Chapter 4

The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform

Prof. Chih-Cheng Tseng

tsengcc@niu.edu.tw

Reproduced from the PowerPoint of ‘OPPENHEIM: Signals and Systems 2/E (PNIE)’ with the permission of Pearson

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 1

Fourier Family

Periodic Fourier Series (Chap. 3)

Continuous
Non-periodic Fourier Transform (Chap. 4)
Fourier
Discrete-Time Fourier Series or
Family
Periodic Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
Discrete (Sec. 3.6 & Sec. 3.7)
Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
Non-periodic (Chap. 5)

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Outline
 Sec. 4.0 Introduction
 Sec. 4.1 Representation of Aperiodic Signals: The CT
Fourier Transform Basic
 Sec. 4.2 The Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
 Sec. 4.3 Properties of the Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
 Sec. 4.4 The Convolution Property
 Sec. 4.5 The Multiplication Property Properties
 Sec. 4.6 Tables of Fourier Properties and of Basic Fourier
Transform Pairs
 Sec. 4.7 Systems Characterized by Linear Constant Coefficient
Differential Equations
 Sec. 4.8 Summary
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Sec. 4.1 Representation of Aperiodic Signals: The CT
Fourier Transform
 Key Concepts
• Definition of the CT Fourier transform;
• The Fourier series converges to the CT Fourier transform when T → ∞;
• The Dirichlet conditions where the CT Fourier transform exists (absolutely integrable,
a finite number of maxima and minima, and a finite number of discontinuities);
• The sinc function and its relation to the rectangular function

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4.1.1 Development of the Fourier Transform Representation
of an Aperiodic Signal (1/3)
 Fourier series can analyze a periodic signal.

 How do we analyze an aperiodic signal?

 Key idea: x(t )  lim x (t )

T 

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4.1.1 Development of the Fourier Transform Representation
of an Aperiodic Signal (2/3)
tilde
 1 T /2
x (t )   ak e and ak   x (t )e 0 dt where ω0=2π/T
jk0t  jk t

k 
T T /2
1 T /2 1 
When T, x̃(t)=x(t) and ak  T /2 x (t )e dt   x (t )e  jk0t dt
 jk0t

T T 
 1
Define X ( j )   x(t )e dt , then ak  X ( jk0 )
 jt
 T
 
1
x (t )   ak e jk0t T 
  x (t )   X ( jk0 )e jk0t
k  k  T

When T, ω0=2/Td,    , and k0=k(2/T),


1 1 
2 1 
x(t )   X ( jk0 )e jk0t   X ( j k  ) e jk0t
  X ( j )e jt d
2 2
0
k  T T 
k 

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4.1.1 Development of the Fourier Transform Representation
of an Aperiodic Signal (3/3)
不存在
 As T→ (i.e., the ratio of T and T1
T = 4T1 approaches to infinite), the spectrum
changes from discrete line spectrum
to continuous spectrum.
T = 8T1  Periodic signal
• ak → Line spectrum
 Aperiodic signal
• X(j) → Continuous spectrum
T = 16T1

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Definition 4.1 The CT Fourier Transform and Its Inverse
 Fourier transform:
continuous in frequency domain, i.e., continuous spectrum

X ( j )   x(t )e jt dt

 Inverse Fourier transform:
1 
x(t ) 
2  
X ( j )e jt d

 These two equations are referred to as the Fourier transform pair.

 The Fourier transform can be viewed as the Fourier series in the case where
the period T → ∞, i.e., the period is infinite.

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Supplement: Alternative Definitions of Fourier Transform
Pairs
Fourier transform: Inverse Fourier transform:
 1 
X ( j )   x (t ) e  jt
dt x(t )   X ( j )e jt d 本課程用的傅立葉轉換對
 2 

1  1 

 jt
X ( j )  x (t ) e dt x(t )   X ( j )e jt d
2 
2 

 
X ( jf )   x(t )e  j 2 ft
dt x(t )   X ( jf )e j 2 ft df 通訊原理用的傅立葉轉換對
 

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4.1.2 Convergence of Fourier Transforms
 Dirichlet conditions (i.e., the sufficient conditions for the existence of Fourier
transforms)
1. x(t) must be absolutely integrable

