Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Definition: “Artificial Intelligence can also be defined as the development of

computer systems that are capable of performing tasks that require human
intelligence, such as decision making, object detection, solving complex problems
and so on.”

The Artificial Intelligence is a field of engineering that uses highly advanced techniques and
technologies for designing software and robots to think and act intelligently. It is labeled as
artificial because it is the opposite of human natural intelligence.

These systems and machines can replicate the human mind's learning, reasoning, and
problem-solving abilities to varying degrees.

Self-driving vehicles are increasingly becoming a reality. The operating system that enables
this type of amazing technology starts with software that connects to each of the sensors in
the car.

These sensors communicate with and perceive the surrounding environment. For the car
to successfully reach its destination, it must continually interact with traffic lights, other
vehicles, highways, buildings, and even weather conditions.

Whether it involves self-driving cars, speech recognition, or complex learning techniques, AI

— including each of the various expert systems — works seamlessly together.

Other software programs at the heart of AI can make inferences and draw conclusions
without human intervention. Inferences that involve inductive reasoning allow
programmers and developers to create systems that produce consistent results when
solving specific problems.

This type of inductive reasoning in AI is prevalent in niche applications such as Grammarly

by implementing natural language processing.

These advanced applications also promote problem-solving methods that keep algorithms
performing efficiently and deliver root cause analysis when finding solutions such as
improving logistics and diagnosing medical conditions.

So, AI is…

• The study of how to make programs/computers do things that people do better

• The study of how to make computers solve problems which require knowledge and
intelligence
• The exciting new effort to make computers think … machines with minds
• The automation of activities that we associate with human thinking (e.g., decision-
making, learning…)
 • The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when
performed by people
• The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models
• A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in terms of
computational processes
• The branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent
behavior

AI is a technique that enables machines to mimic human behavior. Artificial

Intelligence is the theory and development of computer systems able to perform
tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech
recognition, decision-making and translation between languages.

AI is the simulation of human intelligence done by machines programmed by us.

The machines need to learn how to reason and do some self-correction as needed
along the way.

Artificial Intelligence is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, learns,

decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of
this study as a basis of developing intelligent software and systems.
Importance of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made it possible for machines to learn from
experience and grow to perform human-like tasks. A lot of flashy examples of
Artificial Intelligence you hear about like Self Driving Cars, Chess Playing
Computers rely heavily on Deep Learning and Natural Language Processing. Using
these technologies, computers can be trained to accomplish specific tasks by
processing large amounts of data and recognizing patterns in the data.

There are a lot of Areas which contribute to Artificial Intelligence namely:

 Mathematics
 Sociology
 Philosophy
 Computer Science
 Psychology
 NeuroScience
 Biology

Importance :
 AI automates Repetitive Learning and discovery through data. Artificial
Intelligence performs frequent, high-volume, computerized tasks reliably and
without fatigue

 AI adds intelligence to existing products. In most cases, AI will not be sold as

an individual application. Rather, products you already use will be improved
with AI capabilities, much like Google Assistant was added as a feature to a
new generation of Mobile Phones.

 AI adapts through progressive learning algorithms to let the data do the

programming. The algorithm becomes a classifier or a predictor. So, just as
the algorithm can teach itself how to play any game, it can teach itself what
product to recommend next online.

 AI analyzes more and deeper data using neural networks that have many
hidden layers. You need lots of data to train deep learning models because
 they learn directly from the data. The more data you can feed them, the
more accurate they become.

 AI achieves incredible accuracy through deep neural networks, which was

previously impossible. AI techniques from deep learning, image
classification, and object recognition can now be used to find cancer on MRIs
with the same accuracy as highly trained radiologists.

Type of Intelligence:

The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and

analogies, learn from experience, store and retrieve information from
memory, solve problems, comprehend complex ideas, use natural language
fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new situations.

In 1983 an American developmental psychologist Howard Gardener described 9 types

of intelligence:

Naturalist (nature smart)

Musical (sound smart)
Logical-mathematical (number/reasoning smart)
Existential (life smart)
Interpersonal (people smart)
Bodily-kinesthetic (body smart)
Linguistic (word smart)
Intra-personal (self smart)
Spatial (picture smart)

The 9 Types of Intelligence

1. Naturalist Intelligence

Naturalist intelligence designates the human ability to discriminate among living things
(plants, animals) as well as sensitivity to other features of the natural world (clouds,
rock configurations). This ability was clearly of value in our evolutionary past as
hunters, gatherers, and farmers; it continues to be central in such roles as botanist or
chef. It is also speculated that much of our consumer society exploits the naturalist
intelligences, which can be mobilized in the discrimination among cars, sneakers, kinds
of makeup, and the like.
2. Musical Intelligence

Musical intelligence is the capacity to discern pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone. This
intelligence enables us to recognize, create, reproduce, and reflect on music, as
demonstrated by composers, conductors, musicians, vocalist, and sensitive listeners.
Interestingly, there is often an affective connection between music and the emotions;
and mathematical and musical intelligences may share common thinking processes.
Young adults with this kind of intelligence are usually singing or drumming to
themselves. They are usually quite aware of sounds others may miss.

3. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

Logical-mathematical intelligence is the ability to calculate, quantify, consider

propositions and hypotheses, and carry out complete mathematical operations. It
enables us to perceive relationships and connections and to use abstract, symbolic
thought; sequential reasoning skills; and inductive and deductive thinking patterns.
Logical intelligence is usually well developed in mathematicians, scientists, and
detectives. Young adults with lots of logical intelligence are interested in patterns,
categories, and relationships. They are drawn to arithmetic problems, strategy games
and experiments.

4. Existential Intelligence

Sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence, such as the
meaning of life, why we die, and how did we get here.

5. Interpersonal Intelligence

Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to understand and interact effectively with

others. It involves effective verbal and nonverbal communication, the ability to note
distinctions among others, sensitivity to the moods and temperaments of others, and
the ability to entertain multiple perspectives. Teachers, social workers, actors, and
politicians all exhibit interpersonal intelligence. Young adults with this kind of
intelligence are leaders among their peers, are good at communicating, and seem to
understand others’ feelings and motives.

6. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

Bodily kinesthetic intelligence is the capacity to manipulate objects and use a variety of
physical skills. This intelligence also involves a sense of timing and the perfection of
skills through mind–body union. Athletes, dancers, surgeons, and crafts people exhibit
well-developed bodily kinesthetic intelligence.

7. Linguistic Intelligence

Linguistic intelligence is the ability to think in words and to use language to express and
appreciate complex meanings. Linguistic intelligence allows us to understand the order
and meaning of words and to apply meta-linguistic skills to reflect on our use of
language. Linguistic intelligence is the most widely shared human competence and is
evident in poets, novelists, journalists, and effective public speakers. Young adults with
this kind of intelligence enjoy writing, reading, telling stories or doing crossword
puzzles.

8. Intra-personal Intelligence

Intra-personal intelligence is the capacity to understand oneself and one’s thoughts

and feelings, and to use such knowledge in planning and directioning one’s life. Intra-
personal intelligence involves not only an appreciation of the self, but also of the
human condition. It is evident in psychologist, spiritual leaders, and philosophers.
These young adults may be shy. They are very aware of their own feelings and are self-
motivated.

9. Spatial Intelligence

Spatial intelligence is the ability to think in three dimensions. Core capacities include
mental imagery, spatial reasoning, image manipulation, graphic and artistic skills, and
an active imagination. Sailors, pilots, sculptors, painters, and architects all exhibit
spatial intelligence. Young adults with this kind of intelligence may be fascinated with
mazes or jigsaw puzzles, or spend free time drawing or daydreaming.

History of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for researchers.
This technology is much older than you would imagine. Even there are the myths of
Mechanical men in Ancient Greek and Egyptian Myths. Following are some
milestones in the history of AI which defines the journey from the AI generation to
till date development.

Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)

o Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren
McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
o Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the
connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
o Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered
Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and
Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability
to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.

The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

 o Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial
intelligence program"Which was named as "Logic Theorist". This program had
proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for
some theorems.
o Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer
scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as
an academic field.

At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were
invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time.

The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

o Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can solve
mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966,
which was named as ELIZA.
o Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named
as WABOT-1.

The first AI winter (1974-1980)

o The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter
refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt with a severe shortage of
funding from government for AI researches.
o During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.

A boom of AI (1980-1987)
o Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System". Expert
systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a human
expert.
o In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of
Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford University.

The second AI winter (1987-1993)

o The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration.
 o Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due to high
cost but not efficient result. The expert system such as XCON was very cost
effective.

The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)

o Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary
Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess champion.
o Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum
cleaner.
o Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies like
Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.

Deep learning, big data and artificial general

intelligence (2011-present)
o Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had
to solve the complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could
understand natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly.
o Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was
able to provide information to the user as a prediction.
o Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the
infamous "Turing test."
o Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two
master debaters and also performed extremely well.
o Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and
which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and lady on other side didn't
notice that she was talking with the machine.

Now AI has developed to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep learning, big
data, and data science are now trending like a boom. Nowadays companies like
Google, Facebook, IBM, and Amazon are working with AI and creating amazing
devices. The future of Artificial Intelligence is inspiring and will come with high
intelligence.
What Contributes to AI?
Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as
Computer Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering.
A major thrust of AI is in the development of computer functions associated with
human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving.
Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute to build an
intelligent system.

Programming Without and With AI

The programming without and with AI is different in following ways −
Programming Without AI Programming With
AI

A computer program without AI can answer A computer program

the specific questions it is meant to solve. with AI can answer
the generic question
s it is meant to solve.

AI programs can
absorb new
modifications by
putting highly
independent pieces
of information
Modification in the program leads to change in its structure. together. Hence you
can modify even a
minute piece of
information of
program without
affecting its
structure.

Modification is not quick and easy. It may lead to affecting the Quick and Easy
program adversely. program
modification.

What is AI Technique?
In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed properties −

 Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.

 It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
 It keeps changing constantly.
AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge efficiently in such a
way that −

 It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.

 It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
 It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or inaccurate.
AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex program it is equipped
with.
How do machines become Artificially
Intelligent?
Humans become more and more intelligent with time as they gain experiences
during their lives

For example, in elementary school, we learn about alphabets and eventually we

move ahead to making words with them. As we grow, we become more and more
fluent in the language as we keep learning new words and use them in our
conversations.
Another example is how we learn walking. Initially a baby struggles to walk. He
takes help from others while learning how to walk and once he knows it, he keeps
on upgrading it by learning how to run, jump, etc.

Similarly, machines also become intelligent once they are trained with some
information which helps them achieve their tasks. AI machines also keep updating
their knowledge to optimize their output.

