Aero Vehicle Performance

Final Report

F-86 Sabre

By Jaffer Waleed Bhatti

190101063

Aero 18/A

Submitted to:

Dr. Izhar Kazmi

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Institute of Space Technology

20th of January, 2022

i
Copyright © 2022

The authors and the Institute of Space Technology have signed a copyright agreement

for this publication (IST). This text may be used, published, or reproduced in any way

by the author and IST. No portion of this document may be reproduced by anyone

other than copyright holders without the authors' consent under copyright law.

ii
 ABSTRACT

The primary goal of this report is to investigate characteristic performance of the

North American F-86 Sabre aircraft in order to get a better grasp of fundamental

performance analysis in the aerospace area. We can compute the general flight

performance characteristics of F-86 aircraft using the available resources and data,

which will help us establish a firm grasp of how this aircraft truly behaves during

flight. In this study, we may also make additional assumptions that can help us.

Finally, we may compare our outcomes to the real ones to ensure that our work is

accurate.

iii
Table of content

Contents

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iii

LIST OF Variables Used ...................................................................................................... viii

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1

1.1 GENERAL AIRCRAFT INTRODUCTION: ............................................................. 1

1.2 HISTORY: ..................................................................................................................... 2

1.2.1 F-86 Sabre & Pakistan Air Force: ......................................................................... 2

1.3 WHY I CHOOSE THIS AIRCRAFT: ......................................................................... 3

1.4 Specification ................................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Open VSP Model ............................................................................................................ 6

1.5 METHODOLOGIES:.................................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER 02: UNACCELERATED AND STEADY FLIGHT ......................................... 8

2.1 DRAG POLAR ............................................................................................................... 8

2.1.1 Assumptions............................................................................................................. 9

2.2 THRUST REQUIRED................................................................................................. 10

2.2.1 GRAPH .................................................................................................................. 10

COMMENT .................................................................................................................... 12

2.3 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES ............................................................................. 12

𝑪𝑳𝐂𝐃 ............................................................................................................................... 13

𝑪𝑳𝟏𝟐𝐂𝐃 ........................................................................................................................... 13

𝑪𝑳𝟑𝟐𝐂𝐃 ........................................................................................................................... 14

iv
 Comment......................................................................................................................... 16

2.4 COMPARISONS OF ZERO LIFT DRAG AND DRAG DUE TO LIFT AT

FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES ................................................................................... 16

COMMENTS.................................................................................................................. 19

Comment......................................................................................................................... 22

2.6 POWER REQUIRED .................................................................................................. 22

Comments ....................................................................................................................... 23

2.7 POWER AVAILABLE & MAXIMUM VELOCITY............................................... 23

2.8 MINIMUM VELOCITY & STALL VELOCITY .................................................... 24

COMMENTS.................................................................................................................. 25

2.9 CLIMB PERFORMANCE ......................................................................................... 25

2.9.1.1 𝛉𝐦𝐚𝐱 ................................................................................................................... 25

2.9.1.2 𝐑/𝐂𝛉𝐦𝐚𝐱 ............................................................................................................ 26

Comments: ...................................................................................................................... 28

2.10 GLIDING .................................................................................................................... 29

2.10.1 MINIMUM GLIDE ANGLE: ............................................................................ 29

2.10.2 MAXIMUM RANGE: ........................................................................................ 30

2.10.3 VELOCITY FOR MAXIMUM GLIDE RANGE: ........................................... 30

2.10.4 SINK RATE: ....................................................................................................... 30

Comments: ...................................................................................................................... 31

2.10.5 ABSOLUTE AND SERVICE CEILINGS:....................................................... 31

Comments: ...................................................................................................................... 32

2.11 MINIMUM TIME TO CLIMB ................................................................................ 33

v
 2.11.1Time of Flight ....................................................................................................... 33

2.12 RANGE ....................................................................................................................... 34

2.13 ENDURANCES .......................................................................................................... 35

The maximum time the aircraft can stay in the air without the need of refueling represents the

endurance of the aircraft which we ideally need...................................................................... 35

Comments: ...................................................................................................................... 35

2.14 Comparison of Actual and Obtained Values ........................................................... 35

Chapter 03: Accelerated and Unaccelerated Flights .......................................................... 37

Assumptions: ...................................................................................................................... 37

3.1 MINIMUM TURN RADIUS ....................................................................................... 37

Load Factor VS Velocity ................................................................................................... 38

3.2 MAXIMUM TURN RATE.................................................................................... 39

3.3 Calculation of maximum of n max ............................................................................. 40

3.3 V-n Diagram:.......................................................................................................... 40

3.4 Pull Up & Pull-Down Maneuver........................................................................... 41

3.5 ENERGY HEIGHTS ................................................................................................... 42

3.6 Specific Excess Power .................................................................................................. 43

3.7 P sub S ........................................................................................................................... 44

3.8 TAKE OFF PERFORMANCE ................................................................................... 45

GROUND ROLL & TAKEOFF DISTANCE ................................................................. 45

3.9 LANDING PERFORMANCE .................................................................................... 48

GROUND ROLL: .......................................................................................................... 48

Approach Distance ......................................................................................................... 49

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 Flare height ..................................................................................................................... 49

APPENDIX A ......................................................................................................................... 51

MATLAB Codes: ............................................................................................................... 51

APPENDIX B ......................................................................................................................... 63

References ................................................................................................................................ 63

Table of Images

Figure 1North American F-86 Sabre Jet [2] .............................................................................. 1

Figure 2F-86 of Pakistan Air Force [4]...................................................................................... 2

Figure 3 Aircraft 3D View ......................................................................................................... 5

Figure 4 VSP Model .................................................................................................................. 6

Figure 5 Thrust Required Curve at sea level............................................................................ 10

Figure 6 variation of lift to drag ratio with velocity ................................................................ 15

Figure 7 Drag VS Velocity ...................................................................................................... 19

Figure 8 Thrust Required VS Thrust Available ....................................................................... 21

Figure 9 Minimum Time to Clime ........................................................................................... 33

Figure 10 Load Factor VS Velocity ......................................................................................... 38

Figure 11 V n Diagram ............................................................................................................ 40

Figure 12 Energy Height .......................................................................................................... 42

Figure 13 Specific Excess Power ............................................................................................. 43

Figure 14 P sub S ..................................................................................................................... 44

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 LIST OF Variables Used

Symbols Names

𝜌0 Density at Sea Level

𝜌∞ Density at some altitude

𝑇𝑅 Thrust Required

Ct Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption SFC

K Lift-dependent Drag Coefficient

CD0 Zero-lift Drag Coefficient

PA Power Available

PR Power Required

𝑉∞ Free Stream Velocity

𝑅𝑂𝐶 Rate of Climb

𝐸 Endurance

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 Theoretical Maximum Velocity

𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙 Stall Velocity

W/S Wing Loading

T/W Thrust to Weight Ratio

n Load Factor

W Maximum Takeoff Weight MTOW

W0 Initial Weight (MTOW)

W1 Zero Fuel Weight (Empty Weight)

Wf Weight of the fuel

b Wing Span

AR Aspect Ratio

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 h Wing height

∧ Sweep Angle

𝜃 Climb/Descent Angle

m Mass of aircraft

CL Coefficient of lift

CD Coefficient of Drag

𝜔 Turn Rate

𝑉∗ Corner Velocity

𝐻𝑒 Energy Height

𝑃𝑠 Specific Excess Power

Sg Ground Roll Distance

Sa Aerial Distance

Sf Flare Distance

𝜃𝑎 Approach Angle

VLO Lift-off Velocity

VTD Touchdown Velocity

ha Object Height to be cleared

𝜃𝑎 Object Angle to be cleared

` 𝜇𝑟 Coefficient of Friction

Trev Reverse Thrust

Kuc Flap Deflection Factor

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F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL AIRCRAFT INTRODUCTION:

The North American F-86 Sabre is a jet aircraft developed in the United States of

America (USA) that can fly at high subsonic speeds. It is also known as a Sabre jet

aircraft. It has only one turbojet engine and can achieve a top speed of Mach 0.91.

(687 mph). It is a fighter plane that was first introduced in 1947.The first flight of the

F-86 took place on October 1, 1947, and it is now withdrawn from the aviation sector.

The maker of this plane was North American Aviation. The F-86 is also the first

swept wing aircraft built by the United States of America, with a wing swept of nearly

35 degrees. Its single General Motors engine can provide 5900 pounds of thrust. It

only had room for one crew member, the pilot, and could carry a variety of payloads

throughout conflicts. [1]

Figure 1North American F-86 Sabre Jet [2]

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F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

1.2 HISTORY:

The North American F-86 Sabre aircraft was first tested in 1947, and following

successful flight testing, the United States military employed it in the Korean War.

This is the first aero plane with such a high swept wing produced by the North

American business. This business has produced about 6000 of these aircrafts. It

was employed by 29 various countries throughout the world, including the

Pakistan Air Force, from the 1950s to the 1970s. These aircraft have now been

withdrawn from service in the aviation industry. [3]

1.2.1 F-86 Sabre & Pakistan Air Force:

Pakistan air force also used the Sabre F-86 aircraft for almost 20-30 years. This

aircraft is widely used in the Indo-Pak wars of 1965 and 1971. Pakistan had 9

squadron of such aircraft deployed in various cities of Pakistan. Also, its 1

squadron was present in the East Pakistan at the time of partition in 1971.

Pakistan air force received the initial 120 aircrafts after the Indo-Pak partition.

These aircrafts are very helpful in the 1965 war but attained lot of damage in 1971

war. So, after few years of the 1971 war F-86 Sabre jets were retired from the

Pakistan air force and replaced by the F-6 aircrafts. [1]

Figure 2F-86 of Pakistan Air Force [4]

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 F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

1.3 WHY I CHOOSE THIS AIRCRAFT:

This aero plane appealed to me because of its SABRE engine technology. The

majority of us are unfamiliar with SABRE technology, which is the Synergetic

Air Breathing Engine technology that can now allow an air vehicle to reach

speeds more than Mach 20. Using this sort of Sabre technology in the past was a

critical change to the aviation industry, and it can now assist in the creation of

aero planes and space vehicles that can reach faster speeds than ever before. Our

primary goal is to investigate the characteristics of the Sabre engine when it

comes into touch with the air, as well as how it performs under adverse situations.

The F-86 aircraft's parameters are listed below.

1.4 Specification

Model/ Name NORTH AMERICAN F-86 SABRE

Aircraft Role Fighter

Country of Origination USA

General Info.

Manufacturer North American Aviation

Status Retired

First Flight Date October 1, 1947

Parasite Drag Coefficient - CD0 0.01561

Performance

Parameters

k1 0.044

Induce Drag Factors k2 0

k3 0.088

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 F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

K 0.14111

Thrust to Weight Ratio-T/W 0.42

Wing Loading-W/S 49.4 lb./ft² (236.7 kg/m²)

Lift to Drag Ratio- L/D 15.1

Maximum Takeoff Weight-MTOW 18,152 lb. (8,234 kg)

Empty Weight- We 11,125 lb. (5,046 kg)

Maximum Mach. (Mmax) 0.91 (687 mph)

Cruising Mach. (Mcruise) 0.68 (513 mph)

39370 ft (12,000 m)

Cruising Altitude(hcruise)

Aspect Ratio 4.78

Sweep Angle 35°

Wing Prop.

Airfoil NACA 0009.5–64 at root and NACA

0008.5–64 at tip

Engine Type Turbo Jet Engine

Propulsion

Number of Engines 1

Thrust per Engine 5910 lbs

Range 1,325 nautical miles

Performance

Indicators

Landing Distance 3190 ft

Take-off Distance 3925 ft

Rate of Climb 9,000 ft./min (45.72 m/s)

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F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

Figure 3 Aircraft 3D View

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F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

1.4 Open VSP Model

Figure 4 VSP Model

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F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

1.5 METHODOLOGIES:

Simple calculations for several characteristics of the aircraft, such as the drag polar,

parasite drag coefficient, induced drag factors, and overall performance, are used as

the core technique.

To begin, we may calculate the aircraft's drag polar using the following mathematical

relationship:

= C D0 + K C L
2
C D

We can have the value of the zero lift drag coefficient as given in the above table. We

can also have the value for k2 =0 because the shock waves are not formed for the

aircrafts moving at a speed less than Mach 1. Also, we know the k 1

ratio = 0.45-0.55
k 3

for the subsonic fighter aircrafts. So, we can take this ratio as 0.5 for our convenience.

After that we can easily find the values of the k1, k3, and K. after finding these

parameters we can calculate the lift and drag coefficients effect by increasing the angle

of attack in the accelerated flight study of the aircraft. We can also consider the

calculations that how different parameters behave in the cruise or level flight. We can

also consider the maneuvering of the aircraft that how turning, pitching, rolling and

turning moments can affect the performance of the aircraft.

