Lecture 7 - Fourier Series (Dr. Halim)

ENT 281
Signal and Systems

Lecture 5
Fourier Series
Dr. Abdul Halim Ismail
1
Semester 1, 2017/2018 Session
Contents
1) Frequency Domain 101
2) Introduction to Fourier Series
3) Orthogonal Set of Function
4) Trigonometric Form of Fourier Series
5) Exponential Fourier Series
6) GIBBS Phenomenon
7) Parseval’s Theorem
School of Mechatronic Engineering

2
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Frequency Domain
 Signals are represented as superposition of complex
sinusoids which leads to a useful expression for the system
output and provide a characterization of signals and systems.
 Example in music, the orchestra is a superposition of sounds

generated by different equipment having different frequency
range such as string, base, violin and etc.
 Another example is the choir team, where difference people
having difference voice pitch (freq.)
 A time-domain graph shows how a signal changes over time,

whereas a frequency-domain graph shows how much of the
signal lies within each given frequency band over a range of
frequencies.

3
Frequency Domain
 Imagine you are recording a signal, for example music that consists of the
singer, guitar, drums and keyboard. Then loud noise suddenly appears.
x1(t) Singer Gain, a Noise, xn
x2(t)
Guitar Gain, b
+ y(t)
x3(t) Drum Gain, c
x4(t) Keyboard Gain, d y(t) = ?

4
 Because of the loud signal xn, the musical recording is contaminated by
the high-frequency noise, which is added to the output signal y(t).
𝑦(𝑡ሻ = 𝑎𝑥1 (𝑡ሻ + 𝑏𝑥2 (𝑡ሻ + 𝑐𝑥3 (𝑡ሻ + 𝑑𝑥4 (𝑡ሻ + 𝑥𝑛 (𝑡ሻ
 Removing the noise in time-domain may be difficult due to that fact that
the noise also lies respectively with time.
 The signals can be transformed into frequency domain, where the

required signal (music recording) is in low frequencies, while the loud
noise is in high frequencies.
 Hence, a filter can be design in frequency domain, and the loud noise can
be significantly removed.

5
Remove the noise by
using appropriate filter,
i.e. low-pass filter

6
(a) Composite of signals of low and high freq.
(b) Plotting the signal in time-domain
(c) Plotting the signal in freq-domain

7
Fourier Series
Introduction
1. The representation of a periodic signal in terms of complex

exponentials, or equivalently in terms of sine and cosine
waveforms, leads to the Fourier series that are used
extensively used in all fields of science and engineering.
2. The Fourier series is named after the French physicist Jean

Baptiste Fourier (1768-1830) –who was the first to suggest –
periodic signals could be represented by a sum of sinusoids.
3. We learn how to decompose periodic

signals into their frequency components.

8
Fourier Series
Introduction
 
sin   cos; cos  sin
d d
sin t  cos t ; cos t   sin t
dt dt

1
t sin ntdt  2 (sin nt  nt cos nt )
n

1
t cos ntdt  2 (cos nt  nt sin nt )
n
9
Fourier Series
Introduction
1.Cosine Function
The function f(x) = cos x is an even function. That is, it is
symmetrical about the vertical axis.
We have: cos (-x) = cos x

 cos   0

10
Fourier Series
Introduction
2. Sine Function
The function f(x) = sin x is an odd function. That is, it is
symmetrical about the origin.
We have: sin (-x) = -sin x

 sin   0

11
3. Multiples of sine and cosine curve.
Consider the function y = sin x
From the graph,
sin n  0 for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
(2n  1)
sin  (1) n 1 for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
2

y = cos x
cos(2n )  1 for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
cos[(2n  1) ]  1 for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …

cos(n )  (1) n for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …

Orthogonal Set of Functions
A set of functions {φ1(x), φ2(x), … } is an orthogonal set of

functions on the interval [a, b] if any two functions in the
set are orthogonal to each other.

