1

Unit 1 (Theory)
Particle Theory
Arranged by Dr Soe Kyaw Kyaw
1. Use the kinetic particle model to describe the differences between liquid lead and lead gas in terms of:
● the separation of the particles ............................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
● the motion of the particles. .................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [4]

2. Use the kinetic particle model to describe the differences between solid aluminium and liquid
aluminium in terms of:
● the arrangement of the particles .........................................................................................
In solid Aluminium, the particles are packed tightly close together in fixed pattern , and In liquid Aluminium, the particles are
....................................................................................................................................................
arranged in no fixed pattern and random.
....................................................................................................................................................
● the separation of the particles. ...........................................................................................
The Particles in solid aluminium are packed tightly close together and can not move
....................................................................................................................................................
around while the particles in liquid aluminium can slide past each other easily.
................................................................................................................................................... [4]

3. Use the kinetic particle model to describe the differences between solid sulfur and sulfur gas in terms of:
● the arrangement of the particles
The Particles in solid sulfur are arranged close together in a fixed pattern. The
....................................................................................................................................................
particles in sulfur gas are arranged randomly.
....................................................................................................................................................
● the motion of the particles.
In Solid sulfur, the particles can only vibrate, while the particles in
....................................................................................................................................................
Gas sulfur can move everywhere rapidly
....................................................................................................................................................[4]

4. Use the kinetic particle theory to describe the differences between nitrogen gas and liquid nitrogen in
terms of:
● the separation of the particles
The particles in nitrogen gas are far apart while the particles in liquid nitrogen
.............................................................................................................................................
are close together.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
● the motion of the particles.
The particles in nitrogen gas can move everywhere rapidly while the particles in liquid nitrogen can slide past each
.............................................................................................................................................
other easily
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................[4]
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5. Use the kinetic particle theory to describe the differences between sulfur gas and solid sulfur in terms of:
● the arrangement of the particles
In sulfur gas, the particles are arranged in no fixed pattern, random.
....................................................................................................................................................
In solid sulfur, the particles are arranged in fixed pattern.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
● the separation of the particles.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................[4]

6. Use the kinetic particle theory to describe the differences between solid aluminium and liquid
aluminium in terms of:
● the separation of the particles
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
● the motion of the particles.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]

7. This question is about states of matter.

(b) Substances can change state.

(i) Boiling and evaporation are two ways in which a liquid change into a gas.
Describe two differences between boiling and evaporation.
Boiling occurs throughout the whole liquid while Evaporation
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
occurs only at the surface of the liquid.
2 .......................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Name the change of state when:
Condensation
● a gas becomes a liquid ................................................................................................
Sublimation
● a solid becomes a gas. ................................................................................................[2]
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(c) A substance boils at temperature X and melts at temperature Y.

Complete the graph to show the change in temperature over time as the substance cools from
temperature A to temperature B.

(d) A solution is a mixture of a solute and a solvent.

(i) Name the process when a solid substance mixes with a solvent to form a solution.
Dissolving?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Name the type of reaction when two solutions react to form an insoluble substance.
.......................................................................................................................................
Precipitation [1]

8. A long glass tube is set up as shown.

At first, the blue litmus paper does not turn red.

After a short time, the litmus paper turns red.
Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.
The HCL molecules escape from the solution and diffusion occurs. The molecules are constanly moving in random
.............................................................................................................................................
way and changed direction when they hit other particles. Therefore the molecules spread out.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]

9. A small beaker of aqueous ammonia is placed at the front of a classroom.

At first, the students at the back of the class do not smell the ammonia gas.
After a short time, the students at the back of the class smell the ammonia.
Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.
Because when the beaker of aqueous ammonia gas is first open, the gas particles
....................................................................................................................................................
start moving and they move from area of high concentration to area of low concentration. The molecules are constantly
....................................................................................................................................................
moving in random way and changing direction as they hit other particles. THat way, the ammonia gas spread to the back of
....................................................................................................................................................
the class after a short time
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
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10. Particulates are tiny solid particles in the air.

The movement of these particles is shown by the arrows in the diagram.

State the name given to this random motion of particles.

