1st Year BDS

Physiology
(By:Malaika Sohail-IMDC)
(Whatsapp KEY TO BDS: 03346072846)

Reference Book (GUYTON)

HEART
• Properties of cardiac muscle
• Cardiac muscle as syncytium and its significance (imp)
• Phases of cardiac action potential (very very important)
(graph from jaypee's)
• Cardiac Cycle and graph (very very important) (guyton +
BRS)
• Jugular venous pressure and its waves
• Waves of changing volume and pressure in right atrium and
sounds of heart related to them
• Ejection period, end diastolic volume, systolic volume, pre-
load, after-load (important)
• Aortic pressure curve and what is incisura?
• Volume pressure changes in left ventricle (fig 9.9 and 9.10
from
Guyton) (very very important)
• Volume pressure diagram (most important)
• Frank starling mechanism and its importance
• Refractory period of cardiac muscle
•Fig 9.8,9.10,9.11
• Control of heart by parasympathetic nerves (proffs)
• Effect of hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia on heart muscles
(very important)
• Protodiastole and properties of cardiac muscle (firdous)
• SA nodal Action potential (very very important)
• Comparison of sinus and ventricular potential
• Effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic on SA nodal
action potential
• Conductive system (very very important)
• Internodal pathway
• Importance of delay in AV node and cause of slow
conduction
• Figure 10.4 (Guyton)
• Effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic on rhythmicity
•Ectopic pacemaker
• ECG graph, Characteristics of ECG lead
• ECG leads & Einthoven triangle
• Chest leads (from Guyton) (for MCQ and VIVA very
important)
• Augmented limb lead (viva and MCQs)
• abnormalities in ECG in myocardial infarction (inverted U
wave, elevated ST segment, deep QRS complex, inverted T
wave, prolonged QT interval)
• ECG intervals (very very important)
• What is U wave and J point?
• Left axis and right axis deviation (Firdous)
• Abnormalities in P wave, QRS complex, T wave (Firdous)
• Cardiac arrythmias classification (Specifically Jaypee)
• Carotid sinus syndrome
• Sick sinus syndrome (ganong)
• Long QT syndrome
• Heart block/AV blocks (1st,2nd,3rd degree) + graphs (very
very important)
• Stokes Adams syndrome (very very important)
• Wolf Parkinson's syndrome (ganong)
• Pulse deficit
BDS
• Premature contractions and compensatory pause
• Paroxysmal tachycardia
• Ventricular fibrillation and its causes (very very important)
• Atrial flutter and fibrillation (difference)
• Cardiac arrest