Technical Data on
www.nipponsteel.com
NIPPON STEEL NORTH AMERICA, INC.
New York 1251 Ave of the Americas, Suite 2320,New York, NY, U.S.A. 10020-0080
TEL:+1-212-486-7150/FAX:+1-212-593-3049
Chicago 900 North Michigan Av., Suite 1820, Chicago,Illinois 60611, U.S.A.
TEL:+1-312-751-0800/FAX:+1-312-751-0345
Houston 945 Bunker Hill Suite 600, Houston, Texas 77024, U.S.A.
TEL:+1-713-654-7111/FAX:+1-713-654-1261
Mexico Calle de Ruben Dario 281 No.2101, Colonia Bosque de Chapultepec,
Mexico, D. F. 11580, Mexico
TEL:+52-55-5281-6123/FAX:+52-55-5280-0501
NIPPON STEEL AMÉRICA DO SUL LTDA.
Sao Paulo Avenida Paulista 2300, 18º andar conj. 181 e 183 CEP 01310-300,
São Paulo, SP, Brasil
TEL:+55-11-3563-1900/FAX:+55-11-3563-1901
Belo Horizonte Av. do Contorno, 6594-13° andar-Sala1302, Lourdes,
Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 30110-044, Brasil
TEL:+55-31-2191-4000/FAX:+55-31-2191-4880
NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION European Office
Duesseldorf Am Seestern 8, 40547 Duesseldorf Federal Republic of Germany
TEL:+49-211-5306680/FAX:+49-211-5961163
NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION Dubai Office
Dubai JAFZA16, Office No.613 Jebel Ali Free Zone, Dubai, U.A.E.
(PO Box : 18347)
TEL:+971-4-887-6020/FAX:+971-4-887-0206
NIPPON STEEL AUSTRALIA PTY. LIMITED
Sydney Level 5, 20 Hunter Street, Sydney, N.S.W. 2000, Australia
TEL:+61-2-8036-6600/FAX:+61-2-9221-5277
NIPPON STEEL INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED
New Delhi Prius Platinum, A Wing, Ground Floor, D-3, Dist. Centre, Saket,
New Delhi -110017, INDIA
TEL:+91-11-4763-0000/FAX:+91-11-4763-0001
2-6-1 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo 100-8071 Japan
Tel: +81-3-6867-4111
Steel
Sheet
ORIENTCORE
HI-B™
NIPPON STEEL CONSULTING (BEIJING) CO.,LTD.
Beijing Room No.5002, Chang Fu Gong Center, Jian Guo Men Wai Da Jie 26,
Chaoyang District Beijing, 100022, P.R. China
TEL:+86-10-6513-8593/FAX:+86-10-6513-7197
Shanghai Room No.808, UNITED PLAZA, 1468 Nanjing Road West,
Jingan District Shanghai, 200040, P.R. China
TEL:+86-21-6247-9900/FAX:+86-21-6247-1858
Guangzhou Room No.1402 G.T.Land Plaza D Tower, No.8 Zhujiang West Road,
Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District Guangzhou. 510623, P.R.China
TEL:+86-20-8386-8178/FAX:+86-20-8386-7066
NIPPON STEEL SOUTHEAST ASIA PTE. LTD.
Singapore 16 Raffles Quay #17-01 Hong Leong Building, Singapore 048581
TEL:+65-6223-6777/FAX:+65-6224-4207
PT. NIPPON STEEL INDONESIA
Jakarta Sentral Senayan Ⅱ 201-2C Ground floor, Jl. Asia Afrika No. 8,
Gelora Bung Karno-Senayan, Jakarta Pusat 10270, Indonesia
TEL:+62-21-290-39210/FAX:+62-21-290-39211
NIPPON STEEL (THAILAND) CO., LTD.
Bangkok 909 Ample Tower 14th, Debaratana Road, Khwang Bangna,
Khet Bangna, Bangkok, 10260, Thailand
TEL:+66-2-744-1480-3/FAX:+66-2-744-1485
NIPPON STEEL VIETNAM COMPANY LIMITED
Ho Chi Minh City Room 2001, 20th Floor, Sunwah Tower 115 Nguyen Hue Blvd,
Ben Nghe Ward, Dist.1, Hochiminh City, Vietnam
TEL:+84-28- 3914-7016/FAX:+84-28–3914-7018
Ha Noi Room 402 4th floor Corner Stone Building 16 Phan Chu Trinh,
Hoan Kiem, Ha Noi, Vietnam
TEL:+84-24-3633-2029
NIPPON STEEL THAI SUMILOX CO.,Ltd.
1/79 Moo 5, Rojana Industrial Park, Rojana Road
Thambon Kanham,Amphur U-Thai, Ayutthaya 13210, Thailand
TEL: +66-35-227-044/FAX:+66-35-227-055
Technical Data on
ORIENTCORE HI-B™
D008en_02_201906f
© 2019 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION
 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION

CONTENTS
1. General Information ........................................................................................................................ 2
1-1 HI-B Grain-Oriented Silicon-Iron
1-2 Magnetic Properties of ORIENTCORE・HI-BTM
1-3 Measuring Apparatus

2. Typical Characteristics of ORIENTCORE・HI-BTM Cores in Commercial Transformers .................. 11

3. Building Factor of Commercial Transformers ...................................................................................12

4. Core Loss Characteristics of Model Transformer ......................................................................14

4-1 Single-Phase Model Transformer
4-2 3-Phase Model Transformer

APPENDIX［Ⅰ］ A New Instrument for Measuring Local Core

Losses Using Thermistor Bridge ......................................................................20
APPENDIX［Ⅱ］ Various Core Stacking Types (3φ) ...................................................................23

APPENDIX［Ⅲ］ Mechanical and Physical Properties of HI-B and C.G.O. ...................................24

Note: HI-B ＝ ORIENTCORE・HI-BTM

C.G.O. ＝ Conventional Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel Sheet (ORIENTCORE)

Notice: While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained within this publication, the use of the information is at the reader’s risk and no warranty is implied or
expressed by NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION with respect to the use of the information contained herein. The information in this publication is subject to change or modification without notice.
Please contact the NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION office for the latest information. Please refrain from unauthorized reproduction or copying of the contents of this publication. The names of our
products and services shown in this publication are trademarks or registered trademarks of NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION, affiliated companies, or third parties granting rights to NIPPON STEEL
CORPORATION or affiliated companies. Other product or service names shown may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.

1
 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION

1. General Information
1-3 Measuring Apparatus

1-1 HI-B Grain-Oriented Silicon-Iron
A new type of grain-oriented silicon-iron has been developed by NIPPON STEEL Corp.. It is called
ORIENTCORE・HI-B, commonly abbreviated to HI-B. The properties of this material enable the
production of transformers with reduced core loss, exciting current and noise．In addition, trans-
formers with a higher efficiency, larger capacity and more compact design are possible with HI-B.
The main difference between HI-B and conventional material (C.G.O.) is that a higher degree of
grain orientation is obtained in HI-B, as shown in Fig. 1-1-1. The average deviations of ＜ 001 ＞ axis
from the rolling direction are about 3 °in HI-B and about 7 °in C.G.O..
Fig. 1-3-1 shows a single sheet tester for measuring losses and permeabilities. This apparatus pro-
duces measured values that correlate well with the Epstein test (see Fig. 1-3-2) and is useful for
testing under applied tensile or compressive stress.
Fig. 1-3-3 shows the a.c.magnetostriction tester which features a differential transformer for
detecting a.c.magnetostrictive vibration. This apparatus is also useful for testing under applied
tensile or compressive stress.
Fig. 1-3-4 shows the instrument for measuring losses under elastic bending.

However, it should be noted that there is also a difference in the tensile effects due to the surface
coating which consists of a glass-film and a phosphate coating (see Fig. 1-1-2). The surface coating 10°↑RD 10°↑ RD
not only acts as interlaminar insulation, but also places the material under tensile stress in the roll-
ing direction.

The improvement in grain orientation has resulted in an improvement in the magnetizing

characteristics, a decrease of hysteresis loss (see Fig. 1-1-3) and a reduction of eddy current loss
with applied tensile stress for the materials as shown in Fig. 1-1-4. The reduction in magneto-
striction (see Fig. 1-1-5), should result in a reduction in transformer noise.

In commercial practice, tensile stress in the material originates from the difference in thermal ex-
pansion coefficients between the surface coating and the steel. The reduction of the losses by ten-
sile stress, which is produced in the material by the surface coating, is shown in Fig. 1. 1. 7. The
values of tensile stress in the rolling direction are about 0.3∼0.5 kg/mm2 for stress coating (S-
coating) and about 0.1∼0.2 kg/mm2 for conventional coating. The decrease in losses is remarkable in
HI-B with S-coating. The reduction of losses due to surface coating (produce isotropic tensile stress
in the material) is almost the same as that at the corresponding value of tensile stress applied
along the rolling direction. This shows that the effect of tensile stress due to surface coating on HI-B C．G．O．
magnetic properties may be attributed to the anisotropic property of magnetostriction in Goss tex- Fig. 1-1-1 (100) pole figures showing the grain orientation of HI-B and C.G.O.
tured silicon-iron (see Fig. 1-1-2 (a)).
phos
phate
coatin
g
1-2 Magnetic Properties of ORIENTCORE・HI-B
［001］
glass
1-2-1 Core Loss and Permeability film

］
io
As the B-W curves in Fig. 1-2-1 show, ORIENTCORE・HI-B exhibits markedly improved core loss

100
ct
α

re

］
characteristics. The B-H curves in Fig. 1-2-2 indicate that ORIENTCORE・HI-B has high permeability,

［
di

100
α
［110］

g
lin
with saturation induction comparable to that of conventional material.