X ( jf )   x(t )e  j 2 ft dt

2. x(t) has a finite number of maxima and
minima within any finite interval.
3. x(t) has a finite number of discontinuities
within any finite interval. Furthermore,
each of these discontinuities must be
finite.
Wireless Communication Network Lab.
1. Over any period, x(t) must be absolutely
integrable
T
x(t ) dt  
2. There are no more than a finite number
of maxima and minima during any
single period of the signal x(t).
3. In any finite interval of time, there are
only a finite number of discontinuities.
Besides, each of these discontinuities is
finite.
Chih-Cheng Tseng 10
Example 4.1 (1/2)

X ( j )   x(t )e  jt dt


x(t )  e  at u (t ) a  0
 
X ( j )   e e  at  jt
dt   e  ( a  j ) t dt
0 0

1  ( a  j )t
 e
a  j 0

1
 .
a  j

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Example 4.1 (2/2)
1
X ( j )  , a0
a  j

1  
| X ( j ) | X ( j )   tan  
1
a2   2 a

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 
X ( j )   x(t )e  jt dt
Example 4.2 

x(t )  e  a|t | , a  0
 0  0 
X ( j )   e  a|t |  jt
e dt   e eat  jt
dt   e e  at  jt
dt   e ( a  j ) t
dt   e ( a  j ) t dt
  0  0

( a  j ) t 0
e e  ( a  j )t 1 1 2a
     2 .
a  j 
a  j a  j a  j a   2
0

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Example 4.3

X ( j )   x(t )e  jt dt
x(t )   (t ) 


X ( j )    (t )e  jt dt  1


 Note: Here, we apply the sifting property of the unit impulse function

b
 y (t ) (t  t0 )dt  y  t0  if a < t0 < b
a

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Definition 4.2 Sinc Function

sin  t
sinc(t ) 
t

 Specially, sinc(0)=1 and sinc(k)=0, where k is a nonzero integer.

sinc(t)

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Example 4.4
 A, | t | T X ( j )  

x (t ) e  jt
dt
x(t )  A ( 2T1 )  
t 1 

 0, | t | T1
where A ( 2tT1 ) is the rectangular function with height A and width 2T1.
jT1  jT1 T1
T1  A A [ e  e ] sin T sin 
X ( j )  A e  jt dt  [e  jt |T1T1 ]   2A 1
=2 AT1 T1

T1
最大值=高度寬度
j  j   
  寬度
T1
 2 AT1sinc  . 2

2AT1

A 2
第一個零點的位置在 =
寬度
寬度為2T1 F
高度為A
t

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Example 4.5 (1/2)
 A, |  | W x (t ) 
1


X ( j ) e j t d 
X ( j )  A ( 2W )  

2 

 0, |  | W
A W jt A (e jWt  e jWt ) A sin Wt
x(t ) 
2  W
e d 
2 jt

 t
AW sin Wt AW sin  
寬度  t
Wt
AW 2
   sinc  .
Wt
 Wt    Wt

最大值=(高度寬度)/2

A
AW/ Fourier
2
第一個零點的位置在t =
寬度 transform 寬度為2W
高度為A

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Example 4.5 (2/2)
 Fourier transform for different W
Fourier
transform

Fourier
transform

Fourier
transform

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More on (t) and sinc(t) Functions
寬度為1   寬度
高度為1
 2
1 
  (t )e  jt
dt  sinc  
2  

Fourier Transform Pair
 sinc  2  e jt d    (t )
 2 

1  1 
 sinc   e 
2 d   jt
( t )   
step 1: t  t
sinc  
2  e j (  t )
d    ( t )
2 2 
偶函數
1  1 
step 2: t 
   sinc  t
2  e jt (  )
dt   sinc  t
2  e  jt
dt   ( )   ( )
2  2 

F
 (t )   sinc  2 
寬度  t Note: sinc(t ) 
F
  2 
2
sinc    2 ( )=2 ( )
t F 第1零點位置在1 寬度為2
高度為1 高度為1
2
寬度為1
第1零點位置在2
高度為2
高度為1

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Sec. 4.2 The Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals (1/2)
 Key concepts
• The Fourier transform for a periodic signal is equivalent to the Fourier series. The
output is a linear combination of unit impulse functions.
F
periodic function   impulse train

• If x(t) is a linear combination of δ(t–kT) where k is some integer, the Fourier transform
of x(t) is periodic.

