EPISIOTOMY

• It is a surgical incision of the perineum to enlarge the vaginal opening to facilitate childbirth when the condition
requires. The indications for episiotomy are:
To prevent an uncontrolled tear which may extend to the perineal body, anal sphincter and even anus and rectum.
Hypertensive or cardiac disease client

• For instrumental delivery

Episiotomy - Increase blood loss - Wound pain - Wound infection - Edema - Haematoma - Difficult urination and defecation
(usually resolve after a few days) - Dyspareunia (pain during intercourse)

MECONIUM STAINING

• Meconium staining is when your baby passes meconium before birth. Meconium-stained amniotic fluid is
present in 12% to 20% of all deliveries. It's more common when you are beyond your due date. Stained amniotic fluid
has a green or brown tint.
• Meconium forms when your baby swallows amniotic fluid. As amniotic fluid passes through your baby's
intestines, the water part of the amniotic fluid is absorbed. A sticky, tar-like substance is left behind. This debris is
meconium and it lines your baby's large intestine. By the time your baby reaches full-term (40 weeks gestation), their
intestines are filled with meconium. Passing meconium after birth shows that their digestive system is working.
•

2ND STAGE OF LABOR

• In the second stage of labor, your cervix is fully dilated and ready for childbirth. This stage is the most work for
you because your provider wants you to start pushing your baby out. This stage can be as short as 20 minutes or as
long as a few hours. It may be longer for first-time moms or if you’ve had an epidural. An epidural is pain medicine
you get through a tube in your lower back that helps numb your lower body during labor. It's the most common kind
of pain relief used during labor. The second stage ends when your baby is born.
• Prolonged labor is labor that has slow progression — whether in the first or second stage. If your baby isn’t
born after 20 or more hours of contractions, you’re most likely in prolonged labor. Also called failure to progress,
providers can safely manage this condition with medications to help speed labor along.

NORMAL SPONTANEOUS DELIVERY

• Normal Spontaneous Delivery (NSD) is the delivery of the baby through the birth canal without any surgery
mother can decide to have a baby through drug-free method or pain relief medications. NSD is the common form of
delivery since it is lower risk and with a speedy recovery.

CEPHALOPELVIC DISPROPORTION

• Cephalopelvic disproportion occurs when there is mismatch between the size of the fetal head and size of the
maternal pelvis, resulting in "failure to progress" in labor for mechanical reasons. Untreated, the consequence is
obstructed labor that can endanger the lives of both mother and fetus.
•
MEDIOLATERAL EPISIOTOMY

• A mediolateral incision (shown at right) is done at an angle. A midline incision is easier to repair, but it has a
higher risk of extending into the anal area.
• A mediolateral incision offers the best protection from an extended tear affecting the anal area, but it is often
more painful and is more difficult to repair.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS

• Part of the immune system, participating in both the innate and humoral immune responses.
•
HIGH WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTOSIS)

• or high white blood cell count, can indicate a range of conditions, including infections, inflammation, injury
and immune system disorders.
• They circulate in the blood and increase inflammatory and cellular responses to injury or pathogens
HEMOGLOBIN

• Protein in the blood that is responsible for delivery of oxygen to the tissues
LOW HEMOGLOBIN

• It may be a symptom of several conditions, including different kinds of anemia and cancer.
LABOR

• Involuntary contractions

LABOR PAINS