Plant growth & development Development = growth + differentiation Growth Irreversible permanent increase in cizo of ‘an organ, orits parts or even of an Individual cell. (Occur at expense of eneray) ‘Accompanied by metabolic process. Eo- expansion of leat growth, Plant growth generally is indeterminate Unlimited growth in plants due to pprosonce of meristems. Now cells are added always hence itis termed as open form of growth. ‘Growth may be considorod as increatein amount of protoplaem. oan be meaaured in terms of increase in fresh weight, dry weight, Growth in pollen ube Is measured by longth. In deat leat itis rmoasured by surf ‘Shoot apical meristem—> primary growth (elongation of axis) Dicots & gymnosperms —> lateral meristem Growth is measurable “> vascular eambium (appear lator in tite) SS corkeambium Ussue & cell ype. Phases of growth Meristematic phase (have abundent plasmodesmata) elongation (vacuolation & formation of new cell wal takes place). ‘and maturation phase (proximal to elongation, attains maximum size, wall thickening, protoplasimic modification, most of Arithmetic growth Follows mitotic cel division & only 1 cell continue to divide while other differentiates and matures. Linear curve obtained on Ht graph, Here r isrelative growth rats Le. referred 2s efficiency Indox which fs also a measure of the ably ofthe plant to produce new plant material. Hence final size depends on Initial size. Geometric growth Initial growth is slow (lag), & itincreases rapialy thereafter tan exponential rate (log or exponential phase). Here both progeny cells folowing mitotic cell vision retain the ability to divide and continue to do so. \With imited nutrient supply the growth slows down leading tostationary phase. ¥ Sigmoid curve is obtaines, * ‘Quantitive comparison biw @tving system = 41) Absolute growth rate- total growth per unit time comparison. 2) lative growth rato- growth por unit time expressed on common basis. Conditions for growth largement,turgicty), 02, nutrients and optimum temp. Are important and any deviation from optimum temperature is ‘elrimental to its survival ‘growth & further developments linked to water status. ‘Nutrients holp in synthesis of protoplasm, Environmental signals like light, gravity also affect phases/stages of ite Differentiation, Dedif ferentiation & redifferentiation Cells of meristom aifferentate to form mature cel called differentiation. Eg-to form ‘racheary oloment, protoplasm Differentiated cells regain ‘capacity to divide ic ello edifierentiaton. Eg: formation of ‘meristems -interfascicular (from is ost, strong, elastic, ifferentiated plant parenchyma) lignocellulosic secondary walls camblum & cork cambiam from develop to handle extreme | paronehiyma eolls, tension, Deaitferentiated || Growth inplantscan be fells again loose || Indeterminate or determinate & capacity to dvide|| differentiation is also open ‘sealed Difterentiation also depends upon redifferentiation, || locations. Cells way from aper E9- woody dicot || formed root cap & cell towards periphery formed epidermis.of structure Itincludes all the changes that an organism goes through during fe cycle PLASTICITY. plants follow different pathways in response to environment or phases of life to form different kind Eg- heterophylly in cotton, coriander & larkspur. Hotorophylly cue to environment in buttorcup. Development Plant growth regulators / phytohormones C1] characteristics They could be indole ‘compounds (indole-3- acetic acid, IAA); Adenine derivative (NB- {furfurylamino purine, kinetin}; caroteinoid derivatives (ABA), Terpene {giberrelic acid, GA3) or {gases (ethylene, C2H4) PGR may be growth promoter. Eg- auxin, gibbereliin, cytokinin (Or may be growth inhibitor, Eg- absiccie acid, ethylene (90%) [2] the discovery of plant growth requlators- AUXIN. charlos darwin8 francis darwin saw phototropiem in coleoptile od canary ‘grass. FW Went isolated auxin from coleoptile of oat seedlings. (site of transmittable ine) as Abra GIBBERELII foolish ceediing) disease of rice seedling was cause by fungal pathogen giberella fulikuroi. E Karosawa in 1926 detected that it was giberrelic substance. (Symptoms