F
impulse train   periodic function

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Sec. 4.2 The Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals (2/2)

1 
Let X(j)=2(−0), x(t )  
jt j0t
2  (   ) e d   e
2
0


if 0=0
e j0t 
F
 2 (  0 ) 1 F
 2 ( )

If x(t) is periodic, i.e., x(t )   k
a e
k 
jk0t


then X ( j )   2 a  (  k )
k 
k 0

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Example 4.6

 From Example 3.5, we have the Fourier series coefficients

因為是連續時間的脈衝
2T1 sin k0T1 所以是以箭頭結尾
a0  and ak 
T k
T=4T1

2sin k0T1
X ( j )  
k  k
 (  k0 )

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Example 4.7

x(t )  sin 0t

1 1
a1  , a1   , and ak  0, for k  1 or  1
2j 2j

x(t )  cos 0t

1 1
a1  , a1   , and ak  0, for k  1 or  1
2 2

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Example 4.8

1 T /2 1
If x(t )    (t  kT ), we have ak    (t )e jk0t dt  .
k  T T /2 T
2 
 2 k 
Thus, X ( j ) 
T
   
k   T 


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Sec. 4.3 Properties of the Continuous-Time Fourier
Transform
 Key concepts
• Learning properties of the continuous-time Fourier transform.
• These properties will be summarized in Section 4.6.
• The time-shifting and the frequency-shifting properties form a duality pair.
• The differentiation in time and the differentiation in frequency properties also form a
duality pair.

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4.3.1 Linearity

If
x(t ) 
F
 X ( j ) and y (t ) 
F
 Y ( j )

then
ax(t )  by (t ) 
F
 aX ( j )  bY ( j )

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4.3.2 Time Shifting

F
x(t  t0 )   e  jt0 X ( j )

1 
Proof: x(t ) 
2 

X ( j )e jt d

1 
x(t  t0 ) 
2  
X ( j )e j (t t0 ) d

1
  

 e  jt0 X ( j ) e jt d.
2 

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Example 4.9

1
x(t )  x1 (t  2.5)  x2 (t  2.5)
2
From Example 4.4, we have
2sin( / 2) 2sin(3 / 2)
X 1 ( j )  X 2 ( j ) 
 
 sinc( 2 )  3sinc( 32 )
Thus,
 sin( / 2)  2sin(3 / 2)   j 5 2
X ( j )  e  j 5 /2
 e  sinc( 2 )  3sinc( 32 ) 
  
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4.3.3 Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry (1/3)

If x(t ) 
F
 X ( j ), then x* (t ) 
F
 X * ( j )

Proof: *
*  
 jt  
X ( j )   x (t )e dt   x* (t )e jt dt.
   


Replacing  by , we have X ( j )   *
x* (t )e  jt dt

ak  a *
k

Moreover, if x(t) is real, then X ( j )  X * ( j ) a.k.a conjugate symmetry

Replacing  by , we have X ( j )  X * ( j )

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4.3.3 Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry (2/3)
X ( j )  Re{ X ( j )}  jIm{ X ( j )}

If x(t) is real, X * ( j )  X ( j )
Re{ X ( j )}  jIm{ X ( j )}  Re{ X ( j )}  jIm{ X ( j )}
Re{ X ( j )}  Re{ X (  j )}
Im{ X ( j )}  Im{ X (  j )}

 If x(t) is real,
• the real part of X(j) is an even function of frequency
• the imaginary part is an odd function of frequency

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4.3.3 Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry (3/3)

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Example 4.10
If x(t) is real and x(t)=Ev{x(t)}+Od{x(t)},
Ev{x(t )} F
 Re{ X ( j )} and Od{x(t )}
F
 jIm{ X ( j )}

Find the Fourier transform of x(t)=e−a|t|, where a>0.

