Synchronous Machine Design

(© Dr. R. C. Goel & Nafees Ahmed )

By

Nafees Ahmed
Asstt. Prof. Department of Electrical Engineering
DIT, University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand

References:
1. Notes by Dr. R. C. Goel
2. Electrical Machine Design by A.K. Sawhney
3. Principles of Electrical Machine Design by R.K Agarwal
4. VTU e-Learning
5. www.goole.com
6. www.wikipedia.org

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 Synchronous Machines Design
OUTPUT EQUATION: - It gives the relationship between electrical rating and
physical dimensions (Quantities)
The rating is given by
Q  3VPh  I Ph  10 3 KVA                (1)
Q  34.44 K pd 1 f1 N Ph  I Ph  10 3 KVA                (1)
 VPh  3.33K d 1 f1 N Ph
Where
Kpd1= 0.955 For a short pitched (chorded) distributed winding
PN
f  Frequency of output voltage
120
N = Speed in rpm
2  D 
1  B 1  L
  P 
D = Inner diameter of stator
L = Length of the machine
Total electrical loading

6 N Ph1 I Ph1  ac  D
_
ac  D
N Ph1 I Ph1 
6
Putting the values of Kd1, f, 1 & NPhIPh in equation (2) we get
  
 NP   2 D   ac  D 
Q  3  4.44  0.955      B 1  L   10 3 KVA
 120    P   6 
 

Q  (11.1 10 5 B 1 ac ) D 2 LN
Or Q  CD 2 LN KVA
Where

C  Output Co  efficient  11.1 10 5 B 1 ac
 
 Note :  For Induction Motor 
 
 Q  CD 2 LN KW 
 _ __ 
 Where C  17.4  10-5 B ac cos   
 
  17.4  10 -5 2
B 1 ac cos   
__

  
 
  11.1 10 B 1 ac cos   
__
-5

CHOICE OF MAGNETIC LOADING ( B 1 ):
( B 1 is maximum value of fundamental flux density in the air gap)
Range of B 1 = 0.8 to 1 Tesla

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 B 1 Fundamental flux distribution
Average value

__
2
B B 1


D
P 
P
 _
2 
 Average Flux Density B B 1  0.5 to 0.65 
  

CHOICE OF SPECIFIC ELECTRIC LOADING ac :
1. Water wheel alternator (Hydro Alternator): Salient pole machines

ac =20,000 to 40,000 A/m

2. Turbo Alternator: Non-Salient pole machines


ac =50,000 to 75,000 A/m

MINI AND MAXI VALUE OF C:


We know C  11.1 10 5 B 1 ac
1. Water wheel alternator (2 to 4.5)
Cmin  11.1 10 5 0.8  20000
2
Cmax  11.1 10 5 1.0  40000
 4 .5
2. Turbo alternator (5 to 8)
Cmin  11.1 10 5 0.8  50000
5
Cmax  11.1 10 5 1.0  75000
8
PERIPHERAL SPEED: -
 DN
V peri  m/s
60
1. Water Wheel alternator
30 to 80 m/s
Maxi limit 140 m/s
2. Turbo alternator
150 m/s
Maxi limit 175 m/s

RUNAWAY SPEED: - If an alternator is delivering rated load and the load is

suddenly through-off, the speed of the runner becomes abnormally high, this

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abnormal high speed is called as runaway speed.

1. Water Wheel alternator

Pelton wheel turbine: 1.8 times of rated speed
Frances Turbine: 2 to 2.2 times of rated speed
Kaplan Turbine: 2.5 to 2.8 times of rated speed

2. Turbo alternator 1.25 times of rated speed

ESTIMATION OF MAIN DIMENSIONS (D, L):

Q
We know D2L                     (1)
CN

1. Water Wheel alternator: It is of two types

bP
a. Round Pole or Circular Pole:  2/3
P
bP = Pole arc or width of pole shoe
= Length of the pole ---------- (2)
= L (for round pole with square pole shoe)-
L
b. Long Pole:  1 to 5
P

bp bp bp
N S

P P
Round or circular Pole
Round or circular Pole
(With square pole shoe)

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 Solving equation (1) & (2) we can find out D & L. Finally check the
peripheral speed.