［
l
α

ro

00］
0］
［
10 α

［1
rolling
1-2-2 Polydirectional Properties direction
Since ORIENTCORE・HI-B features excellent grain orientation, it has superior magnetic proper- (a)
ties in the rolling direction. However, its magnetic properties around the transverse direction are
inferior to those of conventional material (Fig. 1-2-3).
(b)
1-2-3 Stress Sensitivity
When grain-oriented electrical steel sheet is being fabricated into transformer cores, stresses are Fig. 1-1-2 Schematic diagram showing (a) Goss oriented texture and (b) surface coating．
induced in the core. While elastic tensile stress has a favorable effect on magnetostriction
characteristics, compressive stress has a deleterious effect (Fig. 1-2-4). Because of the effect of S-
coating, ORIENTCORE・HI-B is less affected by compressive stress than C.G.O..
ORIENTCORE・HI-B is also less sensitive to slitting, shearing, punching, bending and other kinds
of stress (Figs. 1-2-5, 1-2-6, 1-2-7 and 1-2-8).

2 3
 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION

0.5
3

Wh
17/
0.25

50
C．G．O．

Hysteresis loss Wh15/50 and Wh17/50（W/kg）

=0.16 W/kg
2

Hysteresis loss Wh15/50 and Wh17/50 (W/lb)

W

Magnetostriction – Δ L/L (×10−6)

h1
5

Δ Wh17/50
/5
0.4

0
0.20
1 HI-B

0.3 0

=0.12 W/kg
0.15

Δ Wh15/50
−1

0.2
0.10 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

Induction (Tesla)

Fig. 1-1-5 A.C. magnetostriction (O-P) curves for HI-B and C.G.O. magnetized at 60 Hz applied tensile stress free.
0．1 0．05
1．70 1．75 1．80 1．85 1．90 1．95 2．00
Induction B（8 T）

Fig. 1-1-3 Effects of B8（Induction at magnetizing force of 800 A/m) value on hysteresis loss.

Applied HI-B C.G.O.

Tensile stress Perm. at 800 A/m: 1940 Perm. at 800 A/m: 1843
Total Loss （kg/mm2）
C．G．O．0.35 mm
perm．at 800A/m: 1820
1.0 grain dia: 3 ∼5 mm

0.9 HI-B 0.35 mm

perm．at 800A/m:1920 0
grain dia:10 ∼15 mm
0.8

0.7
Without surface coating
Loss W15/50 (W/kg)

0.6
0.55
0.5 single crystal 0.15 mm
perm．at 800A/m: 2035

0.4 D．C．Hysteresis Loss

Fig. 1-1-6 Effect of applied tensile stress on magnetostriction characteristics at 60 Hz for
C．G．O． HI-B and C.G.O. without surface coating.
0.3 Thickness: 0.30 mm.
single crystal
Abscissa: flux density, maximum flux density=1.7 T
Ordinate: fractional change in length 1 div=1.44×10−6
0.2 HI-B

0.1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

Tensile stress，kg/mm2

Fig. 1-1-4 Effect of the degree of grain orientation on the tensile stress dependence of losses
for grain-oriented silicon steel.

4 5
 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION

2.0
1.4 HI-B 1.4 C.G.O.
HI-B 0.30 mm
1.3 1.3 （M-OH）
Stress Coating (S) Stress Coating (S) C.G.O. 0.30 mm
Conventional Coating Conventional Coating （M-5）
1.2 1.2 1.5
Total loss

Loss（W/kg）
After Coating
at 1.7 T
After Coating

Induction B (T)
Loss (W/kg)

1.1 1.1
Total loss
1.0 at 1.7 T 1.0 1.0

0.9 0.9 Rolling direction

0.8 Total loss 0.8 Total loss

at 1.5 T at 1.5 T 0.5
0.7
0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Loss (W/kg) Loss(W/kg)
Before Coating Before Coating
(a) (b) 0
1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000 10000
Fig. 1-1-7 Effect of phosphate coatings on losses measured at 50 Hz for grain-oriented 3％ Si- Magnetizing Force H（A/m）
Fe. Phosphate coating are coated after removal of glass-film.
（a）HI-B, thickness: 0.30 mm, grain diameter: 10∼15 mm, average permeability Fig. 1-2-2 Comparison of D.C. B-H curves between HI-B and C.G.O.
at 800 A/m: 1920
（b）C.G.O., thickness: 0.30 mm, grain diameter: 3∼5 mm, average permeability at
800 A/m: 1820
C.G.O. 0．30mm (M-5) HI-B 0.30mm (M-OH)
5

Core loss W (W/kg)

