Revision of Phase, frequency, and

amplitudes of Signals

1
Two signals with the same phase and frequency,
but different amplitudes

2
Note

Frequency and period are the inverse of

each other.

3
Two signals with the same amplitude and phase,
but different frequencies

4
Note

If a signal does not change at all, its

frequency is zero.
If a signal changes instantaneously, its
frequency is infinite.

5
 Note

Phase describes the position of the

waveform relative to time 0.

3.6
Three sine waves with the same amplitude and frequency,
but different phases

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 Example

A sine wave is offset 1/6 cycle with respect to time 0.

What is its phase in degrees and radians?

Solution
We know that 1 complete cycle is 360°. Therefore, 1/6
cycle is

8
The time-domain and frequency-domain plots of a sine wave

9
 Note

A complete sine wave in the time

domain can be represented by one
single spike in the frequency domain.

10
 Example

The frequency domain is more compact and

useful when we are dealing with more than one
sine wave. For example, the Figure below shows
three sine waves, each with different amplitude
and frequency. All can be represented by three
spikes in the frequency domain.

11
The time domain and frequency domain of three sine waves

12
 .

• According to Fourier analysis, any composite

signal is a combination of simple sine waves
with different frequencies, amplitudes, and
phases.

13
 .

• If the composite signal is periodic, the

decomposition gives a series of signals
with discrete frequencies.
• If the composite signal is nonperiodic, the
decomposition gives a combination of
sine waves with continuous frequencies.

3.14
Decomposition of a composite periodic signal in the time and
frequency domains

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 Example

Figure below shows a nonperiodic composite signal. It

can be the signal created by a microphone or a
telephone set when a word or two is pronounced. In this
case, the composite signal cannot be periodic, because
that implies that we are repeating the same word or
words with exactly the same tone.

16
The time and frequency domains of a nonperiodic signal

17
 The Fourier Transform Reviewed

• Given a signal x(t), its Fourier transform is

defined as X ( )


 x(t )e
 j t
X ( )  dt ,  

• A signal x(t) is said to have a Fourier transform
in the ordinary sense if the above integral
converges

18
 The Fourier Transform Reviewed…

• The integral does converge if

1. the signal x(t) is “well-behaved”
2. and x(t) is absolutely integrable, namely,


 | x(t ) | dt  


• Note: well behaved means that the signal

has a finite number of discontinuities,
maxima, and minima within any finite time
interval (Dirichlet conditions satisfied). 19
 Example: The Constant Signal

• Consider the signal x(t )  1, t 

• Clearly x(t) does not satisfy the first
requirement since  

 | x(t ) | dt   dt 
 
• Therefore, the constant signal does not
have a Fourier transform in the ordinary
sense
• But we have seen that it has however a
Fourier transform in a generalized sense
20
 Example: The Exponential Signal

 bt
• Consider the signal x(t )  e u (t ), b 
• Its Fourier transform is given by


e
 j t
X ( )   bt
u (t )e dt

 t 
1
 e  ( b  j ) t
dt    e  ( b  j ) t

0
b  j  
t 0

21
 Example: The Exponential Signal …

• If b  0 , X ( )does not exist

• If b  0 ,x(t )  u (t ) and X ( )does not exist
either in the ordinary sense
• If b  0 , it is
1
X ( ) 
b  j
amplitude spectrum phase spectrum
| X ( ) |
1  
arg( X ( ))   arctan  
b2   2  b  22
23
 Rectangular Form of the Fourier
Transform

• Consider


 x(t )e
 j t
X ( )  dt ,  

• Since X ( )in general is a complex function,
by using Euler’s formula

 

X ( )   x(t ) cos( t )dt  j    x(t )sin( t )dt 
   
R ( ) I ( )
X ( )  R( )  jI ( ) 24
Polar Form of the Fourier Transform

• X ( )  R( )  jI ( ) can be expressed in a

polar form as
X ( ) | X ( ) | exp( j arg( X ( )))

where
| X ( ) | R ( )  I ( )
2 2

 I ( ) 
arg( X ( ))  arctan  
 R( )  25
 F T of
Real-Valued Signals

• If x(t) is real-valued, it is
X ( )  X ( )
 Hermitian symmetry

• Moreover
X ( ) | X ( ) | exp(  j arg( X ( )))


whence
| X ( ) || X ( ) | and
arg( X ( ))   arg( X ( ))
26
 Example: Fourier Transform of the
Rectangular Pulse
Consider the even signal