( n ,  m )   n ( x) m ( x)dx  0, n  m
a

14
Sinusoidal Prove
Show that:
{1, cos x, sin x, cos 2 x, sin 2 x,...} form an orthogonal set from [-π, π].
To prove orthogonal set of function, let separate the set into:
(1, cos nx)  0

(1, sin nx)  0
(cos(nx), cos(mx))  0, n  m
(sin(nx), sin(mx))  0, n  m
(cos(nx), sin(mx))  0,

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Sinusoidal Prove
1st case: (1, cos nx)  0


1 cos nxdx



1 
  sin nx 
n  
1
 [0  0]  0 is proven!
n

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Sinusoidal Prove
2nd case: (1, sin(nx))  0
is proven!

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Sinusoidal Prove
3rd case: (sin(nx), sin(mx))  0



1
sin(nx) sin(mx)dx    * sin  sin   [cos(   )  cos(   )]
2

 
  cos(n  m) x  cos(n  m)xdx

1 1
 cos(nx  mx)  cos(nx  mx)dx 
2 2
 

1 1 1 
  sin(n  m) x  sin(n  m) x 
2 n  m nm  
1 1 1 
 sin( n  m )  sin( n  m )
2  n  m nm 

 1 1 
 sin(n  m)( )  sin(n  m)( )
n  m nm 
0
is proven!
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TRIGONOMETRIC FORM OF FOURIER SERIES
Periodic Functions
 A sinusoidal signal, is a periodic signal with period.
 The sum of two sinusoids is periodic provided that their

frequencies are integral multiples of a fundamental frequency.
 We can show that a signal x(t), is a sum of sine and cosine

functions whose frequencies are integral multiples of, is
periodic signal.
 A function f() is periodic if it is defined for all real , and

there is a repetitive time period (fundamental period), T such
that f(+T) = f().

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f  
0

f  
0

f  
0


FOURIER SERIES
Let the signal x(t) be:
x(t )  a0  a1 cos 0t  a2 cos 20t  ...  ak cos k0t

 b1 sin 0t  b2 sin 20t  ...  bk sin k0t
i.e.
k
x(t )  a0  a
n 1
n cos 0 nt  bn sin n0 t

21
FOURIER SERIES
For the signal x(t) to be periodic, it must satisfy the condition

x(t) = x(t + T) for all t, i.e.
k
x(t  T )  a0  a
n 1
n cos 0 n(t  T )  bn sin 0 n(t  T )
2 2
k
 a0  
n 1
a n cos 0 n(t 
0
)  bn sin 0 n(t 
0
)
k
 a0  a
n 1
n cos(0 nt  2n )  bn sin(0 nt  2n )
k
 a0  a
n 1
n cos0 nt  bn sin 0 nt
 x(t )

22
FOURIER SERIES
 This proves that the signal x(t), which is summation of

sine and cosine functions of frequencies 0, ω0, 2ω0,…,
kω0 is a periodic signal x(t) with period T.
 The infinite series of sine and cosine terms of frequencies

0, ω0, 2ω0,…, kω0 is known as trigonometric form of
Fourier series and can be written as:

x(t )  a
n 0
n cos n0 t  bn sin n0 t

23
FOURIER SERIES
 Simplifying the previous Fourier series equation by

separating the initial value at n=0 give;

x(t )  a0  a
n 1
 The constants a0, a1,…, an, b0, b1,…, bn, are called Fourier
coefficients.
 Therefore, we need to derive and determine these

coefficients.

24
FOURIER SERIES
Evaluation of the Fourier Coefficients of Trigonometry F.S.
 Given the Trigonometry F.S. as below, we need to determine all

the coefficients.

x(t )  a0  a
n 1
 To determine a0:
Integrate both sides of the func. over one period (t0 to t0 + T);
t 0 T t 0 T t 0 T
 
 x(t )dt  a  dt   
t0
0
t0 t0
 [a n cos n0 t  bn sin n0 t ]dt 
 n 1 
 t 0 T  t 0 T
 a0T   a  cos n tdt  b  sin n tdt

n 1
n 0
n 1
n 0
t0 t0

25
FOURIER SERIES
 Since
t 0 T t 0 T
 cos n tdt  0
t0
0 and  sin n tdt  0
t0
0
(the net areas of sinusoids over complete periods are zero for any
nonzero integer n and any time t0.)
 Thus, we could write a0 as;
t 0 T t 0 T
 x(t )dt
1

t0
x(t )dt  a0T or  a0 
T
t0

26
FOURIER SERIES
 To determine an and bn:

The orthogonality and sinusoidal properties as the following
can be utilized;
t 0 T  0, mn
1)
 cos n0 t cos m0 tdt   T

, mn0
t0 2
t 0 T  0, mn
2)

sin n0 t sin m0 tdt   T

, mn0
t0 2
t 0 T
3)

t0
sin n0 t cos m0 tdt  0 , for all m and n.