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F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

CHAPTER 02: UNACCELERATED AND STEADY FLIGHT

2.1 DRAG POLAR

We can use the following mathematical relations for our calculations:

1. K= k +k +k
1 2 3

2. k 1
=0.5
k 3

3. k1 = 0.5(k3)

1
4. k = , Here (e = span efficiency factor which is equals to 0.75). (VDM
3
eAR

Verlag Dr. Müller, 2009)

= C D0 + K C L
2

5. C D

By using the 1st equation we can get the following relation for the 5th equation:

= C D 0 + (k 1 + k 2 + k 3) C L
2

6. C D

Now by using the 4th equation we get:

1
k = , Here e = 0.75, AR = 4.78, 𝜋 = 3.14
3
eAR

1
𝐾3 =
(3.14) × (0.75) × (4.78)

𝐾3 = 0.088

Similarly using the 3rd equation we get:

k1 = 0.5(k3) ⇒ k1 = 0.5(0.088)

𝐾1 = 0.044

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F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

Now using 6th equation we get:

= C D 0 + (k 1 + k 2 + k 3) C L
2

1. C D , Here zero lift drag coefficient =0.014 (VDM

Verlag Dr. Müller, 2009)

𝐶𝐷 = 0.014 + (0.088 + 0 + 0.044)𝐶𝐿 2

𝐶𝐷 = 0.014 + 0.132𝐶𝐿 2

𝐶𝐿 = 0.08558

2.1.1 Assumptions

Following are some of the assumptions that we can use in our calculations up till now:

1. We assume that the shock waves for the aircraft having Mach number less than

1 is negligible or zero.

2. We assume that the fighter’s subsonic ratio of k 1 =0.5

k 3

3. We assume that k1 = 0.5(k3).

4. We can also assume that in level or cruise flight all the forces on aircraft are

equal. That is Lift = Weight (L=W) and Thrust = Drag (T=D).

5. We can assume that the zero-lift coefficient 𝐶𝐿,0 2 is zero in our case for finding

the drag polar of the F-86 Sabre Jet aircraft.

6. Also, later on we use the modified values for K=0.044 and for zero lift drag =

0.01561

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F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

2.2 THRUST REQUIRED

GRAPHICAL APPROACH

Following calculations are used to determine the thrust required graphically.

2𝑊
• 𝐶𝐿 = 𝜌 2
∞ 𝑆𝑉∞

• 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷,0 + 𝐾𝐶𝐿 2

• 𝑇𝑅 = 1⁄2 𝜌∞ 𝑉∞ 𝑆𝐶𝐷

2.2.1 GRAPH

Figure 5 Thrust Required Curve at sea level

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F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

2.2.2 ANALYTICAL APPROACH

For the analytical calculation of minimum thrust required we can perform following

calculations:

𝑇𝑅
( ) = √4𝐶𝐷,𝑂 𝐾
𝑊 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑇𝑅
( ) = √4 × 0.01561 × 0.044
𝑊 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑇𝑅
( ) = 0.0524
𝑊 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑇𝑅 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 18152 × 0.052

𝑻𝑹 𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟗𝟓𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 𝐥𝐛

1/2
2 𝑊 𝐾
𝑉(𝑇𝑅)𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ( √ )
𝜌∞ 𝑆 CD,O

1/2
2 18152 0.044
𝑉(𝑇𝑅)𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ( × √ )
0.002377 313.4 0.01561

𝑽(𝑻𝑹)𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐𝟖𝟔. 𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟐𝟐 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

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F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

COMMENT

By comparing the graphical and analytical findings, we can deduce that the numbers

for the minimum thrust required 𝑻𝑹(𝐦𝐢𝐧 ) and its related velocity 𝑽𝑻𝑹 are the same.
(𝐦𝐢𝐧 )

Now analyzing the graph between thrust required and velocity it can be seen that first

thrust required decreases with velocity till a certain point that point is referred as

minimum thrust required and its corresponding velocity, after that as velocity

increases the thrust required increases. It is because total drag is sum of zero lift drag

and drag due to lift. As velocity is increased Cl is decreased so as a whole drag due to

lift decreases so in response thrust required decreases. After that drag is mostly

dependent on zero lift drag so as velocity increases drag increases so thrust decreases.

Another important thing to note is that the dashed line parallel to y axis initializing

from 𝑽𝑻𝑹 tells the region left to that line is unstable velocity region and region
(𝐦𝐢𝐧 )

right to that line is stable velocity region

2.3 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES

2.3.1 ANALYTICAL APPROACH:

Following is the procedure to determine the fundamental properties one by

one analytically:

Following is the procedure to determine the fundamental properties one by one analytically:

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F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

𝑪𝑳
𝐂𝐃

𝐶𝐿 1
( ) =√
𝐶𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥 4𝐶𝐷,𝑂 𝐾

𝐶𝐿 1
( ) =√
𝐶𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥 4 × 0.01561 × 0.044

𝑪𝑳
( ) = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟎𝟕𝟖
𝑪𝑫 𝒎𝒂𝒙

1/2
2 𝑊 𝐾
𝑉(𝐶𝐿/𝐶𝐷)𝑚𝑎𝑥 =( √ )
𝜌∞ 𝑆 CD,O

𝑽(𝑻𝑹)𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑽(𝑪𝑳 /𝑪𝑫 )𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝟖𝟔. 𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟐𝟐 ft/s

𝟏
𝑪𝑳 𝟐
𝐂𝐃

1/4
CL1/2 3 1
( ) = ( )
CD max 4 3CD,O 3 K

CL1/2 3 1 1/4
( ) = ( )
CD max 4 3 × 0.015613 × 0.044

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F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

𝐂𝐋 𝟏/𝟐
( ) = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟏
𝐂𝐃 𝐦𝐚𝐱

V(C 1/2
/CD )max
= (3)1/4 V(CL /CD )max
L

V(C 1/2
/CD )max
= 31/4 × 286.03922
L

𝐕(𝐂 𝟏/𝟐
/𝐂𝐃 )𝐦𝐚𝐱
= 𝟑𝟕𝟔. 𝟒𝟒 𝐟𝐭/𝐬
𝐋

𝟑
𝑪𝑳 𝟐
𝐂𝐃

3/4
CL 3/2 1 1
( ) = ( )
CD max 4 CD,O1/3 K

CL 3/2 1 3 3/4
( ) = ( )
CD max 4 0.015611/3 x 0.044

𝐂𝐋 𝟑/𝟐
( ) = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟖𝟖
𝐂𝐃 𝐦𝐚𝐱

1 1/4
V(C 3/2
/CD )max
= ( ) V(CL /CD )max
L 3

V(C 3/2
/CD )max
= 0.76 × 286.03922
L

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F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

𝐕(𝐂 𝟑/𝟐
/𝐂𝐃 )𝐦𝐚𝐱
= 𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝟖𝟗𝟖𝟎 𝐟𝐭/𝐬
𝐋

2.3.2 GRAPHICAL APPROACH:

Following are the calculations for the graphical approach:

Figure 6 variation of lift to drag ratio with velocity

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F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

Comment

By both results we came to conclusion that

𝟑 𝟏
𝑪𝟐𝑳 𝑪𝑳 𝑪𝟐𝑳
( ) < (𝑪 ) < ( )
𝑪𝑫 𝑫 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑪𝑫
𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒎𝒂𝒙