Components of AI
Artificial Intelligence can give companies and organizations insight into their daily
operations that they might not otherwise understand. Artificial intelligence
software can help businesses, schools, and healthcare facilities perform tasks more
quickly and effectively than humans.

To understand how AI works, it's necessary to understand each component of AI.

1. Learning:

Just as is the case with human beings, the first step in the development process as
it pertains to artificial intelligence is the learning stage. For example, when teaching
a child how to ride a bicycle for the first time, there will be a trial and error process
in which the child makes mistakes and falls off their bike, gradually learning the
rules and techniques that are needed to effectively handle the task at hand. In the
context of the development of artificial intelligence, the learning process involves
the memorization of individual items including different solutions to problems,
vocabulary, and foreign languages, among others. Through this learning process,
programs that utilize artificial intelligence are able to keep notes of all actions or
moves that led to positive results, allowing the program to leverage this knowledge
within its data should similar problems arise in the future.
Learning is a very essential part of AI and it happens in a number of different forms.
The simplest form of learning is by trial and error. In this form, the program
remembers the section that has given the desired output and discards the other
trial actions and learns by itself. For example, in chess (program) mate-in-one chess
problems might try out moves at random until one is found that achieves mate.
Here the program remembers the successful move and next time the computer is
given the same problem it is able to produce the result instantly. It is also called
unsupervised learning. The simple learning of individual items - solutions to
problems, worlds of vocabulary, etc. is known as rote learning. In the case of rote
learning, the program simply remembers the problem solution pairs or individual
items. In other cases, a solution to few of the problems is given as input to the
system, the basis on which the system or program needs to generate solutions for
new problems. This is known as supervised learning.

2. AI Reasoning

The second major component of artificial intelligence is reasoning. While the

concept of mental reasoning is something that has largely been limited to the

human mind for much of recorded history, much of the development of artificial

intelligence hinges on software programs that are able to draw conclusions and

inferences from a situation, without the need for human interference. Furthermore,

these inferences are divided into two categories, inductive and deductive

reasoning. To this point, the use of inductive reasoning has allowed computer

programmers and software developers to create products and systems that

achieve consistent results when faced with a particular problem or issue, whether

this is in terms of a broad topic such as automatic transcription and translation, or

a more niche application such as the cloud-based grammar and writing assistant

Grammarly.

For example, virtual assistants will offer restaurant recommendations based on the
specific orders or questions it receives.

The assistant will use reasoning to decide what restaurants to suggest based on the
questions it received and the nearest location of various restaurants.
3. Problem Solving

In the most basic of terms, an AI's problem-solving ability is based on the

application and manipulation of data, where the solution needs to be x.

Alternatively, in more advanced applications, problem-solving techniques in the

context of AI can include the development of efficient algorithms and performing
root cause analysis with the goal of discovering a desirable solution.

AI implements heuristics when solving problems by devising a solution using trial

and error techniques. Specific examples of problem-solving in AI would include the
use of predictive technology in the area of online shopping.

When a shopper is looking for a product and doesn't know the exact name of the
product, AI can assist in dramatically reducing the possibilities.

This can occur even when the shopper types in a few related or similar words. As
the entire premise of artificial intelligence is the creation of computer programs
and systems that solve problems in a manner similar to that of human beings,
problem-solving is perhaps the most pivotal component in terms of the
development of AI.

4. Perception

Perception is when different sense organs, whether real or artificial, scan the
environment. For example, AI scans the environment through sense components
such as temperature sensors and cameras.

Autonomous driving is an example of how AI implements perception. They are able

to perceive and comprehend the environment around them, including traffic lights,
road lines, and weather conditions.

Other examples include a GPS system or smart speakers that respond to human
queries. After capturing elements of the surrounding environment, a perceiver will
analyze the different objects, extract their features, and analyze the relationships
among them.

5. Processing Language

AI processes language in something as seemingly simple as spellcheck and

autocorrect. Computer programs use neural networks to scan large bodies of text
for misspelled words and language irregularities.

Another way AI uses language processing is when it weeds out spam in email
systems. For example, spam filters delegate specific messages as spam when
seeing certain words or combinations of words.
Natural Language Processing, involves machines or robots to understand and
process the language that human speaks, and infer knowledge from the speech
input. It also involves the active participation from a machine in the form of dialog
i.e. NLP aims at the text or verbal output from the machine or robot. The input and
output of an NLP system can be speech and written text respectively

Applications of AI
Applications of Artificial Intelligence around us

Whether we notice it or not, we are surrounded by machines that work on AI. They
are becoming a crucial part of our everyday life and provide us with an ease of
having even some of the most complicated and time-consuming tasks being done
at the touch of a button or by the simple use of a sensor.
Every now and then, we surf the internet for things on Google without realizing how
efficiently Google always responds to us with accurate answers. Not only does it
come up with results to our search in a matter of seconds, it also suggests and
auto-corrects our typed sentences.
We nowadays have pocket assistants that can do a lot of tasks at just one
command. Alexa, Google Assistant, Cortana, Siri are some very common examples
of the voice assistants which are a major part of our digital devices.
To help us navigate to places, apps like UBER and Google Maps come in haman.
Thus, one no longer needs to stop repeatedly to ask for directions.
AI has completely enhanced the gaming experience for its users. A lot of games
nowadays are backed up with AI which helps in enhancing the graphics, come up
with new difficulty levels, encourage gamers, etc.
AI has not only made our lives easier but has also been taking care of our habits,
likes, and dislikes. This is why platforms like Netflix, Amazon, Spotify, YouTube etc.
show us recommendations on the basis of what we like.
Well, the recommendations are not just limited to our preferences, they even cater
to our needs of connecting with friends on social media platforms with apps like
Facebook and Instagram. They also send us customized notifications about our
online shopping details, auto-create playlists according to our requests and so on.
Taking selfies was never this fun as Snapchat filters make them look so cool.
This isn’t all. AI is also being used to monitor our health. A lot of chatbots and other
health apps are available, which continuously monitor the physical and mental
health of its users.