27
FOURIER SERIES
 To find an :
multiply the Trigo. F.S. by cos mω0t and integrate over
one period. That is,
t 0 T t 0 T  t 0 T
 x(t ) cos m dt  a  cos m dt   a 

t0
0 0
t0
0
n 1
n
t0
cos n0 t cos m0 tdt
 t 0 T
 b 
n 1
n sin n0 t cos m0 tdt
t0

28
FOURIER SERIES
 To first and third integrals are equal zero and the second
integral is equal to T/2 when m = n: T
0
t 0 T t 0 T  t 0 T 2
 x(t ) cos m dt  a  cos m dt   a 
t0
0 0
t0
0
n 1
n
t0
cos n0 t cos m0 tdt
 t 0 T 0
 b 
n 1
n sin n0 t cos m0 tdt
t 0 T
t0
 x(t ) cos n dt
2
an  0
 Therefore: T
t0
t 0 T t 0 T
 x(t ) cos m dt
2

T
x(t ) cos m0 dt  a m or am  0
2 T
t0 t0

29
FOURIER SERIES
 To find bn :
multiply the Trigo. F.S. by sin mω0t and integrate over
one period. Then,
t 0 T t 0 T  t 0 T
 x(t ) sin m dt  a  sin m dt   a 

t0
0 0
t0
0
n 1
n
t0
cos n0 t sin m0 tdt
 t 0 T
 b 
n 1
n sin n0 t sin sm0 tdt
t0

30
FOURIER SERIES
 The first and second integrals are zero, and the third integral is
equal to T/2 when m = n. Thus,
t 0 T t 0 T 0 t 0 T
0

 x(t ) sin m dt  a  sin m dt   a 

t0
0 0
t0
0
n 1
n
t0
cos n0 t sin m0 tdt
 t 0 T T
b 
2
 n sin n0 t sin sm0 tdt
n 1 t0 t 0 T
 x(t ) sin n tdt

2
bn  0
T
 Thus: t0
t 0 T t 0 T
 x(t ) sin m tdt

2

T
x(t ) sin m0 dt  bm or bm  0
2 T
t0 t0
*a0, an and bn are called trigonometric Fourier series coefficients.
31
FOURIER SERIES
Evaluation of the Fourier Coefficients of Trigonometry F.S.:
SUMMARY
t 0 T
 To find a0
 x(t )dt
1
Integrate both sides, solving for a0 
T
t0
 To find an
Multiply both sides with cosmω0t and then integrate both sides,
solving for t T0
 x(t ) cos n dt
2
an  0
T
t0
 To find bn
Multiply both sides with sinmω0t and then integrate both sides,
solving for t 0 T
 x(t ) sin n tdt

2
bn  0
T
t0

32
FOURIER SERIES
EXAMPLE (1)
Find the Fourier series expansion of the half wave rectified sine wave as
shown in figure below.
x(t)
----- A ----
-2π -π 0 π 2π 3π

33
FOURIER SERIES
EXAMPLE (1) : Solution
The periodic waveform shown in Figure with period 2 π is half of a

sine wave with period 2π.
 2
 A sin t  A sin t  A sin t ,0  t  
x(t )   2
 0 ,   t  2
Now the fundamental period: T = 2π.
2 2
Fundamental frequency: 0   1
T 2