1
From Example 4.1, e u  t  
 at F

a  j
 a|t |  at  e  at
u (t )  e at
u (t )   at
Since x(t )  e  e u (t )  e u ( t )  2 
at
  2Ev{e u (t )}
 2 
 1   a  j  2a
X ( jω)  2Re    2Re  2 2
 2
 a  j   a    a   2

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Fourier Transform of Signum Function sgn(t)
1 t 0
Let sgn(t )   .  sgn(t )= lim  e  at u (t )  e at u (t ) 
1 t  0 a 0

1 1
Since e u  t  
 at
 and e u  t  
F
at F
 , Source: https://holooly.com
a  j a  j

 1  1  2
We have, sgn(t ) 
 lim  F
  .
a 0  a  j a  j  j
1  sgn(t )
Note: u (t ) 
2
Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 33
4.3.4 Differentiation

dx(t ) F
Differentiation Property   j X ( j )
dt

1  dx (t ) 1 
 
jt
Proof: x(t )  X ( j )e d   j X ( j )e jt d 
2  dt 2 

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4.3.4 Integration
t 1
 x( )d  X ( j )   X (0) ( )
F
Integration Property 
j
t 1
Proof:  x( )d =x(t )  u (t )  F
 X ( j )U ( j )= X ( j )   X (0) ( )
 j
1  sgn(t ) F 1
u (t )   U ( j )    ( )
2 j
From slide #21
e j0t F
 2 (  0 )
F 2
if 0=0 1
F
 2 ( ) sgn( t )  
j

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 35

Example 4.11

 On slide #19, we have shown

 G ( j )    (t )e
g (t )   (t )  F  jt
dt  1

F
 (t )   sinc  2 
t t
x(t )   g ( )d    ( ) d  u (t )
 
sinc  2t  
F
 2 ( )=2 ( )
G ( j ) 1
X ( j )    G (0) ( )    ( ) Hence, we have
j j
1  (t ) 
F
1
F
u (t )  U ( j )    ( )
j
1
F
 2 (  )=2 ( )

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 36

Example 4.12
請注意：
x (t  t0 ) 
F
 e  jt0 X ( j )
斷點微分會產生脈衝

 2sin   j  j
G ( j )     e  e  2sinc(  )  2cos 


  
G ( j )
X ( j )    G (0) ( ) Note: G(0)=0
j
2sin  2cos  2sinc(  ) 2cos 
X ( j )    
j 2
j j j
Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 37
4.3.5 Time and Frequency Scaling (1/2)

 X ( j ), since F{x(at )}  
If x(t ) 
F
x( at )e jt dt, after substituting at by 


 1  1
 a 
 j ( / a )
x ( ) e d = X ( j 
a ), a0
a
F{x(at )}  
 1   1  1
 
   j ( / a )
x ( ) e  j ( / a )
d = x ( ) e d = X ( j 
a ), a0
 a   a   a

1
F
x(at ) 
 X ( j a )
|a|

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 38

4.3.5 Time and Frequency Scaling (2/2)

1 F
Since x(at ) 
 X ( j a ), when a = 1,
|a|

x(t ) 
F
 X ( j ) (time reversal property)

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 39

4.3.6 Duality (1/2)
 (1) Duality for Transform Pairs
X(j)
x(t)
If x  t    X  j , then
F

 X  t   F
 2 x   j 

 1
 2 X  t  F
  x   j 
詳細推導過程 X(t)
or 請參閱Slide #19
x(j)

 X  t   F
 2 x  j 

 1
 2 X   t  F
  x  j 

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 40

Example 4.13
2 |t |2
From Example 4.2, e 
 2 . Therefore,
F

F
 2 e ||
1  1 t2

Proof: 1   2  jt
 e d
|t |
e   2 
2 
 1  
Multiplying by 2 and replacing t by −t
  2   jt
2 e   
|t |
e d
 1   2 
 
Interchanging the names of t and 
  2   jt
2 e   
||
e dt
 1  t 2 
 
Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 41
4.3.6 Duality (2/2)
(2) Duality for Properties 在(jt)項
Duality
dx(t ) F 加負號
dX ( j )
  j X ( j )  jtx (t ) F

dt d
x(t  t0 ) 
F
 e  jt0 X ( j ) e  (  j0t ) x(t )  e j0t x(t ) 
F
 X ( j (  0 ))

t 1   X ( j ) d
x (t )   x (0) (t )  F
 x( )d  j X ( j )   X (0) ( )
F 1
jt 

(t)
u (t ) 
F
( 1
j   ( )), by duality for transform pair, 1
2 ( 1
j ( t )   ( t )) 
F
 u ( j )


1
X ( j )d  X ( j )  u ( j ) 
F
 2 [ x(t )( 21 ( jt1   (t ))]  1
jt x(t )   x(0) (t )


Note: It will be proven on slide #54 that 2 s (t ) p (t ) 

