Year 12 Physics

Mod 6 Electromagnetism
03

Name: ________
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F1 Magnetic flux and field strength
3.1 describe how magnetic flux can change, with reference to the relationship 𝛷 = 𝐵𝐴
F2 Electromagnetic induction
3.2 analyse qualitatively and quantitatively, with reference to energy transfers and transformations, examples of
𝛥𝛷
Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law (𝜀 = −𝑁 𝛥𝑡 ), including but not limited to:
- the generation of an electromotive force (emf) and evidence for Lenz’s Law produced by the relative
movement between a magnet, straight conductors, metal plates and solenoids
-the generation of an emf produced by the relative movement or changes in current in one solenoid in the
vicinity of another solenoid
F3 Application to generators
F4 Eddy current

F1 Magnetic flux and field strength

Magnetic flux: the total number of magnetic field lines passing a given area

Magnetic field strength: the number of magnetic field lines passing a unit area i.e. the magnetic flux density

Formula: ∅ = BA

(1) Calculate the magnetic flux across the following closed loops.

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(2) A student places a horizontal square coil of wire of side length 4.0 cm into a uniform vertical magnetic field of
0.050 T. How much magnetic flux ‘threads’ the coil?

If the area is placed at an angle to the field, we have

∅ = BAcos θ
Where A is the area vector, and θ is the acute angle between the magnetic field B and the area vector A

(3) A student places square coil of wire side length 10.0 cm into a uniform vertical magnetic field of 0.20 T. The
plane of the square coil is at an angle of 60° to the magnetic field.
a) What is the angle between the area vector and the magnetic field?

b) How much flux ‘threads’ the coil?

F2 Electromagnetic induction
Faraday’s law of induction: the emf (voltage) induced is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux

Formula:

ΔΦ
ε = −N
Δt

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(4) Use law of induction to calculate the emf induced in the following.
a) A rectangular coil of dimension 4 cm × 5 cm has 250 turns. It is placed in and perpendicular to a magnetic
field of intensity 0.05 T. If the intensity increases to 0.15 T in 0.2 s, what emf is induced in the coil?

b) A circular coil of 150 turns and diameter 10 cm is placed in and perpendicular to a magnetic field of intensity
2.5 × 10−2 T. If the intensity is reduced to zero in 0.1 s, what emf is induced in the coil?

(5) A student winds a coil of area 50 cm2 with 10 turns. She places it horizontally in a vertical uniform magnetic field
of 0.10 T.
a) Calculate the magnetic flux perpendicular to the coil.

b) Calculate the magnitude of the average induced emf in the coil when the coil is removed from the magnetic
field in a time of 1.0 s?

(6) A coil of cross-sectional area of 1.0 × 10−3 m2 experiences a change in the strength of a magnetic field from 0 to
0.20 T over 0.50 s. If the magnitude of the average induced emf is measured as 0.10 V, how many turns must be
on the coil?

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(7) The variation in magnetic flux through a coil is shown below.

Which graph best represents the corresponding induced emf in the coil?

Practical: factors that affect induction

Aim: To investigate how the following
- the distance between the coil and magnet
- the strength of the magnet
- the relative motion between the coil and magnet
Diagram:

Method:
1. A solenoid is connected to a micro-ammeter
2. A magnet is moved towards and away from the solenoid
3. Maximum current it reaches is recorded
4. The following adjustments are then made to see how the current changes
i. The centre of oscillation is changed to various distance from the solenoid
ii. Magnets of different strengths are used
iii. Different speed with which the magnet moved are tried
5. The experiment is repeated
Result:
● When the centre of oscillation is closer, the induced emf current is larger
● When the magnet used is stronger, the induced emf current is larger
● When the magnet moves with faster speed, the induced current is larger

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Lenz’s Law = Faraday’s Law 2.0 = Faraday Law + Conservation Law of energy
(8) Use Lenz’s law to determine the direction of the induced emf and induced current in the following.

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(9) Determine the direction of the induced emf as the loop moves across the magnetic field.

(10) Given the direction of the induced emf, deduce what changes must have happened.

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(11) What is the direction of the induced solenoid when the electromagnet is:
a) Switched on? b) Left on?

c) Switched off?

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Remark: Lenz’s law is actually just the conservation of energy
● Consider a bar magnet moving towards a closed coil so that the coil experiences a change in magnetic flux
● If Lenz’s Law fails, then the induced emf on the coil will be such that it supports the change magnetic flux i.e.
the coil will produce a pole that attracts the magnet
● As a result, the magnet accelerates towards the coil
● This violates the conservation of energy since the magnet gains energy without energy input
● Therefore, Lenz’s Law must hold in fact Lenz’s Law is an example of the conservation of energy

(12) A coil, initially perpendicular to a magnetic field, makes a half turn so that it becomes parallel to the field.
This is shown in the diagram below.

a) Is emf/current induced as the coil turns? Why? Why not?

b) If there is an emf/curren induced, which direction will it be?

