Solid Waste Composting

About Team One Biotech

• Team One Biotech was formed by individuals with vast
amount of experience and knowledge to bring out the
most powerful, robust, economical and proven microbial
products and technologies for individual and institutions
who manage industrial wastewater treatment, sewage
treatment, decomposition of human fecal sludge, odor
control, sanitation, lake and pond bioremediation, open
drain bioremediation, solid waste composting,
agriculture, aquaculture, oil spills, soil improvement and
use of eco-friendly cleaning products.
• All our products are formulated keeping in mind the
ground realities and challenges faced for each of the
above area
• In house Manufacturing and R&D facility
• Proud to be a 100% “Make in India” company
Manufacturing and R&D
magnEfficient™️ Microbes
• Many microbes are uniquely adapted to specific
environmental niches. Unfortunately in the last 5
decades the human race have destroyed and altered
the natural microbial fauna in the environment
which has a direct negative impact on the soil, water
and air thus affecting our agriculture, aquaculture
and environment spaces across the globe.
• Microbes like good bacteria play utmost important
roles in the global ecosystem. The ecosystem, both
on land and in the water, depends heavily upon the
activity of the good bacteria.
• To set the matter right we at Team One Biotech
have come up with various path breaking
formulations and solutions to address each of these
issues and get back our “missing magnEfficient™️
microbes” to where they belong.
Solid Waste & Its Treatment
Composting is one of the important technologies for Solid Waste Management (SWM).
Composting can be defined as an biochemical and microbial process that implicates the hydrolysis
of organic fraction into stable and sanitized residue; humus.
• In-vessel composting
• Open windrow composting
• Covered windrow composting
• Aerated static pile composting
• Vermicomposting
• Biominearlization
Impact on Environment
• Improper waste management is detrimental to human health. It causes outbreak of various
diseases and reduction in life expectancy
• Generates green house gases like methane gas and nitrous oxide which significantly contributes
depletion of ozone layer thereby increasing the impact of climate change. Gases like Hydrogen
sulfide also released into the air. These substances are toxic to human lives.
• Wastes that find their way into water bodies such as rivers, streams, and oceans can have a
disruptive influence on the water bodies by lowering the pH and causing toxicity to the aquatic
inhabitants and humans that use the water.
• Wastes dumped indiscriminately are unfriendly to the sight, breeding disease vectors. Metals
from iron, radioactive wastes, etc. are toxic to soil organisms and plants, thereby reducing crop
productivity
Why Home Composting?
• Reducing waste: Composting at home reduces the amount of organic waste that ends up in
landfills, which can take years to decompose and release harmful greenhouse gases.
• Improving soil quality: Compost is a nutrient-rich soil amendment that improves soil structure,
water retention, and nutrient availability, making it a valuable addition to any garden or
landscaping project.
• Saving money: By creating your own compost, you can save money on fertilizers and soil
amendments, as well as reduce the cost of trash removal.
• Reducing carbon footprint: Composting at home helps to reduce your carbon footprint by
diverting organic waste from landfills, where it would release methane, a potent greenhouse gas,
into the atmosphere.
• Encouraging sustainability: Home composting is a sustainable practice that promotes
environmental stewardship and can help to reduce the overall impact of human activity on the
planet.
Understanding Composting
Decomposition of organic materials is aided by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungus, and actinomycetes, as well
as bigger creatures such as insects and earthworms. Microorganisms break down organic materials and create
carbon dioxide, water, heat, and humus, which is a reasonably stable organic end product, when they begin to
degrade the organic material.
1. The “mesophilic” microorganisms that grow between 20-45 °C begin to reproduce by breaking down carbon
and nitrogen. The metabolic activity of the microorganisms raises the temperature to 40-45 °C. between two to
eight days. It also lowers the pH of the mixture due to the production of organic acids.
2. Thermophilic phase also known as the “sanitation” phase, in this stage the temperature rises over 45 °C and
the mesophilic microorganisms are replaced by the “thermophiles” (microorganisms that proliferate at
temperatures between 45 °C and 70 °C). Thermophiles break down more complex carbon sources, such as
cellulose and lignin. Also nitrogen is transformed into ammonia and the pH of the mixture becomes alkaline.
3. Cooling Stage when carbon and nitrogen have been consumed, the temperature is lowered down to 40-45 0C.
The mesophilic appears again and decomposes the remaining material of cellulose and lignin. Also, the pH drops
again slightly.
4. In the Maturation Stage of the process it is required that the mixture stays at room temperature. During this
time a series of secondary reactions are produced that triggers condensation and polymerization of the humus.
At the end of this period we obtain a product that you can now call compost.
Thermal Phases of Composting Process