Brownian Motion
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

11. Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and motion of the particles in molten
(liquid) lead.
The particles are arranged in no fixed pattern and random.
arrangement ..............................................................................................................................
The particles can slide through each other easily.
motion ........................................................................................................................................[2]

12. Particulates are tiny solid particles in the air.

They show Brownian motion.
Identify one statement that best describes Brownian motion.
Tick one box.

13. Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and separation of the particles in solid
sodium.
The particles in solid are arranged in fixed pattern.
arrangement ..............................................................................................................................
The particles are close together.
separation ..................................................................................................................................[2]

14. Some changes of state of sodium are shown.

Give the names of the changes of state represented by R and S.

Freezing
R .........................................................................................................................................
Evaporation
S .........................................................................................................................................[2]
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15. (a) Complete the table about solids, liquids and gases.

regular

irregular

Move everywhere rapidly

(b) The graph shows the change in temperature as a sample of a gas is cooled.

Name the change of state taking place between A and B.

Condensation
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) A bottle of liquid perfume is left open at the front of a room.
After some time, the perfume is smelt at the back of the room.
Name the two physical processes taking place.
Evaporation
1 .................................................................................................................................................
Diffusion
2 .................................................................................................................................................[2]

16. The changes of state of water are shown.

Give the names of the changes of state represented by A and B.

Melting
A ................................................................................................................................................
Condensation
B ................................................................................................................................................[2]

17. (a) Some changes of state of sodium are shown.

State the names of the changes of state represented by A and B.

Melting
A .........................................................................................................................................
Condensation
B .........................................................................................................................................[2]
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(b) Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and separation of the particles in:
In Solid Sodium, the particles are packed tightly close together and are in fixed pattern.
solid sodium ........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
In Liquid Sodium, the particles are arranged in irregular pattern and are loosely packed together
liquid sodium. ......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................[4]

18. Watch-glasses of aqueous ammonia and concentrated hydrochloric acid were placed near each other on
a table.
At first no white fumes were seen.
After a short time, white fumes were seen between the watch-glasses.

Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]

19. (a) Some changes of state of mercury are shown.

State the names of the changes of state represented by A and B.

Freezing
A .........................................................................................................................................
Condensation
B .........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Use the kinetic particle model to describe the motion and separation of the particles in:
In Liquid mercury the particles are loosely packed and they
liquid mercury .....................................................................................................................
can slide over each other easily (flow).
.............................................................................................................................................
In Gas mercury, the particles are far apart amd move everywhere rapidly.
mercury gas. .......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................[4]
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20. When a piece of solid carbon dioxide is placed in a warm room, it undergoes sublimation.
(i) What is meant by the term sublimation?
Sublimation is the state change process from solid to gas.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Use the kinetic particle model to describe the motion and separation of the particles in:
solid carbon dioxide ............................................................................................................
In Solid Carbon dioxide, the particles can only vibrate and they are closely packed
together.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
carbon dioxide gas. ............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................[4]

21. A student set up a long glass tube as shown.

At first, the litmus paper remained red.

After a short time the litmus paper was completely blue.
Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

22. This question is about iodine and compounds of iodine.

(a) Use the kinetic particle model to describe the separation between the molecules and the type of
motion of the molecules in:
● solid iodine ..........................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................

● iodine gas. ..........................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................[4]
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(b) The graph shows how the volume of iodine gas changes with pressure. The temperature is kept
constant.

Describe how the volume of iodine gas changes with pressure.

....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

23. Sulfur dioxide melts at –73°C and boils at –10°C.

What is the physical state of sulfur dioxide at –20°C?
Explain your answer.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
24. This question is about bromine and compounds of bromine.
(a) Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and type of motion of the molecules in:
● liquid bromine .....................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
● bromine gas. .......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) The graph shows how the volume of bromine gas changes with temperature. The pressure is kept
constant.

Describe how the volume of the bromine gas changes with temperature.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(skk)
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25. This question is about chlorine and compounds of chlorine.

