Indo us relation post 9/11 attack

The Indo-US relationship after the 9/11 attacks underwent significant changes,
leading to a closer alignment between the two countries in various areas. Here
is a detailed examination of the Indo-US relationship post-9/11:

1. Counterterrorism Cooperation: The 9/11 attacks reinforced the common

threat perception of terrorism for both India and the US. It brought them closer
in terms of counterterrorism cooperation, intelligence-sharing, and strategies
to combat global terrorism. Both countries recognized the need to coordinate
efforts against terrorist organizations and their sponsors.

2. Defense and Security Cooperation: The Indo-US defense cooperation

significantly deepened following the 9/11 attacks. The signing of the US-India
Defense Framework Agreement in 2005 paved the way for enhanced military
exchanges, joint exercises, and collaboration in defense technology. The US also
facilitated India's access to advanced defense equipment, bolstering its defense
capabilities.

3. Nuclear Cooperation: The signing of the US-India Civil Nuclear Deal in 2008
was a landmark development in the relationship. It allowed India access to
civilian nuclear technology and fuel, despite not being a signatory to the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The deal symbolized the strengthening
strategic partnership between the two countries.

4. Economic and Trade Relations: Post-9/11, Indo-US economic ties expanded

significantly. Both countries witnessed a surge in bilateral trade, investments,
and business collaborations. The US became one of India's largest trading
partners, and economic cooperation became a vital pillar of the relationship.

5. Diplomatic Engagement: The 9/11 attacks brought India and the US closer
diplomatically. High-level visits, exchange of delegations, and regular
consultations became a common feature. The countries started engaging in
strategic dialogues, joint statements, and other diplomatic mechanisms to
foster greater understanding and cooperation on various global issues.

6. Regional Security: Post-9/11, both countries recognized the importance of

stability and security in the region. They shared concerns over the rise of
extremism and terrorism in South Asia. India's growing influence in the region
aligned with the US goal of promoting stability, leading to increased
coordination and consultations on regional security matters.

7. People-to-People Ties and Education: The Indo-US relationship witnessed a

surge in people-to-people ties after 9/11. Student exchanges, educational
collaborations, and cultural programs further strengthened the bond between
the two countries. Indian diaspora in the US played a vital role in connecting
both nations.

Overall, the 9/11 attacks consolidated the Indo-US relationship and led to a
comprehensive partnership between the two countries. It significantly
enhanced cooperation in counterterrorism, defense, nuclear energy, trade,
diplomacy, and regional security. The relationship has continued to evolve and
deepen over the years, based on shared democratic values, economic interests,
and strategic cooperation.

India-US Relations – Trade And Economic Relations

Trade and economic partnership between the US and India have been a key component of
the bilateral relationship. A new US Financial and Economic Partnership to strengthen
bilateral engagement on macroeconomic, financial, and investment-related issues was
launched in New Delhi in April 2010 by the Finance Minister Mr.Pranab Mukherjee and US
Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner. The Second Meeting of India- US Financial and
Economic Partnership was held in Washington D.C in June 2011. The India-US Trade Policy
Forum (TPF) was established in July 2005 to discuss issues related to trade. The last and
seventh meeting of the TPF took place in Washington DC from September 21- 22, 2010.

An Agreement on Framework for Cooperation on Trade and Investment was signed during
the visit of Minister for Commerce & Industry, Mr. Anand Sharma to the USA in March
2010. As part of the Economic Dialogue, a separate Commercial Dialogue has been set up to
cover:

(a) Trade Defence Measures

(b) Small and Medium Enterprises

(c) Capacity building on Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs).

For greater involvement of the private sector in a discussion on issues involving trade and
investment the bilateral India-US CEO’s Forum was reconstituted in 2009. The fourth round
of the reconstituted CEOs’ Forum to facilitate a structured dialogue between the industry and
the government was held on 22 September 2011 at Washington DC. Separately a Private
Sector Advisory Group (PSAG) has also been created consisting of prominent Indian and
international trade experts to provide strategic recommendations and insights to the US-India
Trade Policy Forum.