34
FOURIER SERIES
Let: t 0  0, t 0  T  T  2
T 2 2
   A sin tdt
1 1 1
a0  x(t )dt  x(t )dt 
T 2 2
0 0 0

A
 cos t 0   (cos   cos 0)  
 A 2A A
2 2 2 
Thus,
A
a0 


35
FOURIER SERIES
T 2
  x(t ) cos ntdt

2 2
an  x(t ) cos n0 tdt 
T 2
0 0
 
 
1 A
 A sin t cos ntdt  A sin t cos ntdt

0 0
 
 cos(1  n)t cos(1  n)t 

A A
 sin(1  n)t  sin(1  n)t   1  n  1  n 
2 2  0
0

A  cos(1  n)  cos 0 cos(1  n)  cos 0 
   
2  1 n 1 n 0
A  (1) ( n 1)  1  (1) ( n 1)  1 

   
2  1  n  1 n 

36
FOURIER SERIES
A  11 11 
For odd n: an      0
2 1  n 1  n 
A   1  1  1  1 A  2 2  2A
For even n: an          
2  1  n 1  n  2 1  n 1  n   (n 2  1)
Therefore:
2A
an   (for even n)
 (n  1)
2

37
FOURIER SERIES
T 2
  x(t ) sin ntdt

2 2
bn  x(t ) sin n0 tdt 
T 2
0 0
 
 
1 A
 A sin t sin ntdt  sin t sin ntdt

0 0
 cos(n  1)t  cos(n  1)t dt

A

2
0

A  sin(n  1)t sin(n  1)t 
  
2  n  1 n  1  0
This is zero for all values of n except for n = 1.

For n = 1:
A
b1 
2
38
FOURIER SERIES
Therefore, the trigonometric Fourier series is:


x(t )  a0  a
n 1

 a0  b1 sin t  a
n 1
n cos nt

AA 2A
  sin t  cos nt
 2 n  even  ( n  1)
2

39
FOURIER SERIES
EXAMPLE (2)
Obtain the trigonometric Fourier series for the waveform

shown in figure below:
x(t)
A
-----
-----
-4π -3π -2π -π 0 π 2π 3

π

40
FOURIER SERIES
EXAMPLE (2): Solution
The waveform shown in Figure is periodic with a period T = 2π.

Let: t 0  0, t 0  T  2
2 2
Then, Fundamental frequency: 0   1
T 2
The waveform is described by:

 A 
 t , 0  t  
x(t )    
 0,   t  2

41
FOURIER SERIES
Let: t 0  0, t 0  T  T  2
T 2 2
 A
  
1 1 1
a0  x(t )dt  x(t )dt   tdt
T 2 2  
0 0 0

A t 2
A
 2   
2  2  4
0
Thus,
A
a0 
4

42
FOURIER SERIES
T

2
an  x(t ) cos n0 dt
T
0 
  t cos ntdt
2 A A
 t cos ntdt 
2  2
0 0
    
A  t sin nt  A  0  0 cos nt 

sin nt
 2    dt     2 
   n  0 0 n    n

2
n 0
 2 cos n  cos 0 0

A
 n
 2A
Thus,  , for odd n
an    2 n 2
 0, for even n

43
FOURIER SERIES
T 2
  x(t ) sin ntdt

2 2
bn  x(t ) sin n0 tdt 
T 2
0 0
 
 
1 A A
 t sin ntdt  t sin ntdt
   2
0 0
  t ( cos nt )     cos nt 

A
    dt 
2 

n 0 0 n 

 
A cos n  sin nt   A A
     2     2 cos n  (1) n 1
2  n  n  0   n
 A
 n , For odd n
bn   ,
A

 n For even n

44
FOURIER SERIES
The trigonometric Fourier series is:


x(t )  a0  a
n 1
 
  (1)
A 2A cos nt A n 1 sin nt
  2 
4  n odd n 2
 n 1
n
A 2A  1 1 
  2 cos t  2 cos 3t  2 cos 5t  ...
4   3 5 
A 1 1 1 
 sin t  sin 2t  sin 3t  sin 4t  ...
 2 3 4 

45
EXPONENTIAL FOURIER SERIES
Complex Exponentials
 The trigonometry Fourier Series contains sinusoidal element, that

can be represented in complex exponentials.
 Recall back the trigonometry Euler’s identities;
e jn0t  cos n0t  j sin n0t
e  jn0t  cos n0t  j sin n0t
cos n0t 
2