2. Turbo alternator:
 For large rating machines  25 MVA  we use peripheral speed as
limit
 DN
V peri  150 m / s  ------------------ (2)
60
From above equation taking N=3000 rpm
150  60
D 1 m
  3000
So for large rating machines dia of alternator is determined by maximum
permissible peripheral speed. Thus for peripheral speed of 150 m/s, the
maximum permissible dia D =1 meter
Now put D = 1 in equation (1) and solve for L
Note:
Output/meter of length
Q  CD 2 LN KVA
= 8 x 12 x 1 x 3000 KVA for L = 1 meter
= 24 MVA/meter
Hence we can say
For Q = 48 MVA M/C L=2m D=1m
For Q = 96 MVA M/C L=4m D=1m

DETERMINATION OF AIR GAP LENGTH: -


 0.01 to 0.015 Water wheel
P
 0.02 to 0.025 Turbo
D
Where P 
P

ESTIMATION OF NO OF STATOR SLOTS (S): -

 sg  20 mm Up to 1KV
 40 mm Up to 6.6 KV
 60 mm Up to 16 KV
No of stator slots
D
S
 sg
S
q = Slots per pole per phase
3P
May be an integer or fractional (say xy )
For symmetrical winding, no of pole pairs should be divisible by y
x 7 1 x 1
(I.e.   2 if P=4  no of pole pairs = 2, so change  2 )
y 3 3 y 2
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 Hence find out the corrected value of q  qcorrected and Scorrected = 3Pqcorrected

EFFECTIVE, OVERALL & GROSS IRON LENGTH OF MACHINE:

(Note: - Same as for induction motor)
Generally
l1= l2= l3=………. = ln

l1 l2 l3 ln

bv
L
Let
nv =No of ventilating ducts
bv = Width of one ventilating duct
(Generally for every 10 cm of core length there used to be 1 cm
ventilating duct)

Gross Iron length

l = l1+ l2+ l3+………. +ln
Actual Iron length
li =Ki*l

Where Ki =Stacking factor

=0.90 to 0.92
Overall length
L = l + nv*bv
Effective length
Le  L  nv  bv'
5
Where bv'  bv =Effective width of ventilating duct (< bv due to fringing)
b
5 v

ESTIMATION OF NO OF TURNS NPh, TOTAL NO CONDUCTORS Z,
CONDUCTORS PER SLOTS NC, FUNDAMENTAL FLUX 1 AND
MAXIMUM VALUE OF FUNDAMENTAL FLUX DENSITY B 1 : -
VPh  3.33K d 1 f1 N Ph ----------------------------- (1)
VPh
So N Ph  ----------------------------- (2)
4.44 K pd 1 f 1
2  D 
1  B 1  le  ----------------------------- (3)
  P 
Kpd1 = 0.955

Z = 6 NPh ----------------------------- (4)

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 Z
N c ----------------------------- (5)
S
It should be an integer, if not make an integer and divisible by 2 for double
layer winding.
So find
Nc,corrected
Zcorrected using equation (5)
NPh,corrected using equation (4)
1,corrected using equation (2)
B 1,corrected using equation (3)

ESTIMATION OF FLUX DENSITY DISTRIBUTION CURVE IN THE AIR

GAP: -

 Shape of the voltage generated depends on shape of air gap flux. If air gap flux
is sinusoidal then generated emf will be sinusoidal.
 Hence aim is to get sinusoidal flux in the air gap.
 Synchronous machines may be
1. Salient pole rotor : Projected Poles
a. Sinusoidal air gap
b. Constant air gap
2. Cylindrical rotor

Bx Bm

0 0
90 0

 ( x) 0

.  . 
.  . 
.  