0C

70
60

40

Environment
temperature

Mesophilic phase Thermophilic phase Cooling phase Maturation phase

Time
Factors Impacting the process
Water
Heat - temperature
CO2

Composting Process
Humus Organic waste & Particle size

Aeration - O2 Type of Microorganisms

Qty of Moisture - Water
Important Composting Parameters
Parameter Optimum Range Control Mechanisms
C:N Ratio 20:1 to 30:1 Addition of various material based on their C & N
values will help u achieve the most optimum
balance
Oxygen 5 to 15 % Periodic turning of the pile, forced aeration with
machine or having porous pipes through out the
piles will help u improve oxygenation
Moisture Content 50 to 60% Adding water, Dewatering, Addition of sawdust
wood chips can help u maintain the needed
moisture content
pH 6 to 7.8 Mostly the pH is under this rang
Particle Size 2 mm to 4 mm You need to cut the solids to get the desired
particle size, ideally through a shredder
 C:N ratio
• A C:N ratio of 30:1 is good for the composting process. Avg. C:N ratio of common materials
When composting materials are low in C:N, air cannot Wood 700:1
permeate the pile, resulting in anaerobic conditions
and the generation of odors, as well as nitrogen loss in Sawdust 500:1
the form of ammonia gas. If the C:N ratio is too high, Paper 170:1
microorganisms' activity will be inhibited, and the
Straw 80:1
pace of decomposition would be sluggish.
Leaves 75:1 to 30:1
• Greens are compost ingredients with a high nitrogen
concentration. Common greens include grass Cornstalks 60:1
clippings, kitchen vegetable waste, and manure. Sugarcane residue 50:1
Sawdust, dried leaves, and hay are examples of high
Fruit 35:1
carbon materials. For the composting process,
thorough component mixing is preferred. If the pile Legume 25:1
remains stacked, composting will take longer. Rotten manure 20:1
Grass clippings 19:1
Digested Sewage sludge 16:1
Kitchen scraps 15:1
Alfalfa 12:1
Activated sewage sludge 6:1
Aeration
• Aerobic organisms must breathe air in order to survive.
Aeration is required for quick odor-free breakdown in high
temperature aerobic composting. Aeration can also help to
reduce the initial moisture level of composting materials.
• Air is required for the microorganisms that decompose leaves,
grass clippings, and other yard waste into compost.
Introducing oxygen into the central region accelerates material
breakdown and maintains a high temperature, resulting in a
hot composting process. Hot composting is an effective
method for killing weed seeds, plant pests, and pathogens.
• Turning the heap, laying it on a series of pipes, or adding
bulking agents like wood chips and shredded newspaper all
assist to aerate it. However, care must be taken not to supply
too much oxygen, since this might dry out the pile and inhibit
the composting process.
Moisture content
• Moisture is an important component in the metabolic activities of microorganisms.
• The moisture level of composting materials should be kept between 40 and 60 percent.
• Moisture in compost has been documented to originate from either the original water provided
or the metabolic water created by the microorganisms' activity.
• Excess water inhibits oxygen diffusion, which, in turn, lowers the metabolic activity of the
organisms.
• Microbial cells are completely reliant on water for their metabolic processes.
• Thus, organic molecule digestion by bacteria is only conceivable after the organic molecules
have been dissolved in water.
• Moisture levels fall as the composting process progresses.
pH & Oxygen
• During the composting process, the presence of oxygen is critical.
• When organisms oxidise carbon to make energy, the oxygen present is depleted and gases are
produced.
• Without sufficient oxygen, the composting process becomes anaerobic, and gases (methane,
carbon dioxide, and ammonia) are created, resulting in the formation of disagreeable aromas.
• The composting rate is affected by the pH of the materials being composted.
• It has been claimed that alkaline pH is optimum for composting.
• Composting is exceedingly sluggish when the pH is acidic because the bacteria are killed.
Particle size
• The optimal composting conditions are often reached when the particle size of the material is
between 1 and 2 inches in diameter.
• This size has a larger surface area, which facilitates microbial activity and the composting
process.
• The rate of aerobic breakdown rises as particle size decreases.
• Extremely tiny particles, on the other hand, may obstruct oxygen circulation within the pile, so
reducing the composting process.
• Additionally, tiny particle size enhances moisture retention and reduces airspace, delaying the
composting process.
• Organic compounds with a rough texture, a high lignin content, or a hard texture degrade
slowly.For example, hard, textured leaves degrade at a far slower pace than soft, textured
ones. Thorny leaves may take longer to decompose due to the physical barrier produced by
the thorns. Leaves with a high lignin content may have a leathery or harsh texture.
Odor Control
• Composting odors are caused by the release of hydrogen sulphide or ammonia during the
decomposition process. Most of the times the odor is caused by the metabolic pathway of the
degrading organism that is dominating the system at the moment or due to higher moisture
content.
• T1B Compost Aid includes strains that do not putrefy throughout the decomposition process. The
biochemical pathways chosen by our bacteria would be different as compared to a generic
bacteria. These helpful ensures no or minimum ammonia and hydrogen sulphide are produced
during the composting process.
Benefits of T1B Compost Aid
• Faster and effective composting of organic waste
• Contains a culture of cellolocytic and lignolytic micro organisms
• Effective under a wide range of environmental conditions
• Generates high heat during the process, thus helps in controlling
pathogens and weeds
• Helps in odour control
• Provides excellent quality of final compost
• All natural product. 100% safe and easy to use
 8855 050575

8855 050575

sales@teamonebiotech.com

www.teamonebiotech.com

309, 3rd Floor, Bldg no 8, Jogani Industrial Complex, V.N. Purav Marg, Sion-Chunabhatti (E), Mumbai 400022