1 jn0t
e  e  jn0t 
sin n0t 
2j
e 
1 jn0t  jn0t
e
j
 
  e jn0t  e  jn0t
2


46
 The set of complex exponential functions:
 , n  0, 1, 2,
e jn0t

forms a closed orthogonal set over an interval (t0, t0 + T)
where T=(2π/ω0) for any value of t0, and therefore it can be
used as a Fourier series.
 Using Euler’ identity, we can write:
 e j ( n0t  n )  e  j ( n0t  n ) 
An cos(n0 t   n )  An  
 2 

47
 Substituting this in the definition of cosine Fourier

representation, we obtain:

An j ( n0t n )  j ( n0t n )
x(t )  A0   e e 
n 1 2

An jn0t jn
 A0   e e  e  jn0t e  jn 
n 1 2

 An jn0t jn    An  jn0t  jn 
 A0    e e     e e 
n 1  2  n1  2 

 An jn  jn0t   An j ( n )   jn0t
 A0    e  e   e e
n 1  2  n 1  2 

48
 Letting n = -k in the second summation, we have
 
 An j n  jn0t  Ak j k  jk0t
x(t )  A0   
n 1 
2
e e

  
k  1
2
e e

 On comparing the above equations for x(t), we get
An  Ak ; ( n )   k , n > 0
,k<0

49
 Let us define
An j n
C  A0 ; C n  e ,n  0
2
 Thus
 
 
An j n jn0t An j n jn0t
x(t )  A0  e e  e e
n 1
2 n  1
2

i.e x(t )  
n  
C n e jn0t
This is known as exponential form of Fourier series. The

above equation is called the synthesis equation.

50
 So the exponential series from cosine series is:
C  A0
An j n
Cn  e
2

51
Complex Exponentials: Evaluating the Coefficients
We have:

2
x(t )  C e
n  
n
jn0t
0 
T
Multiplying both sides by e  jk0t and integrating over one period,

t 0 T t 0 T
    jk t
 x(t )e  jk0t dt     e
jn  t
Cn e 0 0
dt
 
t0 t0  n   
 t 0 T
 
n  
Cn  e jn0t e  jk0t dt
t0

52
Complex Exponentials: Evaluating the Coefficients
We know
t 0 T
 0, k  n
e
jn0t  jk0t
e dt  
t0 T , k  n
t 0 T t 0 T
 
 jk0t 1
Thus, x(t )e dt  TC k or Ck  x(t )e  jk0t dt
T
t0 t0
t 0 T t 0 T
or
 x(t )e  x(t )dt
1  jn0t 1
Cn  dt C0  A0 
T T
t0 t0
,where Cn are the Fourier coefficients of the exponential series.

53
 The Fourier coefficients of x(t) have only a discrete

spectrum because values of Cn exist only for discrete
values of n.
 As it represents a complex spectrum, it has both
magnitude and phase spectra.
 Note:
a. The magnitude line spectrum is always an even function
of n
b. The phase line spectrum is always an odd function of n.

54
Trigonometric Fourier Series from
EXPONENTIAL Fourier Series
 The complex exponential Fourier series is given by:

x(t )  Ce
n 
n
jn0t
1 
 C0   Cn e
n 
jn0t
  Cne jn0t
n 1

 C0    C ne  jn0t  Cne jn0t 
n 1

 C0   C n  cos n0t  j sin n0t )  Cn (cos n0t  j sin n0t 
n 1

 C0    Cn  C n  cos n0t  j  Cn  C n  sin n0t
n 1

55
 Comparing with standard trigonometric Fourier series:

x(t )  a0  a
n 1
 We get the conversion of exponential to Trigonometric:
a0  C0
an  Cn  C n
bn  j C n  C  n 

56
 From exponential series, we know:

T T
1 1
Cn   x(t )e  jn0t dt   x(t )  cos n0t  j sin n0t dt
T0 T0
1 2  1
T
   x(t )cos n0tdt  j sin n0tdt    an  jbn 
2T 0  2
T T
1 1
C n   x(t )e jn0t dt   x(t )  cos n0t  j sin n0t dt
T0 T0
1 2  1
T
   x(t )cos n0tdt  j sin n0tdt    an  jbn 
2T 0  2
T
1
C0   x(t )dt  a0
T0

57
 Then, we can obtain the coefficients conversion from

trigonometric form to exponential form of Fourier
Series,
C0  a0
C n  a n  jbn 
1
2
C  n  a n  jbn 
1
2

58
EXAMPLE (1)
Obtain the exponential Fourier series for the waveform

shown below. Also draw the frequency spectrum.