.
. . 
D D
P  P 
P P
(a) Sinusoidal air gap (b) Constant air gap
For sinusoidal air gap

x  0
cos
θ is taken from centre of pole, at pole centre θ  00 & at interpolar axis θ  900

1. Estimation of air gap flux for salient pole: Sinusoidal Air gap
There are three methods
a. Wiesemann method of curvilinear square:
b. Simplified method (Developed in Germany):
c. Carter’s fringe curve method:

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a. Wiesemann method of curvilinear square:
Consider half pole pitch of sinusoidal air gap

The flux path in the air gap under the pole may be divided into tubes of flux as
shown in following figure.

Tubes of force(flux)
ax Curvilinear Squares

Equipotential lines
P 2

Interpolar Axis Pole Axis

These two Lengths

are equal

Curvilinear Squares

Assumptions are
i. The line of force (flux) and equipotential line intersects at right angle and form
curvilinear square.
ii. Flux enters and emerges at perpendicular to the equipotential surface. It is
possible if permeability of iron is infinity.
iii. Stator & rotor surface are assumed at equipotential.
iv. Each tube of force caries equal number of flux lines.
v. Each tube of force is divided into equal number of curvilinear squares.
vi. The depth of each tube being unity in a direction parallel to shaft.

The flux density plot shown in above figure can be used to determine
i. Permeance of air gap
ii. Form factor
iii. Percentage of harmonics. This then help in shaping the pole correctly to obtain
sinusoidal flux distribution in air gap and reducing the harmonics and
eliminating the more pronounced ones when necessary.

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  Permeance of each square
A Width of square  Unit depth of pole (Machine)
 μ0  μ0
L Length along air gap path
Here width and length of each square are made equal as far as possible so that
each square will have same permeance i.e
Permeance  0
Permeance in series m= no of squares along the air gap =6
Permeance in parallel n= no of squares along the pole pitch =52x2
(x2 for full pole pitch)
Thus the permeance of air gap path under each pole
m
Permeance / pole  0
n
 For flux density distribution curve
Let Wx=mean width of a flux tube
lgx=mean length of flux tube
Then permeance of this tube considering unit depth
W 1 W
 μ0 x  μ0 x
lgs lgs
Wx
Flux x  MMF  Permeance  ATf  0 (ATf= Filed MMF/ Pole)
lgx
Flux density at armature surface where width of tube is ax,
 W
Bx  x  ATf  μ 0 x ---------- (1)
ax  1 a x lgs
Now at the centre of the pole: ax=Wx & lg=lgx
So flux density at the pole centre
μ
Bm  ATf  0 ---------- (2)
lg
(1) % (2)
Wx lg
Bx  Bm  μ 0 ---------- (3)
a x lgs
Calculate flux density at various points using equation (3) each 100 or 150
apart on armature surface and draw the curve.
B
Form factor  rms
Bav
b. Simplified method (Developed in Germany):
Assumption:
i. Permeability of iron is infinity

MMF / Pole
We know B   o H   o
Air gap length
So flux density at pole centre
MMF
Bm   o ------------ (1)
o
Flux density at distance “x” from the pole centre
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 MMF
Bx  o ------------ (2)
x

(2) / (1) Bx  Bm 0 ------------ (3)
x

Inter-polar Axis Direct Axis

Apparent Flux density curve

Actual Flux density curve

Error
Triangle
K L B 1
M b1
N D E F
J
O
G
r r x 0
H s
s
I x

r C Note:
B 1. Pole Tip is rounded with a radius of
A
0 .
b2
2. b1= distance between point G & I
3. b2= distance between point A & C

For all the points on this

surface, ratio b1/b2 =1
always
P
2

Flux Density Distribution Curve

Under the pole flux density can be find out by using the equation (3) but between pole
tip and inter-polar axis we have to apply another method to find out flux density.
Steps to find out flux density between pole tip to Interpolar axis:
(i) Assume three points A, B & C on the curve portion of the pole tip.
(ii) Draw tangents AD, BE & CF from points A, B & C respectively.
(iii) With D, E & F as centers, draw arcs of circle with radius of AD, BE & CF
respectively. They intersect horizontal line at points G, H & I.
(iv) Join H & B, let Chord HB = s
Radius BE = r
(v) So flux density corresponding to point H
 
Bx at point H   HK  Bm 0  Bm 0
x ks
Where k is a constant and its value can be find out from graph
(See reference notes figure 16 page 16.)

