Citing References in APA

References should be cited according to the style described in the Publication Manual of the American
Psychology Association (6th ed.). Spelling should conform to Canadian standards such as prescribed in
the Gage Canadian Dictionary except in quoted material from foreign English language publications.

No footnotes are required in the body of the paper. Notice, however, the use and placement of
punctuation marks and the ways of referring to the author and year of publication within the text of your
paper (see below).

In the days of typesetting, underlining on a paper manuscript indicated the type that was to be set in
Italics in the published version of the article. However, with the advent of word-processing, APA style
now uses the italic font rather than underlining for the titles of books and journals.

See “Space invaders: Why you should never, ever use two spaces after a period”...now that we no longer
use typewriters and have access to hundreds of proportional fonts. The article is posted on Brightspace
(D2L).

Quotation of sources - within the paper

Short quotations (40 words or fewer) should be incorporated into the body of text with single quotation
marks. Longer quotations should be double indented and single spaced. All quoted material must be
identified by author, year and page number:

SHORT QUOTATIONS
a) She stated, “There should be very few out-of-tune singers left by the end of second grade if the
teacher has spent enough time working individually with the children” (Choksy, 1988, p. 63).

b) Choksy (1988) believes that “there should be very few out-of-tune singers left by the end of
second grade if the teacher has spent enough time working individually with the children” (p.
63).

QUOTATIONS with 40 OR MORE WORDS

Hedden and Woods (1992) found the following:
For all the “systems” considered in this chapter--Kodály, Orff, Dalcroze, Laban, Gordon,
Manhattanville Music Curriculum Project, comprehensive musicianship, and basal texts--there
apparently exists no empirical evidence that any of them is effective as a system. (p. 674)

SUMMARY or PARAPHRASE
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and
year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page
number (although it is not required.)

a) According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.

b) APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

General ideas and supporting themes must be cited. All material cited in the body of the submission
must be included in the "References" section.
References
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Montgomery, A. (1990). The effect of selected factors on the use of instructional time by elementary music
specialists in Atlantic Canada. Canadian Journal of Research in Music Education, 32(3), 48-61.

Montgomery, A. (1990). The effect of selected factors on the use of instructional time by elementary music
specialists in Atlantic Canada. Canadian Journal of Research in Music Education, 32(3), 48-61.

ARTICLE from an EDITED BOOK

Hedden, S. K., & Woods, D. G. (1992). Student outcomes of teaching systems for general music, grades K-8.
In R. Colwell (Ed.), Handbook of research on music teaching and learning (pp. 669-675). New York:
Schirmer.

Hedden, S. K., & Woods, D. G. (1992). Student outcomes of teaching systems for general music, grades K-8.
In R. Colwell (Ed.), Handbook of research on music teaching and learning (pp. 669-675). New York:
Schirmer.

BOOK (single author)

Choksy, L. (1988). The Kodály method: Comprehensive music education from infant to adult (2nd ed.).
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Choksy, L. (1988). The Kodály method: Comprehensive music education from infant to adult (2nd ed.).
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

BOOK (two authors)

Green, J. P., & Vogan, N. F. (1991). Music education in Canada: A historical account. Toronto, ON:
University of Toronto Press.

BOOK (multiple authors)

Abeles, H. F., Hoffer, C. R., & Klotman, R. H. (1984). Foundations of music education. New York: Schirmer.

MONOGRAPH
Music Educators National Conference. (1988). Readings in general music: Selected reprints from Soundings, a
publication of the Society for General Music, 1982 to 1987. Reston, VA: Author.

DISSERTATION ABSTRACT
Duling E. B. (1992). The development of pedagogical-content knowledge: Two case studies of exemplary
general music teachers (effective teaching). Dissertation Abstracts, 53(06), 1835 (University Microfilms
No. AAC92-27261)

For more detailed information, consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th
ed.) or the APA Style Form Guide websites:
http://www.library.mun.ca/guides/howto/apa.php (Memorial University)
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ (Purdue University)
https://apastyle.apa.org/learn/faqs/index (APA Online FAQ)
https://georgiasouthern.libguides.com/c.php?g=834918&p=5961586 (Georgia Southern University)
https://library.concordia.ca/help/citing/apa.php (Concordia University)