W17/50
W17/50
4
W15/50
W15/50
W13/50
W13/50 3
1.2
HI-B C.G.O.
0．30 mm 2 W10/50
1.1 0．27 mm W10/50
0．23 mm
1
1.0
50 Hz
90° 45° 0° 45° 90°
Core Loss (W/kg)

0.9

2.0

0.8

1.5
B10 B10
0.7

Induction B (T)
1.0
0.6
B1 B1

0.5 0.5
B01
1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 B01
Induction (Tesla)

Fig. 1-2-1 Comparison of core loss curves between HI-B and C.G.O. 90° 45° 0° 45° 90°
Angle from Rolling Direction
Fig. 1-2-3 Angle dependence of core loss and induction for HI-B and C.G.O.

6 7
 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION

1.0 4
16
15

W17/5
Magnetostriction, Δℓ/ℓ (×10−6 )
0.8

L=5
3

00
12

400
10

Core loss Δ W (W/kg)

mm
300
Deterioration (％)

0.6

Waviness h/L (％)

200
Core Loss (W17/50)
5 2

10
8

0
W1
0.4

50
5/5
0 strip

0
4
Bm ＝ 1.9 (T) 0.2 1 h
−5 L
0 Bm ＝ 1.7 (T)
0 0
5 10 20 50 100 200 500
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Radius of Curvature (cm) Radius of Curvature (cm)
Compression ← → Tension (Kg/mm2） Compression (kg/mm ) 2

Fig. 1-2-7 Effect of elastic bending on core loss for HI-B (0.30 mm) σ=(t/2R)E

Fig. 1-2-4(b) Effect of compressive stress on magnetostriction (O-P) （Measurements were taken according to Fig. 1-3-4） E=1.2×104 (kg/mm2)
Fig. 1-2-4(a) Relation between stress and core loss for HI-B (0.30 mm) for HI-B magnetized at 60 Hz Fig. 1-2-8 Relation between maximum stress and radius of
curvature in elastic bending.

1.4

1.2
30
30
W17/50
500 1.0
15 Slitting condition
Cutting Blade Diameter : 280 mm yoke 100

SST (W/kg）
Overlap : 0.30 mm 24
100 0.8
Clearance : 0.01 mm
air flux W15/50
Deterioration (％)

Shear Angle : 5°08′∼5°34′

Deterioration (％)

compression compen-
10 sator 0.6
20

400
string for pulley specimen
applieng
stress
tension 0.4
15 W10/50
5 Core Loss (W17/50)
Core Loss (W17/50) solenoid coil
contains B and H
Induction (B10) pulley search coils 0.2
chuck for
10 applieng stress
chuck for fixing
specimen 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
50 100 150 200 250 300 unit: mm 25 cm Epstein (W/kg)
5
Fig. 1-3-1 Apparatus for stress-loss determination. Fig. 1-3-2 Comparison of loss values measured by single strip tester
Slitting Width (mm) Induction (B10) and 25 cm Epstein tester.
Fig. 1-2-5 Effect of slitting on magnetic properties for HI-B (0.30 mm) 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Shearing Width (mm)

Fig. 1-2-6 Effect of shearing on magnetic properties for HI-B (0.30 mm)

8 9
 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION

shaft for propagating

magnetostrictive vibration
solenoid coil
(contains B search coil) 2. Typical Characteristics of ORIENTCORE・HI-B Cores in Commer-
15 15
bearing pulley
cial Transformers
tension

specimen

ORIENTCORE・HI-B is supplied to electrical machinery manufacturers both in Japan and

differential the other countries for use in transformers ranging from 10 KVA wound core transformers to
transformer

289
ultra-large 1, 000 MVA stacked core transformers. Data from manufacturers indicate that

385
string for compression
pulley
96 288 96 ORIENTCORE・HI-B offers a 5∼20 per cent reduction in core loss, a 10∼50 per cent reduction in
screw for fixing exciting volt-amperage, and a 2∼7 dB reduction in noise.
specimen
yoke

unit: mm

96
384
480

Fig. 1-3-3 Apparatus for compressive stress-a, c, magnetostriction determination.

Core Loss

Improvement (％)
specimen C Epstein frame specimen B 5
10
15
20
0 Exciting Power

Improvement (％)
apparatus for curvature specimen A
20

40
specimen A

Noise

Reduction of Noise (Phone)

0
2
4
6
8

A, D curved specimen 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

B, C flat specimen Transformer Capacity MVA
specimen C

specimen B

Fig. 2-1 Improvements in transformer characteristics.

specimen D

Fig. 1-3-4 Equipment that gives curvature to Epstein specimens in 25 cm Epstein-frame.