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 3
l
k x
s b1/b2
1.25
1
r/s

(vi) Similarly we can find out flux density at each and every point on the pole tip.
(vii) Draw the flux density curve. It is known as apparent flux density curve.
(viii) The value of flux density at inter-polar axis must be zero but it is not zero in
above calculated graph. So it is not the actual flux density curve. To get actual
flux density curve.
(ix) Draw triangle MJO, known as error triangle.
(x) For point K
Calculated flux density (Apparent flux density) = HK
Error = HN
Actual flux density HL = HK-HN.

(ix) Similarly we can find out point of actual flux density curve after subtracting
the error value.
 The actual flux density distribution curve so obtained has a fundamental as
well as odd harmonics.

Actual flux density distribution curve:

Divide half of the pole pitch into 6 equal’s parts as shown bellow.

Fundamental flux
B 1 Density distribution
Actual flux
Density
Distribution

Bm

u1 u 2 u3 u 4 u5 u
6

D
P 
P

B 1  0.086u1  0.167u 2  0.236u 3  0.289u 4  0.323u 5  0.167u 6

B 3  0.236u1  0.333u 2  0.236u 3  0.289u 4  0.236u 5  0.167u 6
B 5  ......
B 7  ......

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 Equation for actual flux density
Bm  B 1 Sin  B 3 Sin 3  B 5 Sin 5  B 7 Sin 7
It Average value
2 1 1 1 
Bav   B 1  B 3  B 5  B 7  ... 
 3 5 7 
Its RMS value

Bav  
1 2
2

B 1  B23  B25  B27  ...
 Ratio
B 1
 K   B 1  K  Bm
Bm
 Flux per pole
2
1  B 1 P l e

 Actual flux per pole
 p  Bav P l e
1 B B  
  1  1  K   1  K 
P  Bm  P 
Bav
2
Note:
1. B 1 & 1 are used for calculation in electrical circuit design and Bm &  P are
used in magnetic circuit calculation.
2. Pole tip is rounded by an arc of radios  0 .

2. Estimation of flux density distribution curve for cylindrical rotor:

 In cylindrical rotor synchronous machine 1/3rd portion of rotor is left
unslotted.
 Length of air gap is constant
 Flux is assumed to be trapezoidal

Actual flux density Assumed flux density

(Trapezoidal)

+If -If

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 MMF / Pole N
Bm   o
Air gap length

S
Cylindrical Rotor
TOOTH AND SLOT DESIGN:

In alternators generally open slots are used.

D
Slot pitch  sg 
P
Flux through a slot pitch
 sg  Bm sg l e
B 1
We know K 
Bm
B
So Bm  1
K

Flux through the tooth (we assume that entire flux per slot pitch passes through tooth)
 sg  Bt .btt ..l e
Permissible value of flux density in tooth
Bt = 1.6 to 1.8 T
If flux density Bt > 1.7 T in stator tooth, magnetic unloading will take place: A
part of the flux enters through the slot.
 sg
So btt 
Bt ..l e
So width of slot bo  bs   sg  btt
Height of slot hs  (2 to 5)bo

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 Reactance Gap
Wedge
Wall Insulation
(4 mm)
Mica Tape
(0.5 to 0.75 mm)
Mica Separation
(2.5 mm)
Mica (0.25 mm)

Cu Strips

Slot for Water Wheel Alternator Slot for Turbo Alternator

(11 KV-Brick Construction) (11 KV)

Thickness of insulation
With mica or leatheroid as a wall insulation
KV 0.4 1.1 3.3 6.6 11 15 22
mm 0.5 0.75 1.5 2.5 4 5.5 6.5

With improved insulation (Semica Therm)

KV 2 3 6 10 16 25
mm 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.8 4.0 6.0
Thickness = 0.215 KV +0.7 mm
Advantages of Semica Therm:
(a) Much better heat is dissipated for higher rating machines due to less
thickness of wall insulations.
(b) Insulation occupies little less space in the slot.