59
Solution:
The periodic waveform shown, with a period T = 2π can be
expressed as:
 A, 0t 
x(t )  
 A, 0  t  2
Let t 0  0, t 0  T  2
2 2
And fundamental frequency: 0   1
T 2

Solution:
Exponential Fourier Series:
  2  A
 
T
1 
 Adt   Adt  
  t 0  t 2  0
1
C0  x(t )dt 
T 2   2
0 0  
T

1
Cn  x(t )e  jn0t dt
T
0
 2

1 
 2  A  e  jnt  e   jnt 
 A(t )e  jnt dt  A(t )e  jnt dt  
      
2   2   jn    jn  
0    0   

Cont.…

A
jn 2 

 e  jn  e 0   e

0
 j 2n
e 
 jn 2 


A
jn 2
 
(1)  1  1  (1)   j
n 2A
n
n

 2A
 j , for _ odd _ n
Cn   n
 0, for _ even _ n
 
C e 
jn0t 2 A jnt
x(t )  C0    j e , for _ odd _ n
n
n
n   n  
n0
2A 2A 2A
C0  0, C1  C 1  , C3  C  3  , C5  C  5 
 3 5

Cont.…
2A 2A 2A
C0  0, C1  C 1  , C3  C  3  , C5  C  5 
 3 5
2A 2A
 Cn 
2A 2A
2A 3 3
2A
5
5

- - - -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 4 3

EXAMPLE (2)
Obtain the exponential Fourier series for the waveform

shown below. Also draw the frequency spectrum.

64
Solution:
The waveform showncan be expressed over one period (0 to π)
as:
2
x(t )  A sin t where  1
2
Because it is part of a sine wave with period = 2 π.
x(t )  A sin t 0t 
The full wave rectified sine wave is periodic with T = π.
t 0  0, t 0  T  0     2 2
0   2
T 

Exponential Fourier Series:
 
x(t )  C e
n  
n
jn0t
 C e
n  
n
j 2 nt
T  
  
1  jn0t 1 A
Cn  x(t )e dt  A sin te  j 2 nt dt  sin te  j 2 nt dt
T  
0 0 0
  
A  e jt  e  jt   j 2 nt  dt
 
e A   
 dt  e j (1 2 n ) t
e j (1 2 n ) t
  2 j 
 j 2  
0 0 

A  e j (1 2 n )t e  j (1 2 n )t 
   
j 2  j (1  2n)  j (1  2n) 
 0
A  e j (1 2 n )  e 0 e  j (1 2 n )  e 0 
   
j 2  j (1  2n)  j (1  2n) 
 

Cont.…
2A
Cn 
 (1  4n 2 )
T 
C0 
1
 x(t )dt 
1
 A sin tdt 
A
 cos t 0 
A
 cos   cos 0  2 A
T    
0 0
 
 e j 2 nt 
  (1  4n 
2A 2A 2A  
x(t )  e j 2 nt
 
n  
2
)   n    1  4n 2 

n0
2A 2A 2A
C0  C2  C2  
  (1  422 ) 15
2A 2A
C1  C 1   C3  C  3 
2A

2A
 (1  412 ) 3  (1  432 ) 35

Cont.… 2A Cn

- - - -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 4 3
2A
 
2A
35 35
2A 2A
 
15 15
2A 2A
 
3 3
The frequency spectrum

GIBBS Phenomenon
J. Willard Gibbs (1899), discovered that for a periodic signal with

discontinuities, if the signal is reconstructed by adding the Fourier
series, overshoots appear around the edges.