In 2017, the US exported $25.7 billion worth of goods to India, and imported $48.6 billion
worth of Indian goods Major items imported from India include information technology
services, textiles, machinery, gems and diamonds, chemicals, iron and steel products, coffee,
tea, and other edible food products. Major American items imported by India include aircraft,
fertilisers, computer hardware, scrap metal, and medical equipment

Economic rela wiki

The United States is one of India's largest direct investors. From 1991 to 2004, the stock of FDI
inflow has increased from US$11 million to $344.4 million, and totaling $4.13 billion. This is a
compound rate increase of 57.5 percent annually. Indian direct investments abroad began in
1992, and Indian corporations and registered partnership firms now can and do invest in
businesses up to 100 percent of their net worth. India's largest outgoing investments are in the
manufacturing sector, which accounts for 54.8 percent of the country's foreign investments. The
second largest are in non-financial services (software development), accounting for 35.4 percent
of investments. According to the data of the commerce ministry, in 2021–22, bilateral trade in
goods between the two countries crossed $119.42 billion. Exports to the US increased to $76.11
billion in 2021-22 from $51.62 billion in previous fiscal year, while imports rose to $43.31 billion
as compared to about $29 billion in 2020–21.

Trade relations
U.S. President George W. Bush and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh during a
meeting with Indian and American business leaders in New Delhi.
The US is India's largest trading partner since 2021,[245] and India is its 7th largest trading partner.
[246]
In 2017, the US exported $25.7 billion worth of goods to India, and imported $48.6 billion
worth of Indian goods.[247] Major items imported from India include information
technology services, textiles, machinery, gems and diamonds, chemicals, iron and steel products
, coffee, tea, and other edible food products. Major American items imported by India
include aircraft, fertilisers, computer hardware, scrap metal, and medical equipment.[248][249]
The United States is also India's largest investment partner, with a direct investment of $10
billion (accounting for 9 percent of total foreign investment). Americans have made notable
foreign investments in the Asian country's power generation, telecommunications, ports, roads,
petroleum exploration and processing, and mining industries.[249]
American imports from India amounted to $46.6 billion or 2% of its overall imports, and 15.3% of
India's overall exports in 2015. Major commodities exported from India to the US include [250]
[251]
Gems, precious metals and coins, Pharmaceuticals, Oil, Machinery, Textiles (including knit &
crochet), Organic chemicals, Vehicles, and Iron or steel products
US Food and Drug Administration and Indian Export Inspection Council officials
review memorandum of understanding on food safety in 2015
American exports to India amounted to $20.5 billion or 5.2% of India's overall imports in 2015.
Major commodities exported from the US to India include:[252][253] Gems, precious metals and
coins, Machinery, Electronic equipment, Medical equipment, Oil,
Aircraft/spacecraft, Plastics, Organic chemicals, fruits and nuts.
In July 2005, President Bush and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh created a new programme
called the Trade Policy Forum.[254] It is run by a representative from each nation. The United
States Trade Representative was Rob Portman, and the Indian Commerce Secretary then-
Minister of Commerce Kamal Nath. The goal of the programme is to increase bilateral trade and
investment flow. There are five main sub-divisions of the Trade Policy Forum, including The
Agricultural Trade group, which has three main objectives: agreeing on terms that will allow India
to export mangoes to the United States, permitting India's Agricultural and Process Food
Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) to certify Indian products to the standards of
the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and executing regulation procedures for approving edible
wax on fruit.
The goals of the Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers group include agreeing that insecticides
manufactured by US companies can be sold throughout India. India had also agreed to cut
special regulations on trading carbonated drinks, many medicinal drugs, and lowering regulations
on many imports that are not of an agricultural nature. Both nations have agreed to discuss
improved facets of Indian regulation in the trade of jewellery, computer
parts, motorcycles, fertiliser, and those tariffs that affect American exporting of boric acid. The
group has also discussed matters such as those wishing to break into the accounting
market, Indian companies gaining licenses for the telecommunications industry, and setting
policies regarding Indian media and broadcasting markets. Other foci include the exchange of
valuable information on recognizing different professional services, discussing the movement
and positioning of people in developing industries, continuation of talks on financial services
markets, limitation of equities, insurance, retail, joint investment in agricultural processing and
transportation industries, and small business initiatives.
On August 3, 2018, India became the third Asian nation to be granted Strategic Trade
Authorization-1 (STA-1) status by the United States. STA-1 enables the export of high-
technology products in civil space and defence from the US to India.[255][256]
On February 15, 2023, Air India announced an order of 470 jets, out of which 220 jets would be
bought from Boeing and the other 250 from Airbus. This is one of the biggest aircraft orders in
the commercial jet industry. The deal was acknowledged by both the POTUS and the PMO of
India.
During Modi's visit in 2023, resolution of six of seven outstanding WTO disputes between the US
and India through mutually agreed solutions, market access.