ESTIMATION OF SECTIONAL AREA OF STATOR CONDUCTOR (FC):

Per phase stator current

Q 10 3
I Ph 
3V Ph
I
So FC  Ph mm 2

Where   Current density  4  5 A / mm 2

STATOR YOKE DESIGN:

Flux through stator yoke is half of the flux per pole

P
 By  hy K il
2
Where By = flux density in yoke
= 1.3 to 1.5 T
 /2
So hy  P
By Kil
OUTER DIA OF MACHINE (DO):

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 Do  D  2hs  2hy

ESTIMATION OF STATOR RESISTANCE, STATOR CUR LOSS AND

WEIGHT OF COPPER:

Length of mean turns

Lmt \  2 L  3  P
D
Where  P  Pole pitch  L Coil Span
P < Pole pitch
0
DC Resistance of stator winding per phase at 75 C

Lmt
R Ph, dc , 750 C  0.021  10 6  N Ph
Fc
One Turns
0
AC Resistance of stator winding per phase at 75 C

R Ph, ac , 750 C  R Ph  1.15 to 1.20 R Ph, dc , 750 C

Copper loss in the stator winding

 3 I Ph
2
R Ph
Weight of cu used in stator winding
=8900*(3*Lmt*NPh*FC)

ESTIMATION OF STATOR IRON LOSS: (Same as for Induction Motor)

rd
1
We find out flux density in the stator tooth at of tooth height from narrow end
3
rd
1
Slot pitch at of tooth height from narrow end
3
 1 
  D  hs  2 
 3 
 1 
sg ht
3
S1
rd
1
Width of the tooth at of tooth height from narrow end
3
b 1   1  bs
t ht sg ht
3 3
rd
1
Area of one stator tooth at of tooth height from narrow end
3
 b 1  K il (Where li = ki l=Actual iron length)
t ht
3
Area of all the stator teeth under one pole
S 
A 1  Area of one tooth  No of teeth per pole 1 
t ht
3 P

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 S 
 b 1  K il   1 
t ht
3 P
  1  
  D  3 hs  2  
    b   K l   S1 
s i  
 S1  P
 

So mean flux density in teeth


B1  1
t ht
3
A1
t ht
3

Corresponding to flux density in tooth B 1 find out iron loss per Kg from the
t ht
3

graph given on page 19, fig 18. So B 1  pit W / Kg

t ht
3
Iron loss in teeth
= pit* density * volume of iron in teeth
= pit* 7600 * volume of iron in teeth
Corresponding to flux density in yoke By find out iron loss per Kg from the
graph given on page 19, fig 18. So B y  piy W / Kg
Iron loss in yoke
= piy* density * volume of iron in yoke
= piy* 7600 * volume of iron in yoke
Yoke volume  hY  K i  l   ( D0  hY ) 
Total Stator iron losses Pi = Iron loss in teeth + Iron loss in yoke

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ROTOR DESIGN:

1. Sectional area of pole core(FPC):

2
1  B 1 P l e =Useful flux per pole (average value of fundamental flux)

 p  Bav P l e = Actual flux per pole (average value of actual flux)
 p total   1.2 P (Take 20% as leakage flux)
P total 
FPC 
BPC
Where BPC = Permissible value of flux density in pole core
= 1.5 to 1.7 T
Diameter corresponding to this area
 4 FPC
FPC  d P2  d P  r =0.05L
4 
dP L

dP

Round Pole Long (Rectangular) Pole

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2. Sectional are of pole yoke(FPY):