Also comparing velocities

𝑽(𝑪𝟑/𝟐 /𝑪 < 𝑽(𝑪𝑳 /𝑪𝑫)𝒎𝒂𝒙 < 𝑽 𝟏

𝑫)𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑳 (𝑪𝟐𝑳 /𝑪𝑫)𝒎𝒂𝒙

The ratio that they occur in is:

𝑉(𝐶 3/2 /𝐶 : 𝑉(𝐶𝐿/𝐶𝐷)𝑚𝑎𝑥 : 𝑉(𝐶 1/2 /𝐶

𝐿 𝐷)𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐿 𝐷)𝑚𝑎𝑥

217.3898 ∶ 286.03922 ∶ 376.44

𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 ∶ 𝟏 ∶ 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐

2.4 COMPARISONS OF ZERO LIFT DRAG AND DRAG DUE TO LIFT AT

FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES

𝑪𝑳
I.
𝐂𝐃

Following are the calculations to be done for the comparison:

𝑉(𝐶𝐿/𝐶𝐷)𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 286.03922 ft/s

𝑞∞ = 0.5 × 𝜌∞ × 𝑉∞ 2

𝑞∞ = 0.5 × 0.002377 × (286.03922 )2

𝑞∞ = 97.2412 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2

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F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

𝑊
𝐶𝐿 =
𝑞∞ 𝑆

18152
𝐶𝐿 =
97.2412 × 313.14

𝐶𝐿 = 0.596121

Zero Lift Drag = 𝑞∞ × 𝑆 × 𝐶𝐷,𝑂 = 426.665 lb

Drag Due To Lift = 𝑞∞ × S × k × 𝐶𝐿 2 = 476.508 lb

Hence,

𝒁𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝑳𝒊𝒇𝒕 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒈

=𝟏
𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒈 𝑫𝒖𝒆 𝑻𝒐 𝑳𝒊𝒇𝒕

𝟏
𝐂𝐋 𝟐
II.
𝐂𝐃

V(C 1/2
/CD )max
= 376.44 ft/s
L

𝑞∞ = 0.5 × 𝜌∞ × 𝑉∞ 2

𝑞∞ = 0.5 × 0.002377 × (376.44 )2

𝑞∞ = 168.41 lb/𝑓𝑡 2

𝑊
𝐶𝐿 =
𝑞∞ 𝑆

18152
𝐶𝐿 =
168.41 × 313.14

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F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

𝐶𝐿 = 0.3442

Zero Lift Drag = 𝑞∞ × 𝑆 × 𝐶𝐷,𝑂 = 738.9157 lb.

2
Drag Due To Lift = 𝑞∞ × S × k × 𝐶𝐿 = 275.1321 lb.

Hence,

𝒁𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝑳𝒊𝒇𝒕 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒈

=𝟑
𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒈 𝑫𝒖𝒆 𝑻𝒐 𝑳𝒊𝒇𝒕

𝟑
𝑪𝑳 𝟐
III.
𝐂𝐃

V(C 3/2
/CD )max
= 217.38980 ft/s
L

𝑞∞ = 0.5 × 𝜌∞ × 𝑉∞ 2

𝑞∞ = 0.5 × 0.002377 × (217.3980)2

𝑞∞ = 56.1707 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2

𝑊
𝐶𝐿 =
𝑞∞ 𝑆

18152
𝐶𝐿 =
56.1707 × 313.4

𝐶𝐿 = 1.034

Zero Lift Drag = 𝑞∞ × 𝑆 × 𝐶𝐷,𝑂 = 246.45 lb

Drag Due To Lift = 𝑞∞ × S × k × 𝐶𝐿 2 = 828.13 lb

Hence,

18
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

𝒁𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝑳𝒊𝒇𝒕 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒈 𝟏

= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 =
𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒈 𝑫𝒖𝒆 𝑻𝒐 𝑳𝒊𝒇𝒕 𝟑

GRAPH:

Figure 7 Drag VS Velocity

COMMENTS

By comparing results by both analytically and graphically we got the same values

approximately with small errors. But the ratios we find by dividing zero lift drag and

drag due to lift are equal both graphically and analytically.

𝑪
(𝑪 𝑳 ) for this ratio both zero lift drag and drag due to lift are equal.
𝑫 𝒎𝒂𝒙

19
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

𝟑
𝑪𝟐𝑳
( ) for this ratio drag due to lift is dominant.
𝑪𝑫
𝒎𝒂𝒙

𝟏
𝑪𝟐𝑳
( ) for this ratio zero lift drag is dominant.
𝑪𝑫
𝒎𝒂𝒙

2.5 THRUST AVAILABLE & MAXIMUM VELOCITY

2.5.1 ANALYTICAL APPROACH:

Density ( sea level )= ρo = 0.002377 slug/ft3

Density ( 12,000 m ) = ρ = 0.00060343962 slug/ft3

Thrust Available max ( at sea level ) = TA o = 1*5910 lb

ρ 0.6
Thrust Available max ( at 12,000 m ) = TA max = TA o x ( ) = 1497 lb
ρo

Wing loading = W/S = 57.91995

1/2
2
(𝑇𝐴 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑊 𝑊 √ (𝑇𝐴 )𝑚𝑎𝑥
( ) − 4𝐾𝐶𝐷𝑂
𝑊 𝑆 + 𝑆 𝑊
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐶𝐷𝑂 𝜌∞

[ ]

1/2
(0.08) × (57.9199) + (57.9199)√(0.08)2 − 4(0.01561)(0.044)
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 =[ ]
0.00006 × 0.01561

𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒓𝒖𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 = 𝟗𝟑𝟏. 𝟗 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

20
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

2.5.2 GRAPHICAL APPROACH:

𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙

X=931
Y=591
0

Figure 8 Thrust Required VS Thrust Available

For altitude (h =12000ft)

Figure 9 Thrust Required VS Thrust Available at Altitude

21
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

Comment

We see that results we get through both analytical and graphical approach are

approximately equal. The maximum velocity is approximated by the highest

intersection of thrust required and thrust available curve. The same result is obtained

by the analytical formula given. The lowest intersection may not be minimum

velocity rather it can be approximated as stall velocity. Furthermore, thrust available

is constant with velocity as it can be seen for both sea level and at altitude of 12000 ft.