Science and technology

On January 31, 2023, the US-India Civil Space Joint Working Group (CSJWG) met for the eighth
time. The group is a collaboration of space agencies ISRO and NASA. The CSJWG has planned
to launch The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission in 2024 which is expected
to map Earth using two different radar frequencies to monitor resources like water, forests, and
agriculture.
On January 2023, the national security advisors of India and the U.S. announced the launch of
the U.S.-India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET). Under iCET, both sides
will work together in the fields of artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, advanced wireless
technology, space and semiconductor supply chain resilience.
India signed the Artemis Accords in 2023, joining 26 other countries working on exploration of the
Moon, Mars, and beyond. And NASA will provide advanced training to ISRO astronauts with the
goal of launching a joint effort to the International Space Station in 2024.

Convergence in indo us relationship

The nature of the Indo-US relationship has evolved significantly in recent years, with a
notable growth in convergence between the two countries. This convergence can be attributed
to various factors, such as geopolitical considerations, economic opportunities, and shared
democratic values. However, while there are positive developments, it is important to
critically evaluate this changing relationship.

Firstly, one of the key drivers of convergence in the Indo-US relationship is geopolitical
considerations. Both India and the US share concerns about the rise of China and its
increasing assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific region. This has led to closer cooperation
between the two countries in areas such as defense and security. The US has recognized India
as a major defense partner and the two countries have conducted joint military exercises and
signed defense agreements. This convergence in their strategic interests contributes to a
stronger relationship.

Secondly, there is an increasing economic dimension to the Indo-US relationship. India has
emerged as a significant economic partner for the US, with growing trade and investment
ties. The US is one of India's largest trading partners and foreign direct investors. This
economic convergence has the potential to strengthen the relationship, as both countries seek
to enhance bilateral trade and investment flows. Additionally, the US has supported India's
bid to join global economic forums such as the Nuclear Suppliers Group and has advocated
for a greater role for India in international institutions.
Furthermore, there is a convergence of democratic values between India and the US. Both
countries have robust democratic systems and a commitment to safeguarding individual
freedoms, human rights, and the rule of law. This shared commitment to democratic
principles has resulted in cooperation in areas such as education, science, and technology.
There have also been exchanges between the two countries to strengthen democratic
institutions and promote good governance.

However, it is important to critically evaluate the changing nature of the Indo-US relationship
and its growing convergence. Despite the positive developments, there are some challenges
and areas of divergence that need to be addressed. For instance, there have been trade
disputes between the two countries, particularly in sectors such as agriculture and intellectual
property rights. These disagreements highlight the need for greater economic cooperation and
a resolution of trade-related issues.

Moreover, there are concerns about the US's approach towards immigration and visa policies,
which have directly impacted Indian professionals and students. This has created some
tensions and could hinder the full potential of the relationship. Additionally, India's reliance
on Russian defense equipment and its relationship with Iran pose challenges to the Indo-US
strategic convergence.

In conclusion, the changing nature of the Indo-US relationship has seen a growing
convergence driven by geopolitical, economic, and democratic considerations. The shared
concerns about China, economic opportunities, and democratic values have brought the two
countries closer. However, it is vital to critically evaluate this relationship and address areas
of divergence to ensure a truly robust and sustainable partnership.

Cross-Border Terrorism in India: What’s the Scenario?