10 11
 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION

3. Building Factor of Commercial Transformers HI-B

B＝1.7 (T) C.G.O.
1.6

1.5
Building factors of single-phase and 3-phase 3-leg transformers classified by core structure are 1.4
given in Figs. 3-1 and 3-2. There is no specific difference in the building factor of transformers
with a 45°-joint regardless of whether they are made of ORIENTCORE・HI-B or C.G.O.. How- 1.3

ever in sheets with 90°-joints in the iron core, the building factor of ORIENTCORE・HI-B trans- 1.2
formers is higher than that of C.G.O.transformers. 1.1
1.0
Fig. 3-3 shows building factors of 3-phase transformers with a special core structure (e.g.,
3-phase 5-leg, shell type and other structures). A larger distortion of magnetic flux wave form is 1.7
observed in the yoke zone of 3-phase 5-leg and shell type transformers, making the building fac- 1.6
tor higher. The above is the av erage value of the building factor. However, as shown in Figs.
1.5
3-1∼3-3, individual building factors in fact vary considerably depending upon core structure,

Building Factor
x
stack conditions, etc. 1.4
1.37
1.3 1.29
Transformer Core Loss (W/kg)
Note: Building Factor＝ 1.2
Material Core Loss (W/kg)
1.1
1.0
(a) Wound core
1.7

HI-B 1.6 x
1.53
C.G.O. 1.5
B=1.7 (T)
1.5 1.4
1.38
1.3
1.4
Building Factor

1.2
1.3
1.1
1.2 1.0
0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500
1.1 Capacity (MVA)

1.0 Fig. 3-2 Building factor of commercial power transformers (3φ-3 leg of core type)
10 20 30 40 50 100
Capacity (KVA)

(b) Stacked core B=1.7 (T)

1.8
Core Shell
1.7 Type Type
：HI-B
HI-B 1.6 x
：C.G.O.

Building Factor
B = 1.7 (T) C.G.O.
1.5 1.50
1.5
1.4
1.4 1.36
Core Type 3φ-5 leg Shell Type
Building Factor

1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500
1.0 Capacity (MVA)
10 100 1000
Capacity (MVA) Fig. 3-3 Building factor of commercial power transformers (3φ-5 leg of core type and shell
type)
Fig. 3-1 Building factor of commercial single phase power transformers.

12 13
 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION

4. Core Loss Characteristics of Model Transformer 1.3

1.2

4-1 Single-Phase Model Transformer H

Core Loss of 1φ Transformer (W/kg)

W W W
1.1
Fig. 4-1-1 shows the measured core loss of iron cores assembled with 45-joints. It has been proved
1.7 (T)
that since most magnetic flux flows in the rolling direction, core loss is proportionate to the iron
loss measured by the single sheet tester.
1.0

Fig. 4-1-2 shows the core loss measured with iron cores stacked with two different lap widths. It H/W=3.0

has been proved that in iron cores with 45-N joints, core loss and exciting volt-ampere increase F＝50 (Hz)
with increasing lap width because of the effect of opeing with a triangle shape in the corners, while 0.9 t＝0.30 (mm)
in the case of 45-joints core loss and exiciting volt-ampere remain almost constant.
HI-B
0.8
1.5 (T) C.G.O.
4-2 3-Phase Model Transformer
0.7
A comparison of core loss between the 3-phase model and the single-phase model transfomer is
shown in Fig. 4-2-1.
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
Core Loss of S．S．T．(W/kg)
Fig. 4-2-2 gives an example of local core loss measured by the Thermistor Bridge Method.
Fig. 4-1-1 Core loss characteristics of 45°
-joint 1φ model transformer.
Values of core loss measured in T-joints and yoke zones are higher than that measured in the leg
zone. This can be explained by the following three factors.

As generally known, core loss per unit weight in a 3-phase transformer is larger than that in a
single-phase transformer. Presumable factors for the larger core loss are:

1) Core loss due to rotating magnetic flux in the region around T-joint ………… Fig. 4-2-1, X=100
1.9 X=0
Fig. 4-2-3 Δ
Δ
2) Core loss due to magnetic flux in directions other than the rolling direction 45°
-N 45°
-B
HI-B
and magnetic flux concentration around lap joints ……………………………… Fig. 4-2-4 C.G.O.
1.8 11

3) Core loss due to the lack of uniformity of magnetic flux caused by different HI-B
C.G.O.
magnetic path lengths and distortion of the magnetic flux wave form owing 1.5 4
1.7 10
-N
to the lack of uniformity …………………………………………………………… Fig. 4-2-5 (a), (b) 45
°

45°
-N
VA 17/50
45°
-B 1.6 9
As shown in Fig. 4-2-1∼Fig. 4-2-5, an increase in magnetic flow in directions other than the roll- 45°
-B

Exciting Volt Ampere of Model Trans．(VA/kg)

Core Loss of Model Trans. (W/kg)

Exciting Volt Ampere VA 17/50 (VA/kg)

Core Loss W 17/50 (W/kg)
ing direction, polarization of magnetic flux, and partial distortion of magnetic flux wave form all W 17/50

.
1.5 8

.O
make core loss higher.