P total 
FPY  2
BPY
Where BPY = Permissible value of flux density in pole yoke
= 1.1 to 1.3 T
3. Shaft diameter:

d shaft  0.1
KW
m 
RPM
4. Damper winding design:
Sectional area of copper in damper bars per pole
___

 0.2 ac P
FD
Pole D
(As a thumb rule we provide 20% of stator cu in damper bars)
Where
 D = Permissible current density =3 to 4 A/mm2
No of damper bars
Damper bar slot pitch  0.8 time the stator slot pitch
Pole Arc
 Nd 
0.8  Stator Slot Pitch
5. Estimation of OCC from design data: It involves calculation of magnetic
circuit (mmf) per pole pair under rated terminal voltage on NO load.
Magnetic circuit for a pole pair consists of
2 air-gaps length
2 stator teeth height
1 stator yoke length
2 rotor pole core and pole shoe length
1 rotor yoke length
MMF required for two air-gaps AT2 '  :
Effective length of air gap
 '  K C
Where
 sg
KC= Cartor’s gap coefficient 
 sg  r
b0 
r
5  b0 
1
We know H  B
0
 1 
So AT2 '   B 2 '
 0 

MMF required for 2 teeth heights  AT2 ht  :

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 D
Slot pitch at tooth top  sgt 
P
 D  ht 
Slot pitch at tooth middle  sgm 
P
 D  2ht 
Slot pitch at tooth bottom  sgb 
P
So
Slot width at tooth top btt   sgt  b0
Slot width at tooth middle btm   sgm  b0
Slot width at tooth bottom btt   sgb  b0
Flux through a slot pitch  sg  Bm sg le
So
 sg
Flux density at tooth top Btt   attt ( AT / m)
btt K il
 sg
Flux density at tooth middle Btm   attm ( AT / m)
btm K il
 sg
Flux density at tooth bottom Btb   attb ( AT / m)
btb K il
Note: For calculating the ampere turns per meter corresponding to flux density
in stator tooth use figure 14 if Bt  1.7 and figure 15 if Bt  1.7 of given
reference notes.
Average mmf/m for the tooth is given by Simpson’s rule
at  4attm  attb
atht  tt
6
Hence MMF required for 2 teeth heights AT2 ht  atht  2ht
MMF required for 1 stator yoke (ATY):
By  at y
So ATy  at y l y
Where

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  D0  hh   D  2ht  hy 
ly  or 
P P
MMF required for 2 pole core and pole shoe (AT2PCS):
BP  at PCS
h1
So AT2 PCS  at PCS  2hPCS
Where hPC
hPCS  hPC  h1

MMF required for 1 rotor yoke (ATPY):

BPY  at PY
So ATPY  at PY  lPY
Where
 D  2  2hPCS  hPY 
lPY 
P
S.No Part Length of path Flux at ATpole-pair
density (AT/m)
1 Stator Yoke ly By aty ATy

2 Stator Tooth 2ht1 B1 at2ht1 AT2ht1

t ht 1
3

3 Air Gap 2 ' B300 at2 ' AT2 '

4 Rotor Tooth 2ht2 B1 at2ht2 AT2ht2

t ht 2
3

5 Rotor Yoke lry Bry atry ATry

ATpole-pair = AT30 = 
Hence
MMF (AT)/Pole Pair   ATs  AT2 '  AT2 ht  ATY  AT2 PCS  ATPY

MMF (AT)/Pole 
 ATs  AT 2 '
 AT2 ht  ATY  AT2 PCS  ATPY
2 2

OCC is graph between terminal voltage at no load and filed mmf per pole i.e.
V (or 1 ) Vs AT / pole