These applications are not limited to smart devices but also vary to humanoids like
Sophia, the very first humanoid robot sophisticated enough to get citizenship,
biometric security systems like the face locks we have in our phones, real-time
language translators, weather forecasts, and whatnot! This list is huge, and this
module will go on forever if we keep tabulating them.

AI has been dominant in various fields such as −

1. Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-
tac-toe, etc., where machine can think of large number of possible positions
based on heuristic knowledge. It refers to responsive and adaptive video
game experiences. These AI-powered interactive experiences are usually
generated via non-player characters, or NPCs, that act intelligently or
creatively, as if controlled by a human game-player. AI is the engine that
determines an NPC's behavior in the game world.

2. Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer

that understands natural language spoken by humans.
We don’t regularly think about the intricacies of our own languages. It’s an intuitive
behavior used to convey information and meaning with semantic cues such as
words, signs, or images. It’s been said that language is easier to learn and comes
more naturally in adolescence because it’s a repeatable, trained behavior—much
like walking. And language doesn’t follow a strict set of rules, with so many
exceptions like “I before E except after C.” What comes naturally to humans,
however, is exceedingly difficult for computers with the amount of unstructured
data, lack of formal rules, and absence of real-world context or intent. That’s why
machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) are gaining attention and
momentum, with greater human dependency on computing systems to
communicate and perform tasks. And as AI and augmented analytics get more
sophisticated, so will Natural Language Processing (NLP). While the terms AI and
NLP might conjure images of futuristic robots, there are already basic examples of
NLP at work in our daily lives. Here are a few prominent examples.

Email filters
Email filters are one of the most basic and initial applications of NLP online. It
started out with spam filters, uncovering certain words or phrases that signal a
spam message. But filtering has upgraded, just like early adaptations of NLP. One
of the more prevalent, newer applications of NLP is found in Gmail's email
classification. The system recognizes if emails belong in one of three categories
(primary, social, or promotions) based on their contents. For all Gmail users, this
keeps your inbox to a manageable size with important, relevant emails you wish to
review and respond to quickly.

Smart assistants
Smart assistants like Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa recognize patterns in speech
thanks to voice recognition then infer meaning and provide a useful response.
We’ve become used to the fact that we can say “Hey Siri,” ask a question, and she
understands what we said and responds with relevant answers based on context.
And we’re getting used to seeing Siri or Alexa pop up throughout our home and
daily life as we have conversations with them through items like the thermostat,
light switches, car, and more. We now expect assistants like Alexa and Siri to
understand contextual clues as they improve our lives and make certain activities
easier like ordering items, and even appreciate when they respond humorously or
answer questions about themselves. Our interactions will grow more personal as
these assistants get to know more about us.

Search results
Search engines use NLP to surface relevant results based on similar search
behaviors or user intent so the average person finds what they need without being
a search-term wizard. For example, Google not only predicts what popular searches
may apply to your query as you start typing, but it looks at the whole picture and
recognizes what you’re trying to say rather than the exact search words. Someone
could put a flight number in Google and get the flight status, type a ticker symbol
and receive stock information, or a calculator might come up when inputting a
math equation. These are some variations you may see when completing a search
as NLP in search associates the ambiguous query to a relative entity and provides
useful results.

Predictive text
Things like autocorrect, autocomplete, and predictive text are so commonplace on
our smartphones that we take them for granted. Autocomplete and predictive text
are similar to search engines in that they predict things to say based on what you
type, finishing the word or suggesting a relevant one. And autocorrect will
sometimes even change words so that the overall message makes more sense.
They also learn from you. Predictive text will customize itself to your personal
language quirks the longer you use it. This makes for fun experiments where
individuals will share entire sentences made up entirely of predictive text on their
phones. The results are surprisingly personal and enlightening; they’ve even been
highlighted by several media outlets.

Language translation
One of the tell-tale signs of cheating on your Spanish homework is that
grammatically, it’s a mess. Many languages don’t allow for straight translation and
have different orders for sentence structure, which translation services used to
overlook. But, they’ve come a long way. With NLP, online translators can translate
languages more accurately and present grammatically-correct results. This is
infinitely helpful when trying to communicate with someone in another language.
Not only that, but when translating from another language to your own, tools now
recognize the language based on inputted text and translate it.
Digital phone calls
We all hear “this call may be recorded for training purposes,” but rarely do we
wonder what that entails. Turns out, these recordings may be used for training
purposes, if a customer is aggrieved, but most of the time, they go into the
database for an NLP system to learn from and improve in the future. Automated
systems direct customer calls to a service representative or online chatbots, which
respond to customer requests with helpful information. This is a NLP practice that
many companies, including large telecommunications providers have put to use.
NLP also enables computer-generated language close to the voice of a human.
Phone calls to schedule appointments like an oil change or haircut can be
automated, as evidenced by this video showing Google Assistant making a hair
appointment.