2.6 POWER REQUIRED

2.6.1 ANALYTICAL APPROACH:

2 × 𝑊3
𝑃𝑅 = √
𝑆 × 𝜌∞ × CL 3/2 /CD

𝑷𝑹 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟖hp

Also the velocity at this power required is similar to that of(CL 3/2 /CD). That is:

V (PR) min =217.3898 ft/s

2.6.2 GRAPHICAL APPROACH:

𝑷𝑹=𝑻𝑹×𝑽∞

22
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

GRAPH:

Figure 10 Power Required

Comments

Comparing our result with section TR, we see that the velocity for Minimumpower required is

the same as the velocity:

𝑽𝑷 𝑹 = 𝑽(𝑪𝟑/𝟐 /𝑪 = 𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝟖𝟗𝟖 𝐟𝐭/

(𝐦𝐢𝐧 ) 𝑳 𝑫)𝒎𝒂𝒙

2.7 POWER AVAILABLE & MAXIMUM VELOCITY

ρ 0.6
PA = TA o x (
ρo
) xV ͚

1/2
2
(𝑇𝐴 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑊 𝑊 √ (𝑇𝐴 )𝑚𝑎𝑥
( ) − 4𝐾𝐶𝐷𝑂
𝑊 𝑆 + 𝑆 𝑊
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐶𝐷𝑂 𝜌∞

[ ]

23
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 817 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

2.7.1 GRAPH:

Figure 11 Power Required At Max Velocity

2.8 MINIMUM VELOCITY & STALL VELOCITY

Following formula is used to calculate the minimum velocity for F-86 at sea level.

1/2
2
(𝑇𝐴 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑊 𝑊 √ (𝑇𝐴 )𝑚𝑎𝑥
− ( ) − 4𝐾𝐶𝐷𝑂
𝑊 𝑆 𝑆 𝑊
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝐶𝐷𝑂 𝜌∞

[ ]

1/2
(0.325) × (57.91953) − (57.9195)√(0.325)2 − 4(0.01561)(0.044)
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 =[ ]
0.0156 × 0.002377

24
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟒𝟖 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

2𝑊
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙 = √
𝜌∞ 𝑆𝐶𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝐶𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 2.7
𝑐𝑜𝑠Λ

Here sweep angle for North American F-86 Sabre is 35°. So,

𝐶𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =2.21

2 × 18152
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙 = √
0.002377 × 313.4 × 2.21

𝑽𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟓𝟓𝟔𝟒𝟑 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

COMMENTS

From the above calculations of minimum velocity and stall velocity at sea level it is

clear that stall velocity is greater that minimum velocity at sea level.

𝑽𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒍 (𝒔𝒆𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍) > 𝑽𝐦𝐢𝐧 (𝑺𝒆𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍)

2.9 CLIMB PERFORMANCE

2.9.1 ANALYTICAL APPROACH:

2.9.1.1 𝛉𝐦𝐚𝐱

T 1
θmax = sin− ( − )
W (𝐿/𝐷)𝑚𝑎𝑥

25
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

5910 1
θmax = sin− ( − )
18152 19.65

𝛉𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟗𝟎°

1/2
2 0.044
Vθmax =( × 57.919 × √ × cos15.90°)
0.00237 0.01561

𝐕𝛉𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟐𝟖𝟎. 𝟓 𝐟𝐭/𝐬

2.9.1.2 (𝐑/𝐂)𝛉𝐦𝐚𝐱

(R/C)θmax = Vθmax sinθmax

(R/C)θmax = 𝟐𝟖𝟎. 𝟓 × sin15.9°

(𝐑/𝐂)𝛉𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟖𝟒 𝐟𝐭/𝐬

1
𝑊 2 3
𝑅 (𝑆 )𝑍 𝑇 2 𝑍 3
=[ ] ( ) [1 − − 2 ]
𝐶 𝑚𝑎𝑥 3𝐶𝐷𝑂 𝜌∞ 𝑊 6 𝐿 𝑇 2
2𝑍 (𝐷) (𝑊 )
𝑚𝑎𝑥

Here:

3
𝑍 = 1 + √1 + 𝐿 𝑇
( )2𝑚𝑎𝑥 ×( )2
𝐷 𝑊

3
𝑍 = [1 + √1 + 19.652×(0.32558)2 ] = 2.03

26
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

1/2
(57.9159)2.03 2.03
R/Cmax = [ ] (0.32558)3/2 [1 −
0.01561 × 0.00273 × 3 6

3
− ]
2 × 2.03 × (19.65)2max × (0.32558)2

𝐑/𝐂𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟏𝟑𝟒. 𝟐𝟑 𝐟𝐭/𝐬

1/2
T W
(W)( S ) 3
VR/Cmax = × 1+ 1+ 2
3CDO ρ∞ √ L
(D) (T/W)2
{ [ max ]}

L
( ) = 16.5
D max

1/2
(0.32558) × (57.919) 3
VR/Cmax ={ [1 + √1 + ]}
0.01561 × 0.00237 × 3 19.65 × (0.32558)2
2

𝐕𝐑/𝐂𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟓𝟖𝟔. 𝟕𝟖 𝐟𝐭/𝐬

27
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

10.2 GRAPHICAL APPROACH:

Figure 12 Hodograph

Comments:

The appropriate maximum line is indicated in the hodograph. The velocities at ROCmax

and 𝜽𝒎𝒂𝒙 are for the most part, as computed visually and analytically. Although the

actual values of these parameters fluctuate in real life owing to various assumptions we

make in our calculations, such as constant thrust and ignoring the influence of velocities

and altitude on power and thrust in some way.

28
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

2.10 GLIDING

2.10.1 MINIMUM GLIDE ANGLE:

As we are at cruising altitude so we can start to glide from the height of 12000m respectively.

1
Tan θmin = (𝐿/𝐷)
𝑚𝑎𝑥

Hence we get our result as:

1
Tan θmin = 19.65

θmin = 2.91°

29
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

2.10.2 MAXIMUM RANGE:

ℎ
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
tan 𝜃𝑚𝑖𝑛

39370.079
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
tan 2.91

𝑹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟕𝟕𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒕 = 𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟔𝟖𝟓𝟔𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔

2.10.3 VELOCITY FOR MAXIMUM GLIDE RANGE:

We have already calculated that velocity that is at maximum lift to drag ratio’s velocity.

V (L/D)max = 286.09 ft/s

2.10.4 SINK RATE:

𝑉𝑉 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝜃 𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑉𝑉 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝟐𝟖𝟔. 𝟎𝟗 × 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2.9°

𝑽𝑽 𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟑𝒇𝒕/𝒔

30
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

2 𝑊
𝑉𝑉 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √ 2 𝑆
𝜌∞ (𝐶𝐿 3/2 /𝐶𝐷 )𝑚𝑎𝑥

2
𝑉𝑉 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √ × 57.919
0.002377 × 16.72

𝑽𝑽 𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟕𝟗 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

Comments:

As we can see from obtained values that, gliding is of essential importance in the event of

failure of powerplants. These values become crucial when in flight and to land the aircraft

safely to a nearby airport. The pilot has to keep in mind these things to land the aircraft by

gliding from cruise height safely.

