Signals and Systems

CE/EE301
 Fourier Transform Analysis
Objectives

• Study Fourier transformation for continuous aperiodic signals

• Analyze time-domain signal in frequency-domain (frequency components)
• Fourier transform is a generalized case of Laplace transform

• Laplace transform is defined as

∞
• X 𝒔 =𝑳𝑥 𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 • Explained in linear circuits II

Fourier transform (FT) is defined as

∞
• X(𝜔)= FT 𝑥 𝑡 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡

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 Fourier Series to Continuous Fourier Transform
Periodic signal in Aperiodic in
time domain time-domain

𝑇 Fourier
FS 1 2 ∞
coefficients 𝑎𝑘 = න 𝒙(𝒕)𝒆−𝒋k𝒘o𝒕 𝑑𝑡 transform • X 𝜔 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝒙(𝒕)𝒆−𝒋𝜔𝒕 𝒅𝒕
ak 𝑇 −𝑇 X(𝜔)
2

Continuous in
frequency domain

Discrete in
frequency domain

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 Fourier Transform Analysis
• Fourier Transform is given by:

∞
X 𝜔 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡

• The Inverse Fourier transform is given by:

1 ∞
x 𝑡 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑋(𝜔) 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔
2𝜋

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 Fourier Transform Analysis
• Find the FT of

∞
• Note that X 𝜔 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
• Solution:

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 Fourier Transform Analysis

e at t  0
xt   e
a t
Find the FT of:    at
e t0

• Solution: ∞
X 𝜔 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡

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 Fourier Transform Analysis

Find the FT of:

• Solution:

∞
X 𝜔 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Note
𝑇1 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑇1 −𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑇1 X(0)=2T1
X 𝜔 = ‫׬‬−𝑇 1 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =
1 −𝑗𝜔

2 sin(𝜔𝑇1 )
X 𝜔 =
𝜔
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 Pulse signal
Pulse signals is defined as pT(t), FT
2 sin(𝜔 𝑇/2)
where T is the width of the pulse 𝑃𝑇 𝜔 =
𝜔

T=4 T=6
Three examples are given where T=2

Example: Write x(t) in terms of p(t) x(t)=5 p4(t)

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 x(t )  X ( )
y (t )  Y ( )

 x(t )   y (t )   X ( )   Y ( )

 j t0
x(t  t0 )  X ( )e
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 Note that

FT
2 sin(𝜔𝑇1 )
𝜔

Note that x(t) could be written as x(t )  p4 (t )  p2 (t )

Then its Fourier Transform is 𝑋 𝜔 = 𝑃4 𝜔 + 𝑃2 (𝜔)
𝑝4 𝑡 has 𝑇1 = 2
2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜔 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔
𝑝2 𝑡 has 𝑇1 = 1 𝑋 𝜔 = +
𝜔 𝜔
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x(t )  p2 (t  1)
2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔 −𝑗𝜔
𝑋 𝜔 = 𝑒
𝜔 Note that

FT
2 sin(𝜔𝑇1 )
𝜔

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• Write x(t) as a function of p1(t) and p3(t)

𝑥 𝑡 = 0.5 𝑝1 𝑡 − 2.5 + 𝑝3 𝑡 − 2.5

• Using the linearity and time-shift properties of the Fourier
transform yields

𝑋 𝜔 = 0.5 𝑃1 𝜔 𝑒 −𝑗2.5𝜔 + 𝑃3 𝜔 𝑒 −𝑗2.5𝜔

• Where Fourier transform of p1(t) and p3(t)

2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔/2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝜔/2

𝑃1 𝜔 = and 𝑃3 𝜔 =
𝜔 𝜔

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Signals and Systems
CE/EE301
 n
d
Differentiation in Time: n
x (t )  ( j ) n
X ( )
dt
n=1

t
1
Integration in Time:
 x( )d  j X ( )   X (0) ( )

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Differentiation in the Time Domain Fourier Transform Analysis
Find the Fourier transform V(𝜔)
dv(t )
1. Obtain x(t) x(t ) 
dt

2. It follows that

3. First write 𝑥 𝑡 then Find 𝑋 𝜔 then substitute in 𝑉 𝜔

𝑥 𝑡 = 0.5𝑝2 𝑡 + 1 − 0.5𝑝2 (𝑡 − 1)

𝑋 𝜔 = 0.5𝑃2 𝜔 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 − 0.5𝑃2 𝜔 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔 𝑗𝜔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔 −𝑗𝜔
𝑋 𝜔 = 𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑋 0 =0
𝜔 𝜔
𝑋 𝜔
𝑉 𝜔 =
𝑗𝜔 15
 n
Multiply by a Power of t: d
t x(t )  ( j )
n n
X ( )
d n

Example

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 j0t
Frequency Shift: x(t )e  X (  0 )

Fourier Transform Delta function

𝛿(𝑡) ↔ 1

1 ↔ 2 π 𝛿(𝜔)
Frequency
Shift:
x(t)=1 1 ∙ 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑜 𝑡 ↔ 2 π 𝛿(𝜔 − 𝜔𝑜 )

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Fourier Transform of Sinusoidal Signals
Using Euler's
relation

Note that:
𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑜 𝑡 ↔ 2 π 𝛿(𝜔 − 𝜔𝑜 )

cos(0t )    (   0 )   (   0 )
Note that:
𝑥(𝑡) ∙ 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑜 𝑡 ↔ 𝑋(𝜔 − 𝜔𝑜 )

1
x(t ) cos( 0t )   X (   0 )  X (   0 ) 
2 18
Example 4.12 • Calculate the Fourier transform X(𝜔)
for the signal x(t) in Fig. 4.16(a).

1. Find the signal g(t) the derivative of x(t)

𝑑 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑔 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡
2. g(t) could be written as
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑝2 𝑡 − 𝛿 𝑡 + 1 − 𝛿(𝑡 − 1)
3. Fourier transform of g(t) is

2 sin(𝜔)
𝐺 𝜔 = − 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔
𝜔
4. Substituting in X(w) • Note that
G(0) = 0.

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 1  
x(at )  X  
a a

x(t )  y (t )  X ( )Y ( )

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