EEE208 Circuit Theory II

Lecture #11

Patrick Goh
E-mail: eepatrick@usm.my

1
 Announcements
• Online Assignment #4 on e-learning
– Covers Lectures 1-10 (a review)
– Opens: Thursday, Nov. 23, 11:00 am
– Closes: Tuesday, Nov. 28, 11:59 pm

2
 Announcements
• Midterm Quiz on e-learning:
– Date: Thursday, Nov. 30, 2023
– Time: 10:00 am – 10:45 am
• Covers everything that we have learned.
• Fully online on e-learning.
– Type in your final answer
and
– Upload your work

3
 Today
• Convolution
• Laplace transform of convolution
• Impulse response

4
 The convolution integral
• Define the convolution of x(t) and h(t) as:
t
 assume: x(t ) = 0 for t  0 
x(t)  h(t) =  x( )h(t −  )d  
0
 h(t ) = 0 for t  0 

• Convolution is commutative, i.e. x(t )  h(t ) = h(t )  x(t )

• Convolution is distributive,
i.e. f (t )   x(t ) + y(t ) = f (t )  x(t ) + f (t )  y(t )
• Convolution is associative,
i.e. f (t )   x(t )  y(t ) =  f (t )  x(t )  y(t )

5
 Graphical method to do convolution
• Convolution can be evaluated by using the definition:
t
x(t)  h(t) =  x( )h(t −  )d
0

or graphically by the following steps:

1. Starting from h(τ), flip it in time to obtain h(-τ)
2. Shift to the right by t to obtain h(t-τ)
3. Multiply pointwise by x(τ) to obtain x(τ)h(t-τ)
4. For a given time t, integrate from 0 to t (calculate the
area under the product x(τ)h(t-τ) for 0 < τ < t

6
 Convolution (example 1)
• Graphically find x1 (t )  x2 (t )

7
 Convolution (example 2)
• Graphically find x1 (t )  x2 (t )

8
 Convolution (example 3)
• Graphically find g(t )  u(t )

9
 Convolution (example 4)
• Find f (t )  g(t ) for f (t ) = e −3t and g(t ) = e −7t , t  0

10
 Few notes about convolution
• Convolution with impulse: f (t )   (t )

• Convolution with delayed impulse: f (t )   (t − t 0 )

11
 Laplace transform of convolution
• Lets take the Laplace transform of a convolution:
L  f (t )  g(t )

12
 Lets revisit “Convolution (example 4)”

• Find f (t )  g(t ) for f (t ) = e −3t and g(t ) = e −7t , t  0

13
 Transfer function & impulse response

Y (s)
H(s) =
X (s)

or Y (s) = H(s)X (s)

• Taking the inverse Laplace transform:

L−1 Y (s) = L−1 H(s) X (s)

y(t ) = h(t )  x(t )

14
 Example
• Find
a) the transfer function
H(s) = Vo / Vi

b) the impulse response

c) the response when
vi(t) = u(t)

15
Example (continued)

16
Recap: Usage #1 of Laplace transforms
Starting from
circuits

Time domain (t) Laplace domain (s)

Original differential equation

L
Algebraic equation
and initial value problem

Solve

L −1
Solution (time domain) Solution (s-domain)

17
Recap: Usage #2 of Laplace transforms
Starting from
transfer functions

Time domain (t) Laplace domain (s)

L
Impulse response, h(t) Transfer function, H(s)
L −1

Convolve with Multiply with

input, h(t)*x(t) input, H(s)X(s)

L
Output (time domain) Output (s-domain)
L −1
18