appear when treated with sterile filtrate of fung). KINETIN (cytokinin). F skoog found that coll division (proliferation of callus) in tobacco internode take place only if with auxin, extraction of vascular tissue, ye Coconut mk or DNA ts ded Skoog & millornammed ae Oneth after erystltelng it Callus is mass of undifferontiated cols. ABCISSIC ACID (ABA)- during mid 1960's 3 researcher discovered inhibitor B, ‘abscission Il & Dormin which were collectively named es abscissic acid (ABA). ETHYLENE- cousins confirmed release of volatile substance in ripened orange that ‘pens the banana which was later known as ethylene. [sl physiological effects of plant growth requlators- Auxins Giberellins Cytokinins Ethylene > First olated from human tine > there are 1003 of gberrein || > discovered as purine > synthesized by tissue 1A & Indole butyric aia WBA) | | (At, GAZ, GAS...) out ot ‘inet rom tundergoing senescence fave bean olated from plant. which GAS is most studied. | | autociaved herring sperm | | ripening fruits haa Napthatene acetic cok) | | Alero ocile neieeea oor SRorisctal growth of & 2,4-D (dichlorophenoxy acetic +> increase in length of grape ‘eceur naturally in plants. seedings, swelling of the sie. acid) are synthetic auxins. ‘stalk > naturally itis found as ‘apical book formalion in dicot These are usedin agricuture & | | > improve shape of apple Zentinincorskernels& | | seedlings horticulture practice. delay seneseenee econ mak > promotes abscesion of eed for pint prop ogation > speed up mating & Sound in rapidly dividing | | leaves, towers, > promote Navarag cet zone ron, shoot *inerease respiratory rate Le. pineapple > inerense production in essa ara st) ‘respiratory chmatic Ssed in fon hedge | | Sugarcane's 20tonelacre | | Shoipetoproauct now | | > breaks seedibud dormancy mang Stastene matty periogia | | toevenonoroplont inate germination in peanut Causes apical dominance & to tsleratshoot growth. seeds. overcome is P adventitious rot Sprouting of potato tubers Sone. formation > promote elongation of Sinduce overcome apical Internode & i poiolo alco tomatoes ‘Sominance ‘Soop wotor reo plate which Steeda promote trent helpeloavos & stom to remain 32440 ed toil dicot weeds wrobiseaion| above water but not affect monocot pant. Seay of tat Fromote root hae formation. 3 ontrol yiem aiferentition ‘Senescence. > nae lowering &for 3 cet divelon, ynchrons pineapsl Sinduce fowernl in mango. S mast used ethylone i ‘tnephon wrichs squous Abseissio avid Sltion ready absorbed by plant & releases ehyione > regulate abscission & dorman¢ ‘slowly. 3 hutblis seed germination > ethephon induce frit ripening > Simulates closure of somata Alea stress hormone intomato & apple & accelerates 3 by inducing dormancy Kelp seed to wihstand dessiction abscisson in flower & fruits 3 abA‘acts at antagonist to Gre {twinning of cotton, enery, fram Spromotee female flowers in Ccumber thereby increases ye Smost used POR in agriculturePhotoperiodism Response of plants to period of day/night is termed as photoperiodism. Duration of dark holds same importance as night. To ee ee ease Vernalisation Prevents precocious reproductive development. Flowering either: “ier ti" on low tomporature. Enables plant to have sufficient time to reach maturity. Wheat, barley have 2 varieties (winter & spring) If winter variety is grown in spring then it may fel to flower hence they are planted in autumn. But spring variety is better. Winter variety is harvested in summer. Another oxamplo-> bionnials (monocarpic plants) that normally flower & die in the sec. season. Eg-sugarbeet, cabbon ret APN a, Seed dormancy Itis under control of endogenous conditions. REASONS- > Impermeable hard seed coat. > presence of chemical inhibitor such as ABA, phenolic acid, para-ascorbic acid. > immature embryo. HOW TO OVERCOME SEED DORMANCY? > by mechanical abrasions using knife, sand paper, etc or vigorous shaking. Naturally these abrasions are provided by microbial action, passage through digestive tract of animal > by chilling or treating with GA or nitrates. > changing environmental conditions such as light & temperature.mi Bl (1 Figure 15.10 Espernen usd vo demensitate