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F3 Application to generators
Generator:

1. AC generator 2 DC generator

1 AC generator turns 2 DC generator

Key observations:
● Energy produce is in the form of AC
● DC generator withdraw current as DC
● AC generator withdraw current as AC

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(13) The graph below is the output of an AC generator operating at some speed. On the same set of axes, plot the
same graph if it was to operate at twice the speed

(14) Consider the following motors

a)complete the diagram of generator Y, which generate Alternate Current

b)Sketch graphs to compare the output from each generator for two complete revolutions of the armature. Assume
they are rotating at the same speed (suppose that they start off perpendicular to the magnetic field).

c)Sketch graphs to compare the output from each generator for two complete revolutions of the armature. Assume
they are rotating at the double the speed compared to question 1 (suppose that they start off perpendicular to the
magnetic field).

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d)Sketch graphs to compare the output from each generator for two complete revolutions of the armature. Assume
they are rotating at same speed as question 1 but now the start off parallel to the magnetic field.

(15) Simple DC motor vs DC generator

Similarities:

Differences:

(16) In the graph shown, the solid curve shows how the emf produced by a simple generator varies
with time. The dashed curve is the output from the same generator after a modification has been
made to the generator.

a) Explain why the modification CANNOT be a change in the speed of rotation.

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 b) Propose possible modification(s) that would result in the dashed curve.

(17) A rectangular single turn loop of wire PQRS, with a resistance of 0.6 Ω, is placed at right angles to a uniform
magnetic field of 0.15 T directed into the page. The width of the loop PS is 10 cm and the length PQ is 20 cm as
shown in the diagram. The magnetic field is decreased uniformly to zero in 0.03 s. Calculate the magnitude of the
current induced in the loop.

(18) The graph below shows the magnetic flux against time for a rectangular loop of wire rotating within a
magnetic field.

a) On the same axes, sketch and label the shape of the induced EMF versus time.
b) Describe one way in which the induced EMF graph would change if the rectangular loop was rotated faster.

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(19) Explain why Lenz’s law is an example of the conservation of energy.

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F4 Eddy current
● When a metal surface experiences a change in flux, a current is induced
● The induced current will try to minimise the change in flux (Lenz’s law)
● Therefore, eddy current
(20) Describe formation of the eddy current and the motion of the object
a b

c d

(21) Determine the direction of the eddy current in the following.

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(22)

Practice problems
(23) A solenoid was connected to a data logger to measure voltage. A magnet was dropped through the solenoid
from above as shown.

On the axes provided, sketch a graph showing the change in voltage as the magnet falls completely through the
solenoid.

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(24) A copper plate is attached to a lightweight trolley. The trolley moves at an initial velocity, v, towards a strong
magnet fixed to a support.

The dashed line on the graph shows the velocity of the trolley when the magnet is not present.
a) On the axes, sketch the graph of the velocity of the trolley as it travels from A to D under the magnet.

b) Justify your graph.

(25) The diagram shows an electric circuit in a magnetic field directed into the page. The graph shows how the
flux through conductive loop changes over a period of 12 seconds.

a) Calculate the maximum magnetic field strength within the stationary loop during the 12-second interval.

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 b) Calculate the maximum voltage generated in the circuit by changing flux. In your answer, indicated the
polarity of the terminals P and Q when this occurs.

(26) Graph the induced emf on the same set of axis.

Answers
(1) a) 7 × 10−5 Wb b)1.6 × 10−5Wb c) 2.83 × 10−4Wb
(2) 8 × 10−5Wb
(3) a) 30 b)0.00173Wb
(4) a) -0.25 V b) 0.2945V
(5) a) 0.005Wb b)0.05V
(6) 250
(7) D
(8) a) Clockwise b) Anticlockwise c) Anticlockwise d)Clockwise e) right f) up g) left h) down i)up j)right k) left
l) down [Ask tutor to check question m) - x)]
(9) A) Clockwise B) 0 C) Anticlockwise
(10) a) decrease b) increase c) right d) down e) left f) left g) right
(11) a) move to x b) stay at 0 c) move to y
(12) a) emf is induced because there is change of magnetic flux. b) Clockwise
(13) Ask tutor to check
(14) Ask tutor to check
(15) Ask tutor to check
(16)

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(17)

(18) a) Ask tutor to check b) increase frequency

(19)

(20) Ask tutor to check

(21) a) Clockwise b) Anticlockwise c) Clockwise [Ask tutor to check question d) - f) ]
(22) B lands first. Because when the magnet drops into the tube, an changing magnetic flux induces an eddy
current on the tube, emf = −N × (ΔΦ/Δt) according to Faraday’s law. By Lenz's law, changing flux will produce
an opposing force against the change hence slow the magnet and resist falling. B have slotted copper tube, hence
less eddy current is induced than A, thus less opposing force on falling magnet which result in B landing first.

As the magnets fall, they will produce a changing magnetic flux in the walls of both tubes. Lenz’s Law says that
this will set up a current (eddy current) that will produce a magnetic field to try to oppose this change. This is
possible for the magnet A tube, since the eddy current can flow around the complete circumference. This results
in a strong braking force on the magnet. For the slotted tube, the eddy currents cannot flow because the slots
break the current path and no braking results. This means that magnet B will fall faster and reach the end of the
tube first.
(23) Ask tutor to check
(24) Ask tutor to check
(25) a) 2.12 T b) 0.3V, between 10 - 12 seconds
(26) Ask tutor to check

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