Data analysis
Natural language capabilities are being integrated into data analysis workflows as
more BI vendors offer a natural language interface to data visualizations. One
example is smarter visual encodings, offering up the best visualization for the right
task based on the semantics of the data. This opens up more opportunities for
people to explore their data using natural language statements or question
fragments made up of several keywords that can be interpreted and assigned a
meaning. Applying language to investigate data not only enhances the level of
accessibility, but lowers the barrier to analytics across organizations, beyond the
expected community of analysts and software developers.

Text analytics
Text analytics converts unstructured text data into meaningful data for analysis
using different linguistic, statistical, and machine learning techniques. While
sentiment analysis sounds daunting to brands--especially if they have a large
customer base--a tool using NLP will typically scour customer interactions, such as
social media comments or reviews, or even brand name mentions to see what’s
being said. Analysis of these interactions can help brands determine how well a
marketing campaign is doing or monitor trending customer issues before they
decide how to respond or enhance service for a better customer experience.
Additional ways that NLP helps with text analytics are keyword extraction and
finding structure or patterns in unstructured text data. There are vast applications
of NLP in the digital world and this list will grow as businesses and industries
embrace and see its value. While a human touch is important for more intricate
communications issues, NLP will improve our lives by managing and automating
smaller tasks first and then complex ones with technology innovation.
 3. Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine,
software, and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They
provide explanation and advice to the users.

An expert system is a computer program that is designed to solve complex

problems and to provide decision-making ability like a human expert. It performs
this by extracting knowledge from its knowledge base using the reasoning and
inference rules according to the user queries.

The expert system is a part of AI, and the first ES was developed in the year 1970,
which was the first successful approach of artificial intelligence. It solves the most
complex issue as an expert by extracting the knowledge stored in its knowledge
base. The system helps in decision making for complex problems using both facts
and heuristics like a human expert. It is called so because it contains the expert
knowledge of a specific domain and can solve any complex problem of that
particular domain. These systems are designed for a specific domain, such
as medicine, science, etc.

The performance of an expert system is based on the expert's knowledge stored in

its knowledge base. The more knowledge stored in the KB, the more that system
improves its performance. One of the common examples of an ES is a suggestion of
spelling errors while typing in the Google search box.

Advantages of Expert System

o These systems are highly reproducible.
o They can be used for risky places where the human presence is not safe.
o Error possibilities are less if the KB contains correct knowledge.
o The performance of these systems remains steady as it is not affected by emotions,
tension, or fatigue.
o They provide a very high speed to respond to a particular query.

Limitations of Expert System

o The response of the expert system may get wrong if the knowledge base contains
the wrong information.
o Like a human being, it cannot produce a creative output for different scenarios.
o Its maintenance and development costs are very high.
o Knowledge acquisition for designing is much difficult.
o For each domain, we require a specific ES, which is one of the big limitations.
o It cannot learn from itself and hence requires manual updates.
Applications of Expert System
o In designing and manufacturing domain
It can be broadly used for designing and manufacturing physical devices such as
camera lenses and automobiles.
o In the knowledge domain
These systems are primarily used for publishing the relevant knowledge to the
users. The two popular ES used for this domain is an advisor and a tax advisor.
o In the finance domain
In the finance industries, it is used to detect any type of possible fraud, suspicious
activity, and advise bankers that if they should provide loans for business or not.
o In the diagnosis and troubleshooting of devices
In medical diagnosis, the ES system is used, and it was the first area where these
systems were used.
o Planning and Scheduling
The expert systems can also be used for planning and scheduling some particular
tasks for achieving the goal of that task.

Capabilities of the Expert System

Below are some capabilities of an Expert System:

o Advising: It is capable of advising the human being for the query of any
domain from the particular ES.
 o Provide decision-making capabilities: It provides the capability of decision
making in any domain, such as for making any financial decision, decisions in
medical science, etc.
o Demonstrate a device: It is capable of demonstrating any new products
such as its features, specifications, how to use that product, etc.
o Problem-solving: It has problem-solving capabilities.
o Explaining a problem: It is also capable of providing a detailed description
of an input problem.
o Interpreting the input: It is capable of interpreting the input given by the
user.
o Predicting results: It can be used for the prediction of a result.
o Diagnosis: An ES designed for the medical field is capable of diagnosing a
disease without using multiple components as it already contains various
inbuilt medical tools.

4. Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend

visual input on the computer. For example,
o A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out
spatial information or map of the areas.
o Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
o Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal
with the stored portrait made by forensic artist.
5. Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while
a human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the
background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.

(What is Speech Recognition?

Speech recognition enables computers to comprehend and translate human
speech into text. Speech recognition works by using artificial intelligence (AI) to
analyze your voice, identify the words you are saying, and then output those words
as text on a screen.

Speech Recognition in AI
Speech recognition is a significant part of artificial intelligence (AI). AI is a machine’s
ability to mimic human behavior and learn from its environment. Speech
recognition enables computers to “understand” what people are saying, which
allows them to process information faster and more accurately.

Speech recognition is also used in voice assistants like Siri and Alexa, which allow
users to interact with computers using natural language.

How does Speech AI work?