F
 S ( j )  P ( j )
Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 42
4.3.7 Parseval’s Relation (Energy Preservation)
Parseval’s Relation

1

 
2 2
x (t ) dt  ak
T

T
 
k 

 1 
 
average power of x ( t )

 | X ( j ) | d
sum of the average power of the
2 2
| x (t ) | dt kth harmonic component of x ( t )

2  1
 x[ n] 
2
 ak
2

N n N k N
Proof:
    1  
 x (t ) dt   x(t ) x (t )dt   
2  jt
* *
x(t ) 
X ( j ) e d   dt
   
 2 
1  *  
 1  *
 X ( j )  x (t )e dt d  
 jt
 X ( j )X ( j ) d
2  
  
 2  

1 
   d
2
| X ( j ) |
2 
Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 43
Example 4.14 (1/2)


If X(j) is , evaluate (i) E   x(t ) dt and (ii) D  d x(t )
2
t 0
 dt

 1  1  1   5
E   x (t ) dt   
2 2
X ( j ) d   X ( j ) X *
( j ) d    +  
 2  2  實數 2  4 8
d
g (t )  x(t ) F
 j X ( j )  G ( j )
dt 偶函數
1  1 
 
j 0
D  g (0)  G ( j )e d  j X ( j )d  0
2  2 
奇函數
Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 44
Example 4.14 (1/2)

If X(j) is as shown on the right, find (i) E   x(t ) dt and (ii) D  d x(t )
2
t 0 .
 dt



E   x(t ) dt 
1 
2

2 
X ( j )
2
d  
1 0
2 1 
 |  j  |2
d   0
1
| j  |2

d  1

d
g (t )  x(t )  F
 j X ( j )  G ( j )
dt
1  1 
D  g (0)  
2 
G ( j ) d 
2  j X ( j ) d

1  0 1
    2 0
 2 1    1 1  1
 
2  1
  d     d 
0
   
 2  2 1 2 0  2  2 2  2     

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 45

Sec. 4.4 The Convolution Property
 Key concepts
• (i) the convolution property;
• (ii) the application of the convolution property for determining the output of an LTI
system;
• (iii) convolution with an impulse function is equal to an identity or a delay operation

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 46

Convolution Property (1/2)
y (t )  x(t )  h(t ) 
F
 Y ( j )  X ( j ) H ( j )

Proof:

If y (t )   x ( )h(t   )d , then

Y ( j )    x( )h(t   ) d e dt   x ( )  h(t   )e  jt dt  d

  
   
 jt
 
      

H ( j )d   x( )e  j d  H ( j )  X ( j ) H ( j )


 
 x( )e  j
   

Recall:  x   y  t    d 
FS
 ck  Tak bk
T

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 47

Convolution Property (2/2)
 Three equivalent LTI systems

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 48

Example 4.15
 Consider a continuous-time LTI system with impulse response
h(t )   (t  t0 )
H ( j )  e  jt0
Y ( j )  H ( j ) X ( j )  e jt0 X ( j ).
y (t )  x (t  t0 )

In other words,
x(t )   (t  t0 )  x(t  t0 )

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 49

Example 4.16
dx (t )
y (t ) 
dt

Y ( j )  j X ( j )
The frequency response of a differentiator is

H ( j )  j

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 50

Example 4.18

Ideal lowpass filter

1 |  | c sin ct c
H ( j )   h(t )    sinc( ct )
0 |  | c t

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 51

Example 4.19
x(t )  e bt u (t ), b  0 h(t )  e  at u (t ), a  0
1 1
X ( j )  H ( j ) 
b  j a  j
If y(t)=x(t)h(t), then
1 1  1 1 
Y ( j )  Y ( j )  
(a  j )(b  j ) b  a  a  j b  j 


1 1
y (t ) 
ba
[e  at u (t )  e  bt u (t )]=
ba
 e  at  e bt  u (t )

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 52

Example 4.20
sin it i sin ct c
x(t )    sinc( it ) h(t )    sinc( ct )
t t
1   i 1   c
X ( j )   H ( j )  
0 elsewhere 0 elsewhere
1   min i , c 
If y(t)=x(t)h(t), then Y ( j )  
0 elsewhere
 sin ct c c t
  t   si nc(  ) if c  i
y (t )  
 sin it  i sinc( it ) if i  c
  t  

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 53

Sec. 4.5 The Multiplication Property
 Key concept
• The multiplication property.
• This multiplication property and the convolution property form a duality pair.

