then the formula value is compared w
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1365 19 of 20

reasonable to predict the collapse pressure of submarine hoses. Further studies using the
neural network model combing with a larger numbers of 3D finite element results may be
performed in the follow-up study for the optimal solution of the limit states analysis of the
marine hose.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, D.W. and Y.H.; methodology, D.W.; software, D.W.;
validation, D.W., J.Z. and C.G.; formal analysis, J.Z.; investigation, J.Z. and Y.H.; resources, C.A.; data
curation, C.G; writing—original draft preparation, C.G.; writing—review and editing, D.W. and C.A.;
visualization, D.W.; supervision, C.A.; project administration, C.A.; funding acquisition, C.A. and J.Z.
All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no.
51879271), the Project of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic of
China (Research on the Key Technology of Treatment Process for High-flow Offshore Natural Gas,
CJ09N20).
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank reviewers for their useful and helpful comments
on the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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