(a) Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and type of motion of the molecules in:
● solid chlorine .......................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
● chlorine gas. .......................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) The graph shows how the pressure of chlorine gas changes when temperature increases. The
volume is kept constant

Describe how the pressure of the chlorine gas changes with temperature.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
26. The melting point of pure S is 159°C.
The boiling point of pure S is 200°C.
(i) What is the physical state of pure S at 100°C?
Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Which one of these statements about an impure sample of compound S is correct?
Tick one box.

27. Some of the changes of state of water are shown.

(i) Give the names of the changes of state represented by P and Q.

P .........................................................................................................................................
Q .........................................................................................................................................[2]
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(ii) Use the kinetic particle model to describe the separation and motion of the particles in water when
it is:
● a liquid
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
● a vapour
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................[4]

28. Bromine is a volatile liquid. Potassium bromide is a compound made from bromine.
Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and motion of the particles in bromine when
it is:
● a liquid
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
● a gas
....................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [4]
29. When sulfur vapour falls on to a cold surface, small crystals of solid sulfur form.
Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and motion of the particles in sulfur when it is:
● a gas
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
● a solid
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................[4]
30. Limonene is a volatile liquid which smells of oranges.
A teacher placed a beaker of limonene at the front of a classroom.
At first, the students at the back of the classroom could not smell the limonene.
After two minutes, the smell of limonene had spread throughout the classroom.
The air in the classroom was still and calm.
(i) Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
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(ii) The melting point of limonene is –74 °C.

The boiling point of limonene is 176 °C.
What is the physical state of limonene at – 80 °C?
Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

31. Ethanoic acid can be made by the oxidation of ethanol.

The melting point of ethanol is –114 °C.
The boiling point of ethanol is 78 °C.
What is the physical state of ethanol at –120 °C?
Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

32. This question is about cobalt and its compounds.

Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
33. Potassium bromide has a melting point of 734 °C.
Iodine monochloride has a melting point of 27 °C.
In terms of attractive forces, explain why there is a large difference between these melting points.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(skk)
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34. A drop of sulfur dichloride was placed in the corner of a glass box.
The glass box was closed and left for 12 hours.
After 12 hours a red vapour had spread to fill the whole box.

Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

35. The melting point of argon is –189°C.

The boiling point of argon is –186°C.
What is the physical state of argon at –200°C?
Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

36. The graph shows how the temperature of a substance changes as it is cooled over a period of 30
minutes. The substance is a gas at the start.

Each letter on the graph may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(a) Which letter, S, T, V, W, X, Y or Z, shows when
(i) the particles in the substance have the most kinetic energy,
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) the particles in the substance are furthest apart,
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) the substance exists as both a gas and a liquid?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(b) Use the graph to estimate the freezing point of the substance.
…............................... °C [1]
(c) Name the change of state directly from a solid to a gas.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) When smoke is viewed through a microscope, the smoke particles in the air appear to jump
around.
(i) What term describes this movement of the smoke particles?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why the smoke particles move in this way.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

37. (a) Dust particles in the air move around in a random way.
(i) What term describes the random movement of the dust particles?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Identify the particles in the air which cause the random movement of the dust particles.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Explain why the dust particles move in this way.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) When chlorine gas, Cl2, is put into a gas jar, it spreads out to fill the gas jar.
When bromine gas, Br2, is put into a gas jar, it also spreads out to fill the gas jar.
The process takes longer for bromine gas than for chlorine gas.

(i) What term describes the way that the gas particles spread out?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Use data from the Periodic Table to explain why bromine gas takes longer to fill a gas jar than
chlorine gas.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(iii) Explain why increasing the temperature increases the rate at which the gas particles spread out.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

38. A closed gas syringe contains substance X.

Describe what happens to the volume of substance X in the syringe when the pressure is increased.
The temperature remains constant. Explain your answer in terms of particles.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

39. A closed gas syringe contains substance Z.

Describe what happens to the volume of substance Z in the syringe when the temperature is increased.
The pressure remains constant. Explain your answer in terms of particles.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

40. A closed gas syringe contains substance R. The syringe is heated in a water bath.

Describe what happens to the volume of substance R in the syringe. The pressure remains constant.
Explain your answer in terms of particles.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(skk)
 15

41. The apparatus shown was set up.

After five minutes, a red solid appeared along the line marked S on the diagram.
(i) Explain why a red solid appeared along the line marked S.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) The experiment was repeated at a higher temperature.
What effect, if any, would this have on the time taken for the red solid to appear? Explain your
answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

42. A porous pot has tiny holes in its walls which allow gases to move in or out of the pot.
A teacher filled a porous pot with green chlorine gas. The teacher then placed the pot in a large jar of
air. After 10 minutes, a green colour was seen outside the porous pot.