Rectangular pulse of duration tau

• It is
 /2
2 2   
sin( t )t 0
t  / 2
X ( )  2  (1) cos( t ) dt   sin  
0
   2 
  
  sinc  
 2  27
Example: Fourier Transform of the
Rectangular Pulse…

28
Example: Fourier Transform of the
Rectangular Pulse …

29
 Bandlimited Signals

• A signal x(t) is said to be bandlimited if its

Fourier transform X ( )is zero for all   B
• where B is some positive number, called the
bandwidth of the signal
• It turns out that any bandlimited signal must
have an infinite duration in time, i.e.,
bandlimited signals cannot be time limited

30
 Bandlimited Signals …

• If a signal x(t) is not bandlimited, it is said

to have infinite bandwidth or an infinite
spectrum
• Time-limited signals cannot be
bandlimited and thus all time-limited
signals have infinite bandwidth
• However, for any well-behaved signal x(t)
it can be proven that lim X ( )  0
 
whence it can be assumed that
| X ( ) | 0   B
B being a convenient large number 31
 Inverse Fourier Transform

• Given a signal x(t) with Fourier transform

X ( ) , x(t) can be recomputed from X ( )
by applying the inverse Fourier transform
given by

1
 X ( )e
j t
x(t )  d , t 
2 

• Transform pair
x(t )  X ( )
32
 Properties of the Fourier Transform

x(t )  X ( ) y (t )  Y ( )
• Linearity:

 x(t )   y (t )   X ( )   Y ( )
• Left or Right Shift in Time:

 j t0
x(t  t0 )  X ( )e
• Time Scaling:

1  
x(at )  X  
a a 33
 Properties of the Fourier Transform

• Time Reversal:
x(t )  X ( )

• Multiplication by a Power of t:
n
d
t x(t )  ( j )
n n
X ( )
d n

• Multiplication by a Complex Exponential:

j0t
x(t )e  X (  0 )
34
 Properties of the Fourier Transform

• Multiplication by a Sinusoid (Modulation):

j
x(t )sin( 0t )   X (   0 )  X (   0 ) 
2
1
x(t ) cos( 0t )   X (   0 )  X (   0 ) 
2
• Differentiation in the Time Domain:
n
d
n
x (t )  ( j ) n
X ( )
dt
35
Properties of the Fourier Transform…
• Integration in the Time Domain:
t
1
 x( )d  j X ( )   X (0) ( )
• Convolution in the Time Domain:
x(t )  y (t )  X ( )Y ( )
• Multiplication in the Time Domain:
x(t ) y (t )  X ( )  Y ( )
36
Properties of the Fourier Transform…
• Parseval’s Theorem:
1
 x(t ) y(t )dt  2 X ( )Y ( )d


1

if y (t )  x(t ) | x(t ) | dt 
 | X ( ) | d
2 2

2
• Duality:
X (t )  2 x( )

37
 Example
Find the system response to the input x(t) = e-at u(t) if the
system impulse response is h(t) = e-bt u(t).
Properties of the Fourier Transform -
Summary

39
 Example: Linearity

 2   
X ( )  4sinc    2sinc  
    
40
 Example: Time Shift
x(t )  p2 (t  1)

    j
X ( )  2sinc   e
 
41
 Example: Time Scaling
 
p2 (t ) 2sinc  
 

 
sinc  
p2 (2t )  2 

0  a  1 time compression  frequency expansion

a 1 time expansion  frequency compression 42
 Example: Multiplication in Time

x(t )  tp2 (t )

d     d  sin    cos   sin 

X ( )  j  2sinc     j 2    j2
d     d    2
43
Example: Multiplication in Time …

 cos   sin 
X ( )  j 2
 2

44
 Generalized Fourier Transform

• Fourier transform of  (t )

  (t ) e  j t
dt  1   (t )  1

x(t )  1, t   2 ( )

generalized Fourier transform of the

constant signal
x(t )  1, t 
45
Generalized Fourier Transform of
Sinusoidal Signals

cos(0t )    (   0 )   (   0 )

sin(0t )  j  (   0 )   (   0 ) 

46
Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals

• Let x(t) be a periodic signal with period T;

as such, it can be represented with its
Fourier transform

x(t )  ce
k 
k
jk0t
 0  2 /T
• Since e j0t  2 (   0, ) it is

X ( )   2 c  (  k )
k 
k 0

47
Common Fourier Transform Pairs

48
 Summary
FT can have also a different
definition as follows. The different
definitions used are equivalent and
are not equal

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