 During the last several years thousands of civilians have lost
their lives in acts of terrorism, apart from thousands of defence,
paramilitary and police personnel who have sacrificed their lives
in the line of duty.
 Infiltration and smuggling of narcotics, arms and weapons across
the borders have been matters of constant and unmitigated
anxiety to all concerned agencies manning the borders.
o Indo-Pakistan Border:
 Indo-Pakistan Border (3,323 Km) runs along
the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab and
J&K. Direct accessibility of the borders and
some technological developments enabling
quick passage of information and transfer of
funds has changed the focus and tenor of
border security.
 Cross-Border Terrorism from Pakistan has
been exacerbated due to the non-recognition
of boundaries by its terrorist groups and their
success in acquiring legitimacy due to
religious or ethnic identity.
 Inadequate Cooperation from Pakistan
has made the management of border
further difficult for India.
o Indo-Bangladesh Border:
 The Indo-Bangladesh Border (4,096 Km)
passes through West Bengal, Assam,
Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
 The entire stretch consists of plains, riverine
belts, hills & jungles which make illegal
migration very easy.
 Illegal Migration across this border poses
serious security threats and acts as a fertile
ground for organisations like the Inter-
Services Intelligence of Pakistan to penetrate
and expand their activities.
 Also, poor law and order situation at the
border, has led to smuggling of arms and
drugs. The Supply of arms helps in
sustaining any conflict.
o Indo-China Border:
  India shares a long land border with China
(3,488 Km) in the Indian states of Jammu &
Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand,
Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
 Although this border remains relatively aloof
from illegal migrations, this border remains
a cause of constant vigil for Indian forces.
 India has a longstanding border dispute with
China running back to British era in Aksai
Chin and Arunachal Pradesh.
o Indo-Nepal Border:
 India-Nepal Border (1,751 Km) is an open
border in the sense that people of both the
countries can cross it from any point, despite
the existence of border check posts at
several locations.
 Anti-India organizations use this border to
plant their people in the territory of India.
 Also, smuggling of gold, small arms, drugs
and fake currency helps terrorists in
executing an attack.
o Indo-Bhutan Border:
 This border (699 km) passes through states
of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal
and Sikkim.
 Illicit establishment of camps by militant
outfits in the dense jungles of south-east
Bhutan helps insurgents from India in
executing anti-India activities.
o Indo-Myanmar Border:
 The northeast states of Arunachal Pradesh,
Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram share the
border with Myanmar (1,643).
 Some of the insurgents groups like
the National Socialist Council of Nagaland
(NSCN) and United Liberation Front of
 Asom (ULFA) operate from Myanmar,
which threatens the security of India as well
as Myanmar.
o Cross-Border Terrorism through Maritime
Borders:
 Not only contiguous Border States with land
borders are vulnerable to the cross-border
terrorism but coastal areas are equally
vulnerable.
 The Long coastline of the country remains
comparatively unguarded. The presence of
the Coast Guard is minimal.
 In 26/11 attack in terrorists came from the
western coast through boats.
What are the Steps Taken by India?
 Government of India has created National Investigation Agency
(NIA) in 2008 after Mumbai attacks which acts as a federal
agency to combat terror.
 Multi Agency Centre (MAC) revamped after the 26/11 attacks,
acts as a multi-agency intelligence coordination mechanism for
counter terrorism.
 Combating Financing of Terrorism Cell (CFT- Cell) is also
created to deal with the policy matters on combating terrorist
financing and Fake Indian Currency.
 India is also a member of FATF (Financial Action Task
Force) whose aim is to establish international standards for
combating money laundering and terrorist financing.
o The FATF has removed Pakistan on its ‘greylist’ or
'increased monitoring list’. The FATF included the
United Arab Emirates (UAE), with which India signed a
free trade agreement in February 2021.

 There are 23 countries on the grey list of FATF.

 Zimbabwe has been excluded from the list after
a review found it compliant on all parameters.
  The government has created observation posts, Border fencing,
flood lighting, deployment of modern and hi-tech surveillance
equipment to prevent increased immigration.
 Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System
(CIBMS) has replaced manual surveillance/patrolling of
international borders by electronic surveillance to enhance
detection and interception capabilities.
 India has been supportive of all efforts, particularly in the UN to
combat terrorism and has played a leading role in shaping
international opinion and urging the international community to
prioritise the fight against terror.
 India since 1996 is trying to push a global intergovernmental
convention i.e. Comprehensive Convention on International
Terrorism (CCIT) to tackle terrorism. It can provide a legal
framework to enhance the prosecution and extradition of terrorists.
 Continuous dialogues with neighbouring countries have
been initiated from time to time for motivating them for a
strict action against terrorists breeding in their respective
territories.
Cross border terrorism with pak
Cross border terrorism is indeed a major irritant and challenge to India. This phrase refers to
the act of terrorist activities being conducted on Indian soil by individuals or groups operating
from neighboring countries, particularly Pakistan.

Firstly, cross border terrorism poses a significant threat to national security. Terrorist groups
leverage the porous borders between India and its neighbors to infiltrate the country and carry
out their destructive acts. These activities not only endanger the lives of Indian citizens but
also undermine the stability and peace within the country.