G
1.3 45°
-N

C.

.O.
3

C.G
Fig. 4-2-6 shows the relationship between the size ratio of the window and the building factor 45° 1.4 7

B
-B

0
/50

HI-

7/5
1.2
(transformer core loss/material core loss). The building factor decreases as the size ratio of the

17

1
VA
W
window increases. The rate of decrease is almost the same in both HI-B and C.G.O. 1.3 6

B
45°
-N

HI-
1.1 VA 17/50

Due to transportation restrictions, the 3-phase, 5-leg type of iron core is often used in large-size 45°
-B 1.2 5
transformer. This type of iron core is apt to cause a larger distortion of magnetic flux wave form W 15/50
2
1.0
in the yoke zone with a resulting higher core loss than with the 3-phase, 3-leg type of iron core.
1.1 4

Taking all factors mentioned above into consideration, the use of ORIENTCORE・HI-B in 0.9 VA 15/50
transformers can reduce both core loss and exciting current. In other words, the use of 1.0 3
ORIENTCORE・HI-B in transformers assures better performance than does C.G.O.
0.9 X; including ratio of 90°
-joint in the core． 2
1
5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
Δ mm (Overlapping Distance) 0 50 100
Fig. 4-1-2 Relationship between model transformer X (％)
characteristics and the overlapping Fig. 4-1-3 Relationship between Model transformer
distance of lamination core. characteristics and including ratio of
90°-joint in the core.

14 15
 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION

1.6

1.5

1.4
Core Loss of 3φ-Model Transformer (W/kg)

0
/5
17
W
1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0
0
/5
15
W

0.9 M-OH 0.30 mm

HI-B 0.35 mm Bm=1.5T
size ratio of window H/W=3.0
C.G.O. 0.35 mm
0.8 Fig. 4-2-3 Lissajous′
s figures of magnetic flux density in HI-B transformer.

0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Air gap at joint Air gap at joint
Core Loss of 1φ-Model Transformer (W/kg)
Fig. 4-2-1 Relations between core losses of 1φ and 3φ model transformers
by different lamination methods.

5 sheets stacking unit

: HI-B
: C.G.O.
C.G.O. 0.30 mm 1.2 One sheet stacking unit
HI-B 0.30 mm
3 sheets stacking unit

Core loss for 3 or 5 sheets stacking unit

Core loss for one sheet stacking unit
Local core loss and building factor of
Local core loss and building factor of
Material core loss tested by each section Material core loss tested by each section Line of magnetic flux
25 cm Epstein method
25 cm Epstein method =1.75 W/kg at 1.7 T and 60 Hz 1.76 2.29 1.85 Average local
=1.48 W/kg at 1.7 T and 60 Hz
Transformer core loss tested by
1.48
(1.00)
1.82
(1.23)
1.46 Average local
(0.99) core loss
Transformer core loss tested by
watt-meter method
(1.01) (1.31) (1.06) core loss
Local building Flux flow at and around joint
watt-meter method Local building =1.95 W/kg 1.7 T and 60 Hz factor
=1.72 W/kg at 1.7 T and 60 Hz Building factor 2.00 1.99 2.67 2.15 2.03
Building factor 1.92 1.99 2.49 1.83 1.78 factor (1.14) (1.14) (1.53) (1.23) (1.16)
(1.30) (1.34) (1.68) (1.24) (1.20) =1.11
=1.16 Weighted average transformer core loss
Weighted average transformer core loss
=2.09 W/kg at 1.7 T and 60 Hz
=1.77 W/kg at 1.7 T and 60 Hz

2.3 1.1 3 sheets stacking unit

1.8 2.5
1.4
2.2 2.5 1.8 2.3 2.8
1.4 2.3
2.5 2.2 1.8 3.2 1.8
1.8 1.8 2.5 2.1
1.8 1.9 1.9 3.5 1.9
3.2 2.1 2.5
2.2 3.6 2.1 1.9
2.9 2.2 2.1
2.2 1.4
2.2 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.3
1.9 1.8 2.3

Fig. 4-2-2 Distribution of core losses in model transformer (local core losses were measured
by means of thermistor bridge).

1.0
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Induction B(T)

Fig. 4-2-4 The effect of lamination stacking unit on 3-phase transformer losses.

16 17
 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION

Magnetic Flux Rotating Magnetic Field

2．
0
T
B=1.8

U V W
1．
5 T
B=1.3
Induction B (T)

1．
0 T
B=0.8

0．
5 U-Phase leg
V-Phase leg Magnetic Flux Wave Form

U-Phase upper yoke

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Fig. 4-2-5(b) Pertial distortion of magnetic flux in model transformer.