Speech recognition is a complex process that involves several steps, including:

Recognizing the words in the user’s speech. This step requires training the model to
identify each word in your vocabulary.
Converting those words into text. This step involves converting recognized words
into letters or numbers (called phonemes) so that other parts of the AI system can
process them.
Determining what was said. Next, AI looks at which words were spoken most often
and how frequently they were used together to determine their meaning (this
process is known as “predictive modeling”).
Parsing out commands from the rest of your speech (also known as
disambiguation).

Use Cases of Speech AI

Speech AI is being used in many industries. From ATMs to call centers and voice-
activated assistants, AI is helping people interact with technology more naturally
than ever before.

Call Centers
Speech recognition is one of the most popular uses of speech AI in call centers. This
technology allows you to listen to what customers are saying and then use that
information to respond appropriately.

You can also use speech recognition technology for voice biometrics, which means
using voice patterns as proof of identity or authorization for access or services
without relying on passwords or other traditional methods like fingerprints or eye
scans. This can eliminate issues like forgotten passwords or compromised security
codes in favor of something more secure: your voice!

Banking
Banking and financial institutions are using speech AI to help customers with their
queries. For example, you can ask a bank about your account balance or the
current interest rate on your savings account. This cuts down on time it takes for
customer service representatives to answer questions they would typically have to
research, which means quicker response times and better customer service.
Telecommunications
Speech-enabled AI is a technology that’s gaining traction in the telecommunications
industry. Speech recognition technology enables calls to be analyzed and managed
more efficiently. This allows agents to focus on their highest-value tasks to deliver
better customer service.

Customers can now interact with businesses in real-time 24/7 via voice or text
messaging, which makes them feel more connected with the company and
improves their overall experience.

Healthcare
Speech AI is a technology that’s being used in many different areas. Healthcare is
one of the most important, as it can help doctors and nurses better care for their
patients. Voice-activated devices allow patients to communicate with doctors,
nurses, and other healthcare professionals without using their hands or typing on a
keyboard.

Doctors can use speech AI to help patients understand their feelings and why they
feel that way. It’s much easier than having them read through a brochure or
pamphlet—and it’s more engaging. Speech AI can also take down patient histories
and help with medical transcriptions.)

6. Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the

text written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the
shapes of the letters and convert it into editable text.
7. Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human.
They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light,
heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have
efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit
intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes and
they can adapt to the new environment.

(ex. Sophia has been embedded with neural networks and artificial intelligence to
recognize human faces and understand their gestures and emotions. She can also
interact with different people and also respond appropriately)

8. AI in Ecommerce:

The e-commerce industry is at the forefront of adopting machine learning and

artificial intelligence. Entrepreneurs could apply such modern solutions to improve
their operations and boost their visibility in the digital platform. For instance, the
market has some of the best AI marketing tools that business owners can leverage
to promote brand awareness and attract more customers.

With such innovation, businesses can offer more value to their customers by
providing their desired products and delivering them on time through reliable
means. AI can also enable e-commerce businesses to gain a competitive advantage
by incorporating better and increasing customer loyalty.

Whether you are an eCommerce business owner looking into how your company
can benefit from such technological advancement or a consumer wondering how AI
can improve your online shopping, this article can be for you.

Applications of AI in eCommerce

Applications of AI in eCommerce For Business Owners

Adopting AI can make your business operations more efficient with the following
applications:

1. Chatbots To Answer Customer Query

Most renowned e-commerce businesses have chatbots on their website to make

the customer experience worthwhile. With chatbots in place, once consumers visit
an eCommerce website, they’ll be greeted with a pop-up question on the screen
asking, ‘how can I help?’. They can then use this feature to ask relevant questions
and get immediate responses courtesy of the AI-programmed system.

Utilizing this tool can go a long way in ensuring your customers are attended to
24/7, even when there aren’t live agents present to answer queries. This can come
in handy since a buyer’s decision to purchase a product or avail themselves of a
service might be affected by the time they wait for responses. Some prefer instant
answers to their queries to help them decide whether to order a good or not.

2. Generation Of Product Descriptions

Product descriptions give customers more information about the product and why
they’re worth buying. A well-written one is critical to your business as it can act as a
shop assistant for your customers. It can confirm whether the features of the
product they intend to purchase match what they’re looking for.

AI has made this task simple for business owners. Such a solution enables
eCommerce businesses to generate unique and dynamic product descriptions
automatically and within a short period. This is less time-consuming and more
efficient, unlike the conventional way of writing a compelling product description,
which can take a while.

3. Handling And Processing Of Business Data

Apart from the many products that e-commerce websites sell, they also have to
deal with and organize a lot of data daily. This includes managing your product
database and information such as:

 The total sales per day

 Purchases
 Inventory level
 Goods returned
 Customer information and purchasing patterns
 The total number of orders
 The number of successful deliveries

Manually monitoring and assessing these data can be tedious and not to mention
prone to human errors, and that’s where artificial intelligence comes into play.
Aside from collecting and arranging records in an organized and structured format,
AI can also make it more insightful.

This makes it easier for business owners to understand how their company is
performing, allowing them to make the necessary decisions for areas that need
improvement. Such insight could also give them an in-depth overview of the
customer purchasing patterns, enabling them to create personalized
recommendations for each user.