2.10.5 ABSOLUTE AND SERVICE CEILINGS:

Both the absolute and service ceilings are determined through the MATLAB codes that helps

us to find both the ceilings for our aircraft very easily and precisely. Code is written in the end

section of MATLAB codes and through it we get:

31
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

Figure 9: Theoretical Value of Ceiling

Comments:

There are several reasons why the theoretical value of a ceiling is higher than the real

value, including the fact that we do not account for drag divergence in our calculations,

which causes its value to rise. Second, because thrust variation is considered to be

constant with velocity, the ROC values are increased, resulting in a higher anticipated

service ceiling value. Similarly, the ROC variation during take-off is different than

expected, changing the ceiling value.

32
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

2.11 MINIMUM TIME TO CLIMB

It is easier for us to determine the time of climb through the MATLAB code that is written the

end section of MATLAB codes.

ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑑ℎ
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ∫
0 𝑅/𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 343.15 𝑠 = 5.72 𝑚𝑖𝑛

2.11.1Time of Flight

Graphical Method:

Figure 13 Minimum Time to Clime

33
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

2.12 RANGE

1/2
2 2 𝐶𝐿 1/2 1/2
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = √ (𝑊0 − 𝑊1 )
𝑇𝑆𝐹𝐶 𝜌∞ 𝑆 𝐶𝐷

Wo=Maximum takeoff weight = 18252 lb

Wf= Maximum usable fuel weight = 11,125 lb.

W1= Wo -Wf = 7127 [6]

ct = 0.98/3600 = 2.7 x 10 - 4

2 2 1 1
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = √ 28.17 (18252 ⁄2 − 7127 ⁄2 )
0.0002722 0.0006 × 313.4

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝟒𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟕𝟑 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔

Actual Range = 5124.783 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔

Error=0.144%

Comments:

The error is huge in this case for a number of reasons. Firstly, we assume constant TSFC

in our calculations however it varies with altitude and velocity truly. Also, the thrust

variation neglected causes a significant error. Moreover, the weight of the aircraft varies as

fuel is consumed so gross weight varies during the flight. All these factors contribute

towards this error.

34
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

2.13 ENDURANCES

The maximum time the aircraft can stay in the air without the need of refueling

represents the endurance of the aircraft which we ideally need.

1 𝐿 𝑊
For jet propelled aircraft : 𝐸 = 𝑇𝑆𝐹𝐶 (𝐷) 𝑙𝑛 𝑊0
𝑚𝑎𝑥 1

1 18252
𝐸= × 19.65 × 𝑙𝑛
0.0006 7127

𝑬 = 𝟖. 𝟓 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔

Comments:

Like in range calculations, we get the value different than actual values due to the fact of

thrust variation with velocity

2.14 Comparison of Actual and Obtained Values

Parameter Actual Analytical Graphical Reasons

Solution Solution

𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 953.2663 931.9 931.9 Calculations

ft/s Error & drag

divergence

35
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

𝑽𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒍 181.867 148.55 Weight

-
ft/s Variation or

Flap Extension

Variation,

ROC max 150 134 133.8 Thrust

(sea level) Variation, Drag

ft/s Divergence

𝜽𝒎𝒂𝒙 16.2 15.9 - ROC &

Calculation

𝜽𝒎𝒊𝒏 3 2.91 - Calculation

error

GlideMax Range 147 146.68 - Calculation

miles miles error

Service Ceiling More than - 41,000 feet It have been

45,000 feet explained

above

Range 4001.029 4382.5873 - Thrust,

Miles miles TSFC,Weight

Variation

36
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

Chapter 03: Accelerated and Unaccelerated Flights

Assumptions:

Operating Weight is used for the calculations at cruise altitude except at takeoff

and landing performance. Taking N=3 as it is a large subsonic aircraft. We take

VLO = 1.2 V stall. Assuming 𝜇𝑟 = 0.4

3.1 MINIMUM TURN RADIUS

𝑊
4𝐾( 𝑆 )
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑇 𝑇
𝑔𝜌∞ (𝑊 )√1 − 4𝐾𝐶𝐷0 (𝑊 )2

4 × 0.44 × 57.91
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
32.2 × 0.002377 × 0.32558√1 − 4 × 0.44 × 0.01561 × (0.32558)2

𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟒𝟎𝟗. 𝟖𝟓 𝒇𝒕

𝑊
4𝐾( 𝑆 )
𝑉𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 =√
𝑇
𝜌∞ (𝑊 )

4 × 0.044 × 57.919
𝑉𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √
0.00237 × 0.32558

𝑽𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟖𝟕 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

37
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

4𝐾𝐶𝐷0
𝑛𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √2 −
𝑇
(𝑊 )

4 × 0.14111 × 0.01561
𝑛𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √2 −
0.32558

𝒏𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏

Load Factor VS Velocity

GRAPH:

Figure 14 Load Factor VS Velocity

38
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

From Graph:

𝒏𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟑𝟗

𝑽𝒏𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝟑𝟕 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

3.2 MAXIMUM TURN RATE

1/2
𝑊
2( 𝑆 ) 𝐾 1/4
(𝑉∞ )𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [ ] ( )
𝜌∞ 𝐶𝐷0

2(57.39) 1/2 0.044 1/4

(𝑉∞ )𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 =[ ] ( )
0.002377 0.01561

(𝑽∞ )𝝎𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝟖𝟒. 𝟕𝟐 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

𝑇/𝑊
𝑛𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √ −1
√𝐾𝐶𝐷0

0.325589
𝑛𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √ −1
√0.044 × 0.01561

𝒏𝝎𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟕

𝑔√𝑛𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 − 1
32.3√3.37 − 1
𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
𝑉∞ 284.72

𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒈
𝝎𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔
𝒔 𝒔

39
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

3.3 Calculation of maximum of n max

𝐿 𝑇
𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝐷)𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑊)𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (19.65)𝑚𝑎𝑥 (0.325)𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 6.38

3.3 V-n Diagram:

Figure 15 V n Diagram

40
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

3.4 Pull Up & Pull-Down Maneuver

The radius of turn and turn rate for pull up maneuver incorporating the load factor for

minimum turn is as follows:

𝑉∞ 2 (284)2
𝑹= = = 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟔. 𝟖𝟗 𝒇𝒕
𝑔(𝑛 − 1) 32.2(3.37 − 1)

𝑔(𝑛 − 1) 32.2(3.37 − 1)
𝝎= = = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
𝑉∞ 284

The radius of turn and turn rate for pull down maneuver incorporating the load factor

for minimum turn is as follows:

𝑉∞ 2 (284)2
𝑹= = = 𝟓𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟗 𝒇𝒕
𝑔(𝑛 + 1) 32.2(3.37 + 1)

𝑔(𝑛 + 1) 32.2(3.37 + 1)
𝝎= = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
𝑉∞ 284

Now calculating the radius of turn and rate of turn for maximum load factor constraint

2 𝑊
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝜌𝑔(𝐶𝐿 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆

2
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = × 57.9
0.002377 × 32.2 × 2.214

𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟔𝟐𝟎 𝒇𝒕

𝜌∞ (𝐶𝐿 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑔√
𝑊
2( 𝑆 )