69
GIBBS Phenomenon
 These overshoots decay outwards in a damped oscillatory

manner away from edges. This is called Gibbs phenomenon.
 The overshoots at the discontinuity according to the Gibbs

are found to be around 9 percent of the height of discontinuity
irrespective of the number of terms in the Fourier series.
 It has also been observed that as more number of terms in the
series are added, the frequency increases, overshoots, get
sharper, but the adjoining oscillation amplitude reduces.
 That is error between the original signal x(t) and the truncated
signal xn(t) reduced except at the edges as n increases.
 Thus, the truncated Fourier series approaches x(t) as the
number of terms in approximation increases.

70
3 harmonics signal 9 harmonics signal
21 harmonics signal 45 harmonics signal
71
Parseval’s Theorem
If, x1 (t ) 

FS
C n , [ for _ complex _ x1 (t )]
and, x2 (t ) 

FS
Dn , [ for _ complex _ x2 (t )]
Then, the Parseval’s relation states that,

t 0 T 
 
1 [for complex x1(t)
x(t )1 x(t ) 2 dt  C n Dn*
T n  
t0 and x2(t)]
And, Parseval’s identity states that,

t 0 T 
 
1 2
x(t )1 x(t ) 2 dt  Cn  if _ x(t )1  x(t ) 2  x(t )
T n  
t0

Proof: Parseval’s relation,

t 0 T t 0 T
  
   *

1 1   x2 (t )dt
x1 (t ) x2* (t )dt  C n e jn0t
T T  
t0 t0  n   
Interchanging the order of integration and summation in the RHS,

t 0 T   t 0 T 
  
1 1
x1 (t ) x2* (t )dt  Cn  x2* (t )e jn0t dt 
T T 
n  
t0  t 0 
*
  0 t  T  
   C n Dn *
1
 Cn  x2 (t )e  jn  0 t
dt  
T 
n   n  
 t0 

Therefore,
t 0 T 
 
1
x1 (t ) x2* (t )dt  C n Dn* Proved.
T n  
t0
Parseval’s Identity:
If x1(t)=x2(t)=x(t), then the relation changes to
t 0 T 
 
1
x(t ) x * (t )dt  C n C n*
T n  
t0

Since,
2 2
x(t )  x1 (t ) x2* (t ) _ and _ C n  C n C n*
Substitute this value,
t 0 T 
 
1 2 2
x(t ) dt  Cn Proved.
T n  
t0


Lecture 7 - Fourier Series (Dr. Halim)

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ENT 281

Signal and Systems

Dr. Abdul Halim Ismail

2) Introduction to Fourier Series

3) Orthogonal Set of Function

4) Trigonometric Form of Fourier Series

5) Exponential Fourier Series

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 Example in music, the orchestra is a superposition of sounds

 A time-domain graph shows how a signal changes over time,

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x1(t) Singer Gain, a Noise, xn

x4(t) Keyboard Gain, d y(t) = ?

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 The signals can be transformed into frequency domain, where the

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1. The representation of a periodic signal in terms of complex

2. The Fourier series is named after the French physicist Jean

3. We learn how to decompose periodic

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From the graph,

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cos[(2n  1) ]  1 for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …

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A set of functions {φ1(x), φ2(x), … } is an orthogonal set of

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To prove orthogonal set of function, let separate the set into:

(1, cos nx)  0

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1st case: (1, cos nx)  0

1 cos nxdx

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2nd case: (1, sin(nx))  0

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3rd case: (sin(nx), sin(mx))  0

  cos(n  m) x  cos(n  m)xdx

 A sinusoidal signal, is a periodic signal with period.

 The sum of two sinusoids is periodic provided that their

 We can show that a signal x(t), is a sum of sine and cosine

 A function f() is periodic if it is defined for all real , and

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Let the signal x(t) be:

x(t )  a0  a1 cos 0t  a2 cos 20t  ...  ak cos k0t

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For the signal x(t) to be periodic, it must satisfy the condition

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 This proves that the signal x(t), which is summation of

 The infinite series of sine and cosine terms of frequencies

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 Simplifying the previous Fourier series equation by

 Therefore, we need to derive and determine these

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 Given the Trigonometry F.S. as below, we need to determine all

 a0T   a  cos n tdt  b  sin n tdt

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 Thus, we could write a0 as;

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