1  1
 R( j ) 
r (t )  s(t ) p(t )   S ( j ) P( j (   ))d  2 S ( j )  P( j )
F

2
Prove this!!

ck   l  al bk l
FS 
Recall: x(t ) y (t ) 

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 54

Example 4.21
1 
 R ( j ) 
r (t )  s (t ) p (t )   S ( j ) P ( j (   ))d
F

2 

p (t )  cos 0t 
 P ( j )   (  0 )   (  0 )
F 
(Hint: X ( j )   2 a  (  k ))
k 
k 0

a1=a1=1/2

1  1 1
R( j ) 
2  
S ( j ) P ( j (   ))d 
2
S ( j (  0 ))  S ( j (  0 ))
2

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 55

Example 4.22
Let g(t)=r(t)p(t) where r(t) is the output of Example 4.21 and p(t)=cos0t
1 
G ( j ) 
2 
R ( j ) P( j (   ))d

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 56

Example 4.23
sin(t )sin(t / 2)
x(t )  , find X ( j ).
t 2

 sin(t )  sin(t / 2) 
x(t )        (  sinc  )( 2 sinc 2 )
1 t 1 t

  t   t 
1   sin(t )   sin(t / 2)   1
X ( j )   F  F       ( 2 )   ( ) 

2   t   t  2

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 57

4.5.1 Frequency-Selective Filtering with Variable Center
Frequency (1/2)

 Implementation of a bandpass filter using amplitude modulation with a

complex exponential carrier.

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 58

4.5.1 Frequency-Selective Filtering with Variable Center
Frequency (2/2)

equivalent bandpass filter

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 59

Sec. 4.6 Tables of Fourier Properties and of Basic Fourier
Transform Pairs
 Key concept
• The summaries in Tables 4.1 and 4.2.

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 60

Table for Properties of the Fourier Transform (1/2)

(followed by the next slide)

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 61

Table for Properties of the Fourier Transform (2/2)

 1 
general form of Parseval’s relation:  
x(t ) y (t )dt   X ( j )Y  (t )d
 2 

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 62

Table for Basic Fourier Transform Pairs (1/2)

(followed by the next page)

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 63

Table for Basic Fourier Transform Pairs (2/2)

Example 4.26

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 64

Sec. 4.7 Systems Characterized by Linear Constant
Coefficient Differential Equations
 Key concept
• Using the differentiation property of the Fourier transform to analyze the linear
differential equation with constant coefficients

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 65

Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equation

 N d k y (t ) M d k x(t )  F  N M

  ak dt k  bk dt k      ak ( j ) Y ( j )   bk ( j ) X ( j ) 
k k

 k 0 k 0   k 0 k 0 

frequency response H(jω) for an LTI system

 k 0 k
M
Y ( j ) b ( j ) k

H ( j )  
X ( j )  k 0 k
N
a ( j ) k

Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 66

Example 4.25
d 2 y (t ) dy (t ) dx(t )
2
4  3 y (t )   2 x(t )
dt dt dt
( j )  2
H ( j ) 
( j ) 2  4( j )  3
j  2 1 1
H ( j )   2  2
( j  1)( j  3) j  1 j  3

impulse  1 t 1 3t 
h(t )   e  e  u (t )
response 2 2 
Wireless Communication Network Lab. Chih-Cheng Tseng 67
Example 4.26
d 2 y (t ) dy (t ) dx(t ) ( j )  2
 4  3 y (t )   2 x (t ) H ( j ) 
dt 2
dt dt ( j ) 2  4( j )  3
Input x(t )  e  t u (t )
 j  2  1  j  2
Y ( j )  H ( j ) X ( j )       .
 ( j  1)( j  3)   j  1  ( j  1) ( j  3)
2

A11 A12 A21

Y ( j )    A11  14 , A12  12 , A11   14
j  1 ( j  1) 2
j  3

y (t )   1 e  t  1 te  t  1 e 3t  u (t )
4 2 4 
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Sec. 4.8 Summary
 The Fourier transform possesses a wide variety of important properties that
describe how different characteristics of signals are reflected in their
transforms.
 Fourier analysis are particularly well suited to the examination of LTI systems
characterized by linear constant-coefficient differential equations.

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