Use the kinetic particle model of matter to explain this observation.

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

43. Methyl orange and methyl red are both dyes which can be used as indicators.
(a) The actual value for the melting point of methyl red is 180°C.
A chemist prepares a sample of methyl red and finds that it melts over the range 173°C to 177°C.
Suggest why the melting point of this sample was different from the actual value.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
 16

(b) A concentrated solution of methyl orange was placed at the bottom of a beaker containing an
organic solvent.
After 5 hours, the orange colour had spread throughout the solvent.

Use the kinetic particle model of matter to explain this observation.

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

44. Jelly is a mixture of water and protein chains.

A crystal of blue dye was placed on top of some jelly.

After 30 minutes some of the blue colour could be seen in the jelly.
After 1 day the blue colour had spread out further into the jelly.

Use the kinetic particle model of matter to explain these observations.

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(skk)
 17

45. Matter can exist as solid, liquid or gas. The arrows show some changes of state.

(a) Name the changes of state represented on the diagram.

(i) A ................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) B ................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) C ................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Explain why energy has to be supplied to turn a liquid into a gas.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The diagrams represent the same number of particles of a gas in two containers, D and E, which
have different volumes. The two containers are at the same temperature.

In which container will the pressure be higher? Explain your answer.

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

46. Particles behave differently when in different physical states.

(a) Solids have a fixed volume and a definite shape.
Gases have no fixed volume and take the shape of the container.
Describe the volume and shape of liquids.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(skk)
 18

(b) Complete the table to show the separation, arrangement and movement of particles in each
physical state.

(c) Name the following changes of state.

(i) Ice turning into water.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Solid carbon dioxide turning directly into gaseous carbon dioxide at room temperature.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

47. The diagram shows the changes of state when zinc vapour is cooled slowly to room temperature.

Explain what happens during these changes in terms of

• the distance between the particles,
• the type of motion shown by the particles.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [4]

48. The melting point of bromine is –7 ºC. The boiling point of bromine is +59 ºC.
Deduce the state of bromine at +6 ºC. Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(skk)
 19

49. The graph shows how increasing the pressure at constant temperature changes the volume of a fixed
mass of carbon dioxide gas.

(a) Describe how the volume of gas changes with pressure.

...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) What happens to the average distance of the molecules from each other when the pressure is
decreased?
........................................................................................................................................... [1]

50. Concentrated ammonia solution gives off ammonia gas. Concentrated hydrochloric acid gives off
hydrogen chloride gas. Ammonia, NH3, and hydrogen chloride, HCl, are both colourless gases.
Ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride to make the white solid ammonium chloride.
Apparatus is set up as shown.

After ten minutes a white solid form in the tube where the gases meet.
(i) Name the process by which the ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases move in the tube.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) At which point, A, B, C or D, does the white solid form? Explain why the white solid forms at that
point.
the solid forms at ..............
explanation .........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................[3]
(iii) The experiment was repeated at a higher temperature.
Predict how the results of the experiment would be different. Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
 20

51. A student left a cube of ice on a plate in a warm room. The diagrams below show what happened to the
ice.

Describe and explain what happened to the ice. In your answer,

• describe and explain the change of state which occurs,
• explain this change using the kinetic particle theory.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]

52. Mercury is a liquid at room temperature. When heated, it changes to mercury vapour.
Explain, using the kinetic particle theory, the differences in the arrangement and motion of the
particles in liquid mercury and mercury vapour.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

53. A student took two identical syringes.

He filled one with water and the other with helium gas and sealed the end of both syringes.
He then pushed the syringe plungers with equal force.
The diagram shows what happened.
 21

Describe and explain these results using ideas about particles in liquids and gases.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

54. The diagram shows the arrangement of carbon dioxide molecules at –25 °C and 100 atmospheres
pressure.

What is the state of carbon dioxide under these conditions?

