Fuzzy Sets

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 Fuzzy Sets
• A set is a collection of well defined distinct objects.

• The set of all students in class X is an example of set. But what will
be the set of all brilliant student in class X? Is it really a set? Answer
is “ No ”.

• Because the qualification for an object to become a member is

“brilliant” which is not well defined.

• This qualification is ill-defined and as a result we are in a problem to

identify which are members and which are not.
• In another terminology, we cannot say whether a given element
belongs to or not. The belongingness is not clear-cut but vague.

• In fuzzy set theory, we assume that all are members: Example: all
belong to the set up to certain extent. Some elements 80%, some
30% etc. which gives the measure of belongingness or degree of
belongingness.
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 Cont…
Crisp Set, A Fuzzy Set, A
~
• Sharp and well defined boundary. Vague and ambiguous
boundaries.

• Abrupt transition from  = 0 to Gradual transition from  = 0 to

 = 1.  = 1.

• An element have either full The elements have varying

membership no membership. degree of membership ranging
from 0 to 1.

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 Fuzzy Sets
A fuzzy set Ain the universe of discourse X can be defined as a set of ordered
~
pairs and it is given by:
A  {( x,  A ( x)) | x  X }
~ ~

where  A x  is the degree of membership of x in Aand it indicates the

~ ~

degree that x belongs to A

~

• For discrete and finite universe of discourse X

  A~  x1   A~  x2   A~  x3 
 

A    ...
~


x1 x2 x3 

 n A
  xi  

  ~
 where “n” is a finite value

 i 1
xi 

delimiter
Horizontal bar is not a quotient, “+” is not the algebraic “add”
= Fuzzy union 4
Cont…

• When the universe of discourse X is continuous and infinite

 A
 ( x) 

A   ~

~


x 

The integral sign is not an algebraic integral

= Fuzzy union for continuous variable

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 Cont…
Crisp Sets
 A (x)  A (x)
 A (x)
A A
1 1

0 0  0
(a) A & A x x  x
(b) A A  X (c) A  A  

 A ( x) Fuzzy Sets
~
A
~
Find (i) A& A
~ ~

(ii) A
~
A
~

(iii) A
~
A
~

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 Cont…
 A ( x)  A ( x)  A ( x)
~ ~ ~

A A
1 ~ ~ 1 1

0 0 0 x
x x
(i) A& A (ii) A A  X (iii) A  A
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Properties of Fuzzy Sets

Fuzzy sets follow the same properties as crisp sets except for the law of
excluded middle and law of contradiction.

That is for fuzzy set A

~

A A  X ; A A  
~ ~ ~ ~

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 Properties of Fuzzy Sets
Frequently used properties of fuzzy sets are given as follows:

• Commutativity: A B  B  A ; A B  B A
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

• Associativity: A ( B C )  ( A B)  C ; A ( B C )  ( A B)  C
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

• Distributivity: A ( B C )  ( A B)  ( A C ) ; A ( B C )  ( A B)  ( A C )
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~

• Idempotency: A A  A ; A A  A
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

• Identity: A   A and A X  X (universal set)

~ ~ ~

• Involution(double negation): A A
~ ~

• Transitivity: If A BC ,
~ ~ ~
then A~  C~

• De Morgan’s Law: A B  A B
~ ~ ~ ~
; A B  A  B
~ ~ ~ ~