1．
3

Measuring Point

Building Factor（3φ/SST）
Core section

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1．
2
Ｈ
Building Factor
W W
W 3φ Trans．Core Loss
=
SST
W=100 mm
Fig. 4-2-5(a) Flux distribution in model core (Section: circle). W
Refer to TAKAOKA Review

1．
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
H/W

Fig. 4-2-6 The effect of H/W on building factor.

H/W: size ratio of window.

18 19

APPENDIX［Ⅰ］
A New Instrument for Measuring Local Core Losses
Using Thermistor Bridge
1. Introduction
Electrical sheets do not necessarily become magnetized uniformly. Normally their magnetic proper-
ties such as intensity, orientation and magnetic flux wave form differ locally.
Although the mean iron loss of electrical equipment or electrical sheet is measured by use of a
wattmeter, etc. , some other method has to be employed for measuring local iron loss. For this pur-
pose, we adopted a method which utilizes a thermistor and developed a local iron-loss measuring
apparatus which incorporates a combination of AC thermistor bridges and a lock-in-amplifier.
This report describes our study of problems and the accuracy of measurement by this local iron-loss
measuring apparatus, and finally, examples of applications are presented.
2. Measuring Apparatus
2.1 Principle of the Measuring Method
When a constant energy is applied to a substance under adiabatic conditions, its temperature rises
linearly with the elapse of time at a rate determined by its heat capacity. If an electrical sheet is
magnetized by AC, its temperature rises due to iron loss, and if the rate of its temperature rise is
measured, its iron loss can be obtained.
The procedure for obtaining the absolute value of iron loss from the rate of temperature rise is as
follows.
First, apply a DC to material identical to the specimen of iron loss measurement, and obtain the
rate of temperature rise by the Joule heating.
Second, obtain the Joule loss per kilogram of the material from the value of the current and that of
the resistance. Thus, by obtaining the relation between the Joule loss per kilogram of material and
the rate of temperature rise, the iron loss per kilogram of material corresponding to the rate of
temperature rise at the time of iron loss measurement can be calculated.
2.2 Configuration and Function of Measuring Apparatus
This apparatus consists mainly of a sensing unit, lock-in-amplifier, differentiator, Y-t recorder and
measuring frame. Fig. 1 shows the configuration of the apparatus and Fig. 2 the typical arrange-
ment of the thermistor of the sensing unit and measuring frame. The function of the apparatus is
generally as follows. The thermistor is installed on the surface of the steel sheet and the bridge is
adjusted to balance. When the thermistor senses any temperature change, the bridge balance is dis-
turbed by the change in resistance, producing an unbalanced voltage. This unbalanced voltage is
amplified by the lock-in-amplifier and synchronously rectified to obtain a DC output. This output is
then differentiated by the differentiator, and recorded on the Y-t recorder whose X axis denotes
time. As the rate of temperature rise becomes constant, the output voltage on the Y axis also
becomes constant, and by reading this voltage, the rate of temperature rise is obtained.
20
NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION
As is shown in Fig. 1, two bridges, A and B, each having a thermistor and three resistors form the
sensing unit, and are connected by wire so that bridges A and B function differentially. Hence, in
order to prevent drift due to a change in ambient temperature, bridge B is used for compensation
(as in the case of Fig. 2) and the temperature rise is measured employing bridge A. However, by
the method of measuring the time differential of temperature change by the differentiator as done
by this apparatus, even if a single bridge is employed, the effect of change in ambient temperature
only produces an offset voltage working on the recorder if measuring is started when the change in
ambient temperature becomes linear with time, and thus does not impede the proper function of
the apparatus. An applied voltage adjusting resistor is installed in the bridge B circuit and adjusted
to make the sensitivity of both bridges equal because it is difficult to obtain the same bridge
characteristics for bridges A and B. The output and the differential output of each bridge are
selected by switches.
3. Examples of Application of the Apparatus
3.1 Comparisons between This Measuring Method and the Wattmeter Method
A comparison was made using the same measuring frame for both this method and the wattmeter
method in measuring the iron loss of a single electrical sheet specimen. The construction of the
measuring frame is shown in Fig. 3, and the frame is sealed in a bakelite box to eliminate the
direct effect of atmospheric air. Also, to prevent the specimen from coming into contact with the
bakelite of the coil frame, it is held up by the insertion of a styrofoam board. The thermistor sensor
is embedded in the styrofoam except for the portion in contact with the steel sheet to shield it
against heat radiation from the coil. A dummy specimen was placed in the same heat-shielded box,
and the double bridge method was used. The specimen for measuring was 6 cm wide, 30 cm long
and 0.028 cm thick. The wattmeter method is capable of measuring iron loss over a broad area. In
this measuring method, an average of 15 point measurements are taken, at 3 locations separated 6
cm from each other in the middle in the longitudinal direction and at 5 locations at 1 cm intervals
in the transverse direction. The result of the measurement is shown in Fig. 4. From this graph it is
clear that the measurements of both methods are in good agreement. The same magnetic flux den-
sity of 0.5 ∼ 1.5 T was adopted in measuring iron loss.
3.2 Measurement of 3-Phase Model Transformer Iron-Loss Distribution
Iron loss was measured by this apparatus at locations on a small model of core-type 3-phase trans-
former. The measuring frame used had the construction shown in Fig. 5, and considerations were
given to eliminate the effect of atmospheric air and assure heat insulation, just as in the foregoing
case.
Shown in Fig. 6 is a distribution of iron loss measured by the use of this apparatus, and the
distribution is indicated by equal iron-loss lines. The measurement was conducted at 10 mm inter-
vals on the top of a 12-layer specimen block of oriented electrical sheets. The iron loss of the entire
transformer calculated using this result was W17/60=1.77 W/kg, and that obtained by the watt-
meter method was W17/60 ＝ 1.72 W/kg, showing a comparatively good agreement between them.
4. Conclusion
The local iron-loss measurement is a very useful means of studying the magnetic properties of elec-
trical sheets. In this respect, it is necessary to carry out measurements accurately with high stabili-
ty. We have made it possible to obtain high stability by a combination of AC thermistor bridges
and a lock-in-amplifier, and to achieve the shortening of test time as well as the improvement of
accuracy by directly measuring the rate of temperature rise by the use of a differentiator.
21
 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION

APPENDIX［Ⅱ］
Various Core Stacking Types (3φ)
Bridge B Dummy specimen

Lock-in-Amp． 0 - 0.2 K Rb′ Rc′

1K 0.1K
Thermistor for dummy

0.40V Ra RT
250∼
2V 850 K Measuring thermistor
0.33 V
Ra RT
250∼ o/p selector SW
input 850 K
Rb Rc′
1K 0.1 K Single sheet tester
output
(A) (B) (C)

Bridge A
Differen- Y-t
tiator Recorder

Yoke Specimen
Fig. 1 Block-diagram of apparatus.
Fig. 2 Example of measuring frame and thermistor arrangement.

1.5
(D) (E) (F)
Bakelite panel
Iron loss by this method (W/kg)

1.0
Yoke

Coil (primary and secondary)

0.5
Specimen: C.G.O.
Specimen
Thermistor
connecting
terminals
(G) (H) (I)
Styrofoam 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Iron loss by wattmeter method (W/kg)

Fig. 4 Comparison of core losses measured by this method

Fig. 3 Measuring frame for single steel sheet. and wattmeter method.

HI-B 0.30 mm
Acrylic panel

Local core loss and building factor of

Material core loss tested by each section (J) (K)
25 cm Epstain method
＝1.48 W/kg at 1.7 T and 60 Hz
1.48 1.82 1.46 Average local
Rubber packing Transformer core loss tested by
(1.00) (1.23) (0.99) core loss
watt-meter method Local building
＝1.72 W/kg at 1.7 T and 60 Hz
Coil Building factor
1.92 1.99 2.49 1.83 1.78 factor
(1.30) (1.34) (1.68) (1.24) (1.20)
＝1.16
Weighted average transformer core loss
Bakelite panel ＝1．77 W/kg at 1.7 T and 60 Hz

Specimen

1.8
1.4
1.4 2.2 2.5
Styrofoam 2.5 2.2 1.8
1.8 1.8
Bakelite panel 1.8 3.2
2.2 3.6
2.2 2.9 1.4 2.2
2.2 2.5 2.2
1.9

(L) (M)
Fig. 5 Measuring frame for small three phase model transformer Fig. 6 Distribution of core losses in model transformer.

22 23
 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION

APPENDIX［Ⅲ］
Mechanical and Physical Properties of HI-B And C.G.O.
HI-B C.G.O.

Tensile Strength, L 32 (46,000) 36 (51,000)

kg/mm2 (lb/m2) C 38 (54,000) 40 (57,000)

Yield Point, L 30 (43,000) 32 (46,000)

kg/mm2 (lb/m2) C 33 (47,000) 40 (55,000)

L 13 17
Elongation, ％
C 64 65
L 28 18
Bending, Test Values
C 18 14

Modulus of Elasticity, L 1.189 1.114

×10 kg/mm
4 2
C 2.038 1.931

Hardness, Hv (1) 170 175

Density, g/cm3 7.65 7.65

Resistivity, micro-ohm-cm 45 48

Saturation Induction, Tesla 2.03 2.03

Curie Temperature, ℃ 745 745

Thermal Conductivity 0.067 0.061

at 25℃, cal/sec. cm. deg.℃

L=Test specimens taken longitudinal to the rolling direction

C=Test specimens taken transverse to the rolling direction
Note: Tensile and bend tests were conducted in accordance with JIS C 2550 1975.

24 25