0.002377 × 2.21 × 6.38

𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 32.2 × √
2 × 57.91

41
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝝎𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕
𝒔𝒆𝒄

3.5 ENERGY HEIGHTS

Figure 16 Energy Height

42
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

3.6 Specific Excess Power

Figure 17 Specific Excess Power

43
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

3.7 P sub S

Figure 18 P sub S

44
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

3.8 TAKE OFF PERFORMANCE

GROUND ROLL & TAKEOFF DISTANCE

𝑊
1.21( )
𝑠𝐺 = 𝑆
𝑇 𝐷 𝐿
𝑔𝜌∞ (𝐶𝐿 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 [(𝑊 ) − (𝑊 ) − 𝜇𝑟 (1 − (𝑊 ))]
0.7𝑉𝐿𝑂

𝜌∞ 𝐺 2
𝐾𝐴 = − [𝐶𝐷,𝑂 + ∆𝐶𝐷,𝑂 + (𝑘1 + ) 𝐶 − 𝜇𝑟 𝐶 𝐿 ]
𝑊
2( 𝑆 ) 𝜋е𝐴𝑅 𝐿

2 1 𝑊
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙 = √( × × )
𝜌∞ (𝐶𝐿 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆

𝐶𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =2.21

2 × 18152
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙 = √
0.002377 × 313.4 × 2.21𝑥 0.9

𝑽𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝟏𝟓𝟔. 𝟓𝟓𝟔𝟒𝟑 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

45
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

VLO = 1.1 x Vstall = 1.1 x 156.55 = 172.2 ft/s

V = 0.7 x VLO = 120 ft/s

𝑇 = 𝑘1∗ − 𝑘2∗ 𝑉∞ + 𝑘3∗ 𝑉∞2

T = 80776 - 320.21 x V + 0.2354 x V2

T = 15932.05249 lb

𝑇
= 0.87
𝑊
𝑇
𝐾𝑇 = − 𝜇𝑟
𝑊

KT = ( 0.87– 0.04 ) = 0.47

𝑊
∆𝐶𝐷,𝑂 = 𝐾 𝑚−0.215 = 2773.16𝑥 4.15 𝑥 10−5 8233.6−0.215
𝑆 𝑈𝐶

ΔCDo = 0.016
2
(16 ℎ⁄𝑏 )
𝐺= 2
1 + (16 ℎ⁄𝑏)

G = 0.97

𝜌∞ 𝐺 2
𝐾𝐴 = − [𝐶𝐷,𝑂 + ∆𝐶𝐷,𝑂 + (𝐾1 + ) 𝐶 − 𝜇𝑟 𝐶 𝐿 ]
𝑊
2( 𝑆 ) 𝜋е𝐴𝑅 𝐿

0.00237 0.97
KA = − [0.01561 + 0.016 + (0.04 + ) × 2.212 − (0.04 × 2.21)]
2 × 57.919 π × 0.75 × 4.78

KA = - 1.14x 10 – 5

1 𝐾𝐴 2
𝑠𝑔 = ln [1 + 𝑉 ] + 𝑁𝑉𝐿𝑂
2𝑔𝐾𝐴 𝐾𝑇 𝐿𝑂

46
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

S g = 2893 ft

Height of obstacle = h OB = 35 ft

To find the radius we will use the formula

6.96 (𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙 )2
𝑅=
𝑔

𝑹 =6825.7 ft

ℎ𝑂𝐵
𝜃𝑂𝐵 = 𝐶𝑂𝑆 −1 (1 − )
𝑅

θ OB = 5.8 o

𝑠𝑎 = 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑂𝐵

Sa = 689.77 ft

Total Take-Off Distance = S g + S a

Take-off Distance = 3582.7 ft

47
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

3.9 LANDING PERFORMANCE

GROUND ROLL:

Now we will assume that μr = 0.04 and approach angle = θ a = 3 o

1 𝐽𝐴 2
𝑠𝑔 = 𝑁𝑉𝑇𝐷 + ln [1 + 𝑉𝑇𝐷 ]
2𝑔 𝐽𝐴 𝐽𝑇

𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝐽𝑇 = + 𝜇𝑟
𝑊
𝜌∞ 𝐺 2
𝐽𝐴 = [𝐶𝐷,𝑂 + ∆𝐶𝐷,𝑂 + (𝑘1 + ) 𝐶 − 𝜇𝑟 𝐶 𝐿 ]
𝑊
2( 𝑆 ) 𝜋е𝐴𝑅 𝐿

𝑉𝑇𝐷 =1.15 Vstall

𝑽𝑻𝑫 = 170.7 ft/s

𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝐽𝑇 = + 𝜇𝑟
𝑊

J T = 0.04

48
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

𝜌∞ 𝐺 2
𝐽𝐴 = [𝐶𝐷,𝑂 + ∆𝐶𝐷,𝑂 + (𝑘1 + ) 𝐶 − 𝜇𝑟 𝐶 𝐿 ]
𝑊
2( 𝑆 ) 𝜋е𝐴𝑅 𝐿

0.002377 0.97
JA = × [0.01561 + 0.016 + (0.014 + ) × 2.212 − (0.04 × 2.21)]
2 × 57.919 π × 0.75 × 4.78

𝐉𝐀 = 𝟖. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎^ − 𝟔

1 𝐽𝐴 2
𝑠𝑔 = 𝑁𝑉𝑇𝐷 + ln [1 + 𝑉𝑇𝐷 ]
2𝑔 𝐽𝐴 𝐽𝑇

𝒔𝒈 = 𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟒 𝒇𝒕

Approach Distance

Vf = 1.23 x Vstall = 182.6 ft/s

𝑉𝑓 2
𝑅=
0.2𝑔

R = 5177.4 ft

𝑠𝑓 = 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑎

S f = 270.9 ft

ℎ𝑓 = 𝑅( 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑎 )

Flare height

h f = 7.09 ft

50 − hf
Sa =
tan θa

since 50 ft = 15.24 m

49
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

50 − 7.09
Sa =
tan 3

S a = 818.77 ft

Total Landing Distance = S a + S f + S g

Landing Distance = 4793.67 ft

Parameter Actual Analytical Reasons possible

Solution

Take Off Distance 3,900 ft 3,582.7 ft Cl varies and 𝜇𝑟 varies

for different atmospheric

conditions. N is not

necessarily equal to 3

Landing Distance 7500 ft 4793.67 ft In addition to reasons in

take off, assumption of

no thrust reversal

50
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

APPENDIX A

MATLAB Codes:

Thrust Required

W = 18152;

S = 313.4;

Cdo = 0.01561;

k = 0.044;

rho =0.002377;

v = 0:1:1000;

Cl = ((2*W)/(rho*S)).*(1./v.^2);

Cd = Cdo +((Cl.^2).*k);

