 Our topics:

1. Use of Library
2. Citations
3. References
 The library is a rich source
of secondary data which
would lay out the
theoretical foundations of
the expectations you have
made and the directions
you have made and the
directions you have taken
in your research (Casinto,
2016).
 A review of related literature
(RRL) is the process of
collecting, selecting and
reading books, journal
articles, reports, abstracts
and other reference
materials including
electronic resources and the
world wide web to get
information about the
problem under investigation
(David, 2002).
is a reference to the
source of information
used in your research
any time you directly
quote, paraphrase or
summarize the essential
elements of someone
else’s idea in your work
1. At the end of the sentence, in parentheses:
Ex. This hypothesis was tested (Smith, 2014).

2. As start of the sentence:

Ex. Smith (2014) tested this hypothesis.
1. According to Jones (1998), “students often had
difficulty using APA style, especially when it was
their first time” (p.199).
2. Jones (1998) found “students often had
difficulty using APA style” (p.199); what
implications does this have for teachers?
3. She stated, “students often had difficulty using
APA style” (Jones, 1998, p.199). But she did not
offer an explanation as to why.
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have
to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-
text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide
the page number (although it is not required).

Ex.
1. According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format
for the first-time learners.
2. APA style is a difficult citation format for first time learners
(Jones, 1998, p. 199).
Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses
each time you cite the work. Use the word “and” between the
authors’ names within the text and use the ampersand in the
parentheses.

Ex.
1. Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports …

2. Research is a …(Wegener & Petty, 1994).

List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you
cite the source. Use the word “and” between the authors’ names within the
text and use the ampersand in the parentheses.
Ex.
1. (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry & Harlow, 1993)
In subsequent citations, only use the first author’s last name followed by
“et al.” in the signal phrase or parentheses.
NOTE:
- “et al.” means et alia (neuter plural). This phrase means “and others”.
- In et al., et should not be followed by a period

2. (Kernis et al., 1993)

Use the first author’s name followed by et al. in the signal
phrase or in parentheses.
Ex.
1. Harris et al. (2001) argued …
2. (Harris et al., 2001)
If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title
in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the
parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized or
underlined; titles of articles, chapters and web pages are in
quotation marks.

Ex.
1. A similar study was done of students learning to format
research papers (“Using APA”, 2001).
- This gives the authors of your sources credit for their work.
- The reference list comes at the end of your paper, on a
separate page, entitled Bibliography/References. Put the list in
alphabetical order by author and use a hanging indent to
format all entries
- The list shows you how to format various kinds of reference
list entries. Title of books and periodicals should always be in
italics; articles should be in regular type without quotation
marks. List authors by “Last name, First initials.”
Author, A. (Date). Title (Edition). Place: Publisher.

Ex.

Rosenthal, R. (2013). Meta-analytic procedures for social

research (2nd Edition). Newbury Park: CA: Sage.
Author, A. (Date). Title (Edition). Place: Publisher.

Ex.

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. The New Encyclopedia

Britannica. (Vol. 26, pp. 501 – 508). Chicago, IL:
Encyclopedia.
List by their last names and initials. Use the ampersand
instead of “and”.

Ex.

Caintic, H. E. & Cruz, J. M. (2008). Scientific research manual.

Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
List by last names and initials; commas separate author
names, while the last author name is preceded again by
ampersand.

Ex.

Lartec, J. K., Espique, F. P., Tanawan, D. S., Ramos, E. P. &

Domitas, S. D. (2011). Instruksiyong modyular sa
pananaliksik. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing, Inc.
List by last names and initials; commas separate author names.
After the sixth author’s name, use an ellipses in place of the
author names. Then provide the final author name. There should be
no more than seven names.
Ex.
Miller, F. H., Choi, M.J., Angeli, L. L., Harland, A.A., Stamos, J.A.,
Thomas, S. T., … Rubin, L. H. (2009). Introduction to
statistics. New York: Sage.
Author, A.A, Author, B.B. & Author, C.C. (Year). Title of article.
Title of periodical, volume number (issue number),
pages.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
Author(s). (Date). Title of article. Newspaper title, page number.
Ex.
Stevenson, J.T. (2003, December 17). Depression contributes to
weight adolescents. The Philippine Star, p. D17.
MAGAZINE ARTICLE
Ex.
Henry, W. A. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s
schools. Time. 135, 28-31.
Author(s). (Date). Title of article. Title of journal, volume
(issue),
page.
Ex.
Sobell, L.C., Cunningham, J.A. & Sobell, M.B. (2011). Recovery
from alcohol problems with and without treatment:
Prevalence in two population surveys. American
Journal of Journal of Public Health, 3(2), 966-972.
Author, A.A & Author, B.B. (Date of publication). Title of article.
Title of Online Periodical, volume number (issue number
if available). Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Ex.

Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living web. A List

Part: For People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved
from http://alistapart.com/articles/writeliving
Author, A.A (Date). Title of work. Retrieved from source.
Ex.
Stevenson, R. T. (2003). Helping children help themselves.
Retrieved from http://www.children.com/articles/
If there’s no author, start with the title (your in-text citation
should use the first words from the title).
Ex.
Depression drug causes legal furor. (2004, March 16).
Retrieved from
news.ninemsn.au/Health/story_35725.asp
Caintic, H. E. & Cruz, J. M. (2008). Scientific research manual.
Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
http://owl.english.purdue.edu./owl/resource/560/01/
http://www.ipl.org/div/aplus/library.htm
http://library.buffalo.edu/help/research-tips/
http://subjectguides.esc.edu/researchskillstutorial/welcome
1. What is a research problem?
2. Distinguish researchable problem from a non-
researchable problem.
3. What are the characteristics of a good problem?