Secondly, cross border terrorism negatively impacts India's economic development. Frequent
terrorist attacks create an atmosphere of fear and uncertainty, discouraging foreign
investments and hindering various sectors of the economy. Investors are hesitant to invest in
regions prone to terrorism, hindering infrastructural development and economic growth.
Moreover, cross border terrorism strains diplomatic relations with neighboring countries,
mainly Pakistan. Continuous involvement of Pakistani-based terror outfits, such as Lashkar-
e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed, creates a trust deficit between the two nations and hampers
any peace-building initiatives. This volatile relationship further complicates efforts to resolve
other bilateral issues, such as territorial disputes and trade agreements.

Furthermore, cross border terrorism has a negative impact on regional stability and peace.
The activities of terrorist groups spread a sense of insecurity among neighboring countries,
leading to a cycle of violence and retaliation. Such instability not only affects India but also
impacts the overall peace and development in the South Asian region.

To address this challenge, India has adopted a multi-pronged approach. Firstly, it seeks to
enhance border security measures, including the fortification of border fences, improving
intelligence sharing, and enhancing surveillance technology. Secondly, India actively engages
in diplomatic efforts to isolate nations supporting cross border terrorism and raise the issue at
international forums. Thirdly, India continues to engage in dialogue with Pakistan to address
the issue of terrorism and find a peaceful resolution.

In conclusion, cross border terrorism poses not only an irritant but also a significant challenge
to India. It jeopardizes national security, hampers economic development, strains diplomatic
relations, and disrupts regional stability. India's approach to addressing this challenge
involves strengthening border security, diplomatically isolating supporters of terrorism, and
engaging in dialogue with Pakistan.

Cross-border terrorism indeed represents a major irritant and challenge to the relationship between
India and Pakistan. The phrase refers to terrorist activities carried out in one country by individuals or
groups operating from the other country, specifically in the context of India and Pakistan.

Firstly, cross-border terrorism has repeatedly strained diplomatic ties between the two countries.
Terrorist attacks originating from Pakistan, such as the 2008 Mumbai attacks and the 2019 Pulwama
attack, have resulted in heightened tensions and suspended dialogue between India and Pakistan.
The inability of Pakistan to take stringent action against terrorist groups operating from its soil has
led to a trust deficit and a breakdown in communication channels.
Secondly, cross-border terrorism has hindered efforts to resolve the Kashmir issue. Kashmir remains
a contentious region claimed by both India and Pakistan, with frequent incidents of violence and
unrest. The infiltration of terrorists from across the border exacerbates the situation, leading to
human rights violations and loss of lives. The presence of terrorist groups in the region further
complicates the peace process, making it difficult to find a mutually acceptable solution.

Moreover, cross-border terrorism affects the overall stability of the South Asian region. The constant
threat of terrorist attacks strains relations between neighboring countries and undermines regional
cooperation initiatives. Acts of terrorism spill over borders, causing a ripple effect and increasing the
likelihood of conflict escalation. This regional instability impedes collective efforts to address other
pressing issues such as poverty, development, and climate change.

Furthermore, cross-border terrorism hampers economic development in both India and Pakistan.
Frequent terrorist attacks, particularly on civilian targets, create an atmosphere of fear and disrupt
normal life. This deters potential investors, impedes trade and tourism, and negatively impacts
various economic sectors. The resulting economic slowdown further exacerbates socio-political
tensions between the two nations.

To address this challenge, it is crucial for both India and Pakistan to adopt a cooperative and
comprehensive approach. Firstly, there is a need for enhanced intelligence sharing and cooperation
to prevent the infiltration of terrorists. This can be achieved through strengthening border security
mechanisms, improving surveillance technology, and establishing effective communication channels
between security forces of both countries.

Additionally, both nations should engage in sustained and sincere dialogue to address the root
causes of cross-border terrorism. This includes addressing grievances related to Kashmir, curbing the
activities of terrorist groups, and taking strict action against those offering support and shelter to
terrorists. Confidence-building measures, such as people-to-people exchanges and cultural
engagements, can also play a significant role in fostering trust and understanding between the two
nations.

In conclusion, cross-border terrorism remains a major irritant and challenge to the Indo-Pak
relationship. It strains diplomatic ties, hinders conflict resolution efforts, destabilizes the region, and
hampers economic development. Addressing this challenge requires enhanced security cooperation,
sustained dialogue, and the collective will to root out terrorism. Only through such efforts can peace
and stability be achieved, enabling both nations to focus on their respective progress and
development.