Use the kinetic particle theory and the information in the diagram to explain your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
55. The diagram below shows the arrangement of sulfur trioxide molecules at 30 °C.

What is the state of sulfur trioxide at 30 °C?

Use the information in the diagram to explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]

56. Gases diffuse, which means that they move to occupy the total available volume.
(i) Explain, using kinetic particle theory, why gases diffuse.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
 22

(ii) When the colourless gases hydrogen bromide and ethylamine come into contact, a white solid is
formed.

Predict at which position, A, B or C, the white solid will form. Explain your choice.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]

57. A student placed a crystal of purple potassium manganate (VII) on a fi lter paper which had been
soaked in water.
After 5 minutes, a purple colour had spread out from the crystal.
After 30 minutes, the purple colour had spread further out.

(a) Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Describe the closeness and motion of the particles in a crystal of potassium manganate(VII).
closeness ...................................................................................................................................
motion ........................................................................................................................................[2]
(skk)
 23

58. A student placed a crystal of iodine in a test tube of solvent.

After two minutes, a dense violet colour was observed at the bottom of the test-tube. After three hours,
the violet colour had spread throughout the solvent.

Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.

In your answer, refer to:
● the arrangement and motion of the molecules in the iodine crystal,
● the arrangement and motion of the molecules in the solution,
● the names of the processes which are occurring.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

59. Use ideas about the movement and arrangement of particles to explain why:
● solids have a definite volume and shape,
● liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape,
● gases have no definite volume or shape.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(skk)
60. Compound X is a colourless liquid at room temperature.
A sample of pure X was slowly heated from –5.0 °C, which is below its melting point, to 90 °C, which
is above its boiling point. Its temperature is measured every minute and the results are represented on
the graph.
 24

(i) What is the significance of temperature t°C?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What is the physical state of compound X in the region EF?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) What would be the difference in the region BC if an impure sample of X had been used?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

61. The diagram shows the changes of state when tin vapour is cooled slowly to room temperature.

Explain what happens to the arrangement and motion of the atoms during these changes.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(skk)
 25

62. Explain each of the following in terms of the kinetic particle theory.
A liquid has a fixed volume but takes up the shape of the container. A gas takes up the shape of the
container but it does not have a fixed volume.

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

63. The diagram shows a kettle of boiling water.

As the water vapour cools it turns back to water droplets.

Describe this change of state in terms of the kinetic particle theory.
In your answer, include
● the difference in the closeness of the water molecules as the water vapour changes to water,
● the difference in the motion of the water molecules as the water vapour changes to water.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]

64. Garlic is a vegetable that is often used in cooking. It has a strong smell.
A student is cutting up garlic in the kitchen.

After a time, the smell of the garlic travels all over the house even though there are no currents of air.
Use the kinetic particle theory to explain why the smell of garlic travels all over the house.
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65. Fluorine is a diatomic molecule. It melts at –220 °C and boils at –188 °C.
What is the physical state of fluorine
at room temperature, .................................................................................................
at –200 °C? .......................................................................................................... [2]

66. A student set up the apparatus shown below.

The concentrated hydrochloric acid gives off hydrogen chloride gas.
After 15 seconds, the damp blue litmus paper begins to turn red.
After 25 seconds, the litmus paper has turned completely red.

Use ideas about moving particles to explain these observations.

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67. A student placed a spoonful of sugar in the bottom of a glass of cold tea and left it undisturbed for
several minutes.
After 2 minutes, she used a straw to taste some of the tea from the top of the glass. It did not taste
sweet.
After 10 minutes, the sugar had disappeared and the solution at the top of the glass tasted sweet.

Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.

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68. A student placed some crystals of salt at the bottom of a beaker of distilled water. She left the contents
of the beaker to stand for one hour.
The diagram below shows her observations.

After one hour, all the salt had disappeared but the solution at point X tasted salty.
Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.
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(skk)