1 OCC
or
V

AT/Pole

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6. Estimation of SCC:
Apply Potier’s concept
The excitation required under short circuit donation to circulate rated current
consists of two parts
(i) Excitation A required for leakage reactance drop IXa.
(ii) Excitation (A) required to balance the effect of armature reactance
Total excitation required = A   A
A is given by
A  0.9 K pd NI
Where N = No of turns for all 3 phases per pole
3 N Ph
N
P
So excitation A   A will circulate rated current under the short circuit
condition
Air gap line
M
1
OCC
or Rated No load P SCC
Voltage E0
V
N

IXa
A   A
Q
A AT/Pole

7. Estimation of voltage regulation:

E0  V
% V .R.  100 V
V
IXs
 E0
IXa

I
Phasor Diagram
(Lagging PF)
8. Design of filed winding:
 The excitation voltage (Vdc) is usually 200 to 600 volts dc.
 About 15% drop is taken in leads and also to provide excess excitation
when required.
So
0.85Vdc  I f R f 750 C ---------- (1)
Where
I f  Filed current   f FCf ---------- (2)
 f  Current density in filed winding(3  4 A/mm2 )
Fcf = Sectional area of field conductor

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 dD h2=2dD

Lmtf

Pole and filed Winding

Lmtf N f
Rf,750C = Filed resistance  0.021  10 6 ---------- (3)
FCf
Lmtf = Length of mean turn for field winding
Nf = Total number of field turns
Using equation (2) & (3), equation (1) will become

Lmtf N f
0.85Vdc   f FCf  0.021  10 6
FCf
0.85Vdc
 Nf 
0.021 10 6  f Lmtf
Filed current

ATPole
If 
N fP
Where
NfP = No of field turns per pole

Sectional area of filed conductor

I
FC  f
f
Note:
1. Excitation power required
5 KVA to 100 KVA: 2- 5% of the machine rating
50 MVA to 500 MVA: 0.25% to 0.5% of the machine rating
2. Losses and efficiency:
a. Efficiency of >100 MVA synchronous machine: up to 98.5%

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 b. Efficiency of >5 MVA synchronous machine: 93% or up to 95%

9. SCR: Short Circuit Ratio:

OCC
SCC
1 D
C
V (p.u.)
I (p.u) B

A E
O Ifo Ifsc
The short circuit ration (SCR) of a synchronous machine is defined as the ratio
of filed current required to produce rated voltage on open circuit to filed current
required to circulate rated current at short circuit

I fo OA
SCR  
I fsc OE
Consider similar triangles OAB and OED
OA AB AB 1
SCR    
OE ED AC AC AB
1
SCR 
pu voltage on open circuit corresponding pu current on short circuit

1
SCR 
XS
Thus the SCR is the reciprocal of synchronous reactance.
Range of SCR
SCR= 0.5 to 0.9 for turbo alternator
SCR= 0.9 to 1.3 for water wheel alternator

Effect of SCR on performance of alternator:

1. Stability: Power developed
EV
Pd ,cylindrical  0 sin 
Xs
EV V 2 Xd  Xq
Pd ,salient  0 sin   sin 2
Xs 2 Xd Xq
A machine which can develop more power is more stable.
So lower the value of Xs (or Xd), higher will the stability
 SCR 
2. Parallel Operation:
1
Synchronizing power 
Xs
So for higher synchronizing power Xs should be small
 SCR 

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 3. Short Circuit Current:
V
I sc 
Xs
So to limit short circuit current Xs should be high
 SCR 
4. Voltage Regulation:
E0  V  I Ra  jX S 
E V
VR  0
V
For VR to be low, Xs should be high
 SCR 
5. Self Excitation:
Lower the value of Xs, higher will be the current in the filed path due
to residual voltage.
 SCR 

Hence
 We see that if SCR is high the machine will have higher stability, better
parallel operation, good voltage regulation and more suitable for self
excitation.
 The value of Xs is controlled by the length of air gap. By increasing the air gap
length we can reduce armature reaction and so decrease synchronous reactance
and increase SCR.
 If we increase the air gap, more filed MMF is required and it will result in
more cost for the field system.
 For salient pole rotor
Xd = Xs
Xq = (0.55 to 0.65) Xd

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