4. Privacy and Cybersecurity

The eCommerce industry involves buying and selling goods, with transactions
occurring online. While convenient, this can also attract hackers and cybercriminals.
When this happens, sensitive personal information of your customers could be
stolen and leaked, which can put them at risk. This could also stain the reputation
of your online business and hurt your success.

eCommerce business owners can use artificial intelligence to enhance the

cybersecurity of their websites. With AI, a website can quickly tell if there’s any
fraudulent activity happening and prevent data breaches that could compromise
business and customer data. But aside from that, AI could also aid in ensuring
websites and apps are well encrypted and secure to enable customers to make
online payments safely.

5. Sales Forecasting
eCommerce businesses can predict and generate accurate forecasting of future
sales and market trends using AI. This is possible through the use of:

 Data analysis
 Studying previous and current e-commerce trends
 Looking at historical data

Such an analysis can equip business owners with the data they need to boost their
operations. It can also give them insights, allowing them to maximize the allocation
of resources to different segments in the company to help it thrive and drive an
increase in sales and revenue volume.

6. After Sale Support

Apart from selling quality products and ensuring a smooth buying process, artificial
intelligence has also enabled eCommerce businesses to provide efficient after-sale
services to their customers. Thus, after a customer makes a purchase, they can:

 Access an automatic form where they can write feedback and comments
 Ask for directives on how to use a product
 Request for replacement if they find that the item they bought has defects
 Get goods delivered to their doorstep

The more the eCommerce business is concerned with the well-being of its buyers,
the more it can increase their loyalty, which can translate to more sales.

7. Filter Forged And Fake Reviews

If an eCommerce website has many negative comments, this can scare the
customer away. There are occasions in which people with ill motives forge these
reviews to make the business lose its customers, reduce its sales volume, and
operate at a loss.

And since the customer may not know or deal with the seller directly when
purchasing a product online, there’s a high likelihood that they’ll believe any
comment on the reviews plus the ratings.

Artificial Intelligence, fortunately, has a feature to help tackle or handle any fake
reviews that’ll negatively influence the customer’s decision to buy. It can detect fake
identifications and help e-commerce businesses remove them from their websites.
Ultimately, only genuine and legit comments from real customers will remain on
the e-commerce site.

Applications of AI in eCommerce For Customers

The benefits of AI in eCommerce do not just help business owners run their online
business more efficiently since it can also enhance the consumer’s overall
experience through the following applications:

1. Voice Search

In today’s modern era, voice assistants have become popular. People can use their
voice to ask for relevant information on the internet, schedule a meeting and even
ask for the location of different places.

And so, a voice assistant can be helpful in eCommerce shopping because you can
quickly place your orders using your voice. You’ll spend less time adding items to
your online cart, making the online shopping experience more convenient.

2. Giving Recommendations

Artificial intelligence can also be used to recommend products that you should buy.
For instance, if you’re searching for a particular item on an eCommerce website,
you’ll be able to see other similar items to what you’re looking for.

The algorithm that AI uses can be able to predict your needs and behavior as a
buyer based on:

 The items that you frequently buy

 Your search history

This enables the system to make predictions and suggest personalized

recommendations for a product you may be interested in, making it easier for you
to order and purchase. In this regard, you won’t have to spend hours searching the
website for the product.

3. Image Searching and Recognition

Have you ever had a picture of an item you’d like to purchase but don’t know its
name or which brand it is from? You need not worry. Artificial intelligence has made
things more manageable through a feature called the image search option.

With this, you only need to copy and paste the image on the search bar to get
results. The feature that makes this possible is the image recognition software. It
can identify if there are any similar images on the internet and specific eCommerce
website to the photo you’ve searched for. Therefore, you don’t have to go through
the hassle of knowing and using keyword searches.

4. Augmented and Virtual Reality

eCommerce websites use AR and VR AI features that can help customers get the
illusion of purchasing products from a literal brick-and-mortar store. This virtual
experience can help you go through seamless shopping by enabling you to try the
product online.

This is perhaps one of the most outstanding attributes of eCommerce apps on

mobile. The reason is that it uses 3D presentations. Therefore, you can search for a
product, customize its size and color, and check how it’d fit in your home virtually or
look worn if you’re shopping for clothes and shoes.

Conclusion

Artificial intelligence has indeed proven its value in almost all areas of our lives.
They can make life easier and enhance the efficiency and productivity of
companies.

For business owners, some applications of artificial intelligence in eCommerce

include chatbots, providing quality resale services, doing away with fake comments
and reviews, cybersecurity, and generating customer-tailored product descriptions.
On the other hand, their overall online shopping experience can be enhanced.

9. AI in Healthcare:

AI in healthcare is an umbrella term to describe the application of machine

learning (ML) algorithms and other cognitive technologies in medical settings. In
the simplest sense, AI is when computers and other machines mimic human
cognition, and are capable of learning, thinking, and making decisions or taking
actions. AI in healthcare, then, is the use of machines to analyze and act on
medical data, usually with the goal of predicting a particular outcome.A
significant AI use case in healthcare is the use of ML and other cognitive
disciplines for medical diagnosis purposes. Using patient data and other
information, AI can help doctors and medical providers deliver more accurate
diagnoses and treatment plans. Also, AI can help make healthcare more
predictive and proactive by analyzing big data to develop improved preventive
care recommendations for patients

Why Does AI in Healthcare Matter?

Healthcare is one of the most critical sectors in the broader landscape of big data
because of its fundamental role in a productive, thriving society. The application of
AI to healthcare data can literally be a matter of life and death. AI can assist
doctors, nurses, and other healthcare workers in their daily work. AI in healthcare
can enhance preventive care and quality of life, produce more accurate diagnoses
and treatment plans, and lead to better patient outcomes overall. AI can also
predict and track the spread of infectious diseases by analyzing data from a
government, healthcare, and other sources. As a result, AI can play a crucial role in
global public health as a tool for combatting epidemics and pandemics.

Applications of AI in Healthcare

Chatbots

Artificial Intelligence has the power to increase primary care and triage via
chatbots. Chatbots offer immediate conversational responses and
connecting becomes quite simple for patients. They can save money on
avoidable trips to the medical practitioner. When executed effectively,
chatbots can even aid healthcare providers to exceed patients’ expectations
while improving patient outcomes. As chatbots adopt an all-in-one
communication approach, they encourage patients to share their health
information proactively, enabling medical practitioners to hone patient care
quality, mitigate costs, and boost patient satisfaction. AI thus enables smooth
flow and automation of primary care, leaving doctors to focus more on
critical and dreadful cases. Besides, AI solutions in healthcare are taking a
more humanized approach. Digital human platforms, equipped with
integrations into IBM, Amazon, Google, and Microsoft, enable healthcare
providers to create and deploy digital-human employees with much ease.
Hospitals could thus leverage digital humans as health assistants to provide
empathetic, 24/7 aid to patients.

Robotic Surgeries

AI technology in the form of collaborative robots has brought about a

revolution in the field of surgery. The revolution can be seen in terms of their
speed and depth when making fine incisions. Generally, the result of a
surgery, especially a new or complex process, can change with surgeons’
skills. AI utilization can minimize case-to-case variations, improving the
efficiency of even the most skilled surgeons at the same time. As AI machines
are precise, they mitigate the probability of shudders or any accidental
movements during surgery. For instance, AI-controlled robots can offer a
three-dimensional magnification for articulation, while performing with
better precision and miniaturization, known to execute basic acts of precision
cutting and stitching. Surgeons at the Maastricht University Medical Center,
Netherlands, utilized AI-assisted robotics to suture very narrow blood vessels
of .03 to .08 mm. Besides, AI machines can employ data from past operations
to devise new surgical methods.

Virtual Nursing Assistants

AI systems alleviate virtual nursing assistants available 24/7. From interacting

with patients to directing them to the most effective and best care setting,
virtual nursing assistants could save $20 billion3 annually for the healthcare
industry. They can monitor patients, answer their questions, and hence, offer
quick answers in real-time. Today, most of the applications of virtual nursing
assistants enable regular and consistent communication between healthcare
providers and patients. As this happens between patients’ office visits to their
doctors, there are fewer chances of unnecessary hospital visits or hospital
readmission. AI-powered virtual assistants provide personalized experiences
to patients, helping them detect their illness based on the symptoms, besides
scheduling doctor appointments and monitoring their health status. A virtual
nursing assistant guides you through the course of the treatment. This
application of AI may be adopted to enhance patient engagement and
perfect their self-management skills to prevent severe conditions from
worsening. Care Angel, the first virtual nurse assistant globally, can provide
wellness checks through AI and voice.

Precision Medicine

Precision medicine is known to be one of the most valuable examples of AI in

healthcare. Its foundation relies on the large amounts of data gathered from
several disruptive technological innovations, such as cheap genome
sequencing, advanced biotechnology, and health sensors used by patients at
home. Remember, precision medicine banks on advanced supercomputing
algorithms with deep learning. It thus uses the cognitive abilities of
physicians at a new scale. Collaborating with Scripps Research Institute, CA,
USA, Intel has developed a deep learning algorithm. It could identify 23
patients with high cardiovascular disease risk, undetected by traditional
statistic methods, with 85% accuracy. Besides, Google DeepMind and IBM
Watson are known to be the leaders in mining medical records. The aim,
here, is to create a cognitive assistant armed with a range of clinical
knowledge, besides reasoning and analytical abilities.

Administrative Workflow Assistance

Automation of administrative workflow is one of the AI applications in

healthcare. It guarantees that care providers prioritize urgent tasks, aiding
 doctors, assistants, and nurses save time on their routine jobs. Applications
of AI in healthcare could lead to about $18 billion savings for the healthcare
industry. Technology like voice-to-text transcriptions offers help on the
administrative end of healthcare. They help automate non-patient care
activities, such as ordering tests, prescribing medications, and writing chart
notes. AI in healthcare examples includes a partnership between the
Cleveland Clinic and IBM. IBM’s Watson mines big data and assists physicians
offer a highly personalized and efficient treatment experience to their
patients. Besides, physicians can analyze medical papers in thousands using
natural language processing (NLP) and learn about varied treatment plans.

10. AI in finance: Adaptive Intelligence helps in automatic chat bots and

algorithm trading which provides share market updates and help in decision-
making to enhance how financial institutions analyze, manage, invest, and
protect money. AI is particularly helpful in corporate finance as it can better
predict and assess loan risks. For companies looking to increase their value,
AI technologies such as machine learning can help improve loan
underwriting and reduce financial risk

***

Examples of AI:

 Maps and Navigation

 Facial Recognition
 Chatbots
 Digital Assistants
 Speech Recognition
 Self Driving Vehicles

Examples of Machine Learning:

 Stock Price Predictions

 Product Recommendations
 Traffic Alerts
 Video Surveillance
 Social Media