Tr= 0.5*rho*S*Cd.*(v.^2);

plot(v,Tr);

xlim([0 1000])

ylim([0 10000])

Aerodynamic Relations

clear all

clc

S=313.4;

W=18152;

Cdo=0.01561;

e=0.965;

AR=4.27;

k=0.044;

a=[];

b=[];

51
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

c=[];

V=0:0.1:1000;

rho = 0.002377;

Cl=(2*W)./(rho*(V.^2)*S);

Cd=Cdo+(k*(Cl.^2));

CL=(Cl./Cd);

CL12=Cl.^(0.5)./Cd;

CL32=Cl.^(1.5)./Cd;

a=[a CL];

b=[b CL12];

c=[c CL32];

plot(V,a,'-k',V,b,'-k',V,c,'-k')

xlabel('Velocity (ft/s)')

ylabel('Ratios')

Drag Vs Velocity

V = 100:1:2800;

p = 0.002377;

W = 18152;

S = 313.4;

CD0 = 0.01561;

K = 0.044;

for i = 1 : size(V,2)

CL(i) = (2*W) / (p*(V(i)^2)*S);

KCL2(i) = K *(CL(i)^2);

CD(i) = CD0 + KCL2(i);

ZeroLiftDrag(i) = 0.5 * p * (V(i)^2) * S * CD0;

DragDueToLift(i) = 0.5 * p * (V(i)^2) * S * KCL2(i);

52
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

TotalDrag(i) = ZeroLiftDrag(i) + DragDueToLift(i);

end

V = 100:1:2800;

p = 0.002377;

W = 18152;

S = 313.4;

CD0 = 0.01561;

K = 0.044;

for i = 1 : size(V,2)

CL(i) = (2*W) / (p*(V(i)^2)*S);

KCL2(i) = K *(CL(i)^2);

CD(i) = CD0 + KCL2(i);

ZeroLiftDrag(i) = 0.5 * p * (V(i)^2) * S * CD0;

DragDueToLift(i) = 0.5 * p * (V(i)^2) * S * KCL2(i);

TotalDrag(i) = ZeroLiftDrag(i) + DragDueToLift(i);

end

plot(V,TotalDrag,'r','linewidth',2)

hold on

plot(V,DragDueToLift,'b--','linewidth',2)

hold on

plot(V,ZeroLiftDrag,'g--','linewidth',2)

title('Drag vs Velocity')

xlabel('Velocity (ft/s)')

ylabel('Drag (lb)')

xlim([0 800])

ylim([0 8000])

hold on

53
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

Thrust Required

W = 18152;

S = 313.4;

Cdo = 0.01561;

k = 0.044;

rho =0.002377;

v = 0:1:1200;

Cl = ((2*W)/(rho*S)).*(1./v.^2);

Cd = Cdo +((Cl.^2).*k);

Tr= 0.5*rho*S*Cd.*(v.^2);

plot(v,Tr);

xlim([0 1000])

ylim([0 10000])

At h=12000ft

W = 18152;

S = 313.4;

Cdo = 0.01561;

k = 0.044;

rho =0.001547;

v = 0:1:1200;

Cl = ((2*W)/(rho*S)).*(1./v.^2);

Cd = Cdo +((Cl.^2).*k);

Tr= 0.5*rho*S*Cd.*(v.^2);

plot(v,Tr);

xlim([0 1000])

ylim([0 10000])

54
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

Power Required

W = 18152 ;

S = 313.4;

Cdo = 0.0156;

k = 0.044;

rho =0.002377;

v = 0:1:1500;

Cl = ((2*W)/(rho*S)).*(1./v.^2);

Cd = Cdo +((Cl.^2).*k);

Tr= 0.5*rho*S*Cd.*(v.^2);

Pr=(Tr.*v)/746;

Pa=5.*v ;

plot(v,Pr,'linewidth',2);

hold on

plot(v,Pa,'linewidth',3);

ylim([0 5000]);

title('Power v/s Velocity')

xlabel('Velocity (ft/s)');

ylabel('Power (hp)');

legend('Power Required','Power Available');

Hodograph

S=313.4;

T=5910;

k=0.044;

rho = 0.002377;

v=0:1:1200;

Cl=(2*W)./(rho*(v.^2).*S);

55
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

D=0.5*rho*S*(v.^2).*(Cdo+(k*(Cl.^2)));

Pa=T.*v;

Pr=D.*v;

Vv=(Pa-Pr)./W;

theta=asin(Vv./v);

Vh=v.*cos(theta);

abc=[abc [Vv]];

indexmax=find(max(abc)==abc);

xmax=Vh(indexmax);

ymax=Vv(indexmax);

y=0:(ymax/xmax)*0.4391:ymax;

x=0:0.4391:xmax;

hold on

plot(Vh,Vv,'-k'),grid on

line([0 xmax],[0 ymax])

line([xmax xmax],[ymax 0])

line([xmax 0],[ymax ymax])

% line([0 102.7],[0 21.83])

% line([102.7 102.7],[21.83 0])

% line([102.7 0],[21.83 21.83])

hold off

ylim([0 200])

title('Hodograph Diagram For Climb Performance Of Martin B-57B')

xlabel('Horizontal Velocity (ft/s)')

ylabel('Vertical Velocity or Rate Of Climb (ft/s)')

indexmax=find(max(abc)==abc);

xmax=Vh(indexmax);

ymax=Vv(indexmax);

y=0:(ymax/xmax):ymax;

x=0:xmax;

56
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

Minimum Time to climb

W=18152;

S=313.4;

CD0=0.019;

K=0.044;

TAmax=5910;

WL= W/S;

h= 0:5000:25000;

p=[0.002377 0.002048 0.001756 0.001496 0.001267 0.001066];

p0=0.002377;

TA0=TAmax.*((p./p0).^0.6); % Variation of thrust with altitude

TW= TA0/W; % Thrust to weight ratio

L_Dmax=17.29;

Z=1+((1+(3./((L_Dmax.^2).*(TW.^2)))).^0.5);

Rocmax= ((((WL.*Z)./(3.*CD0.*p)).^0.5).*(TW.^1.5).*(1-(Z./6)-

(3./(2.*Z.*(TW.^2).*(L_Dmax.^2)))));

ROC = (1./Rocmax);

Vrocmax= (((WL.*Z.*TW)./(3.*CD0.*p)).^0.5);

plot (h,ROC,'linewidth',2)

AREA = trapz(h,ROC)

xlabel('Altitude (ft/s)'); ylabel('R/C Inverse (s/ft)');

title('Minimum time to climb');

Minimum Turn Radius

Cd0=0.01561;

w= 57.919;

V1=0:1500;

W=18152;

57
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

Tmax=5910;

TW=Tmax/W;

sweep=22.7;

K=0.044;

%at sea level

nmax=sqrt(((0.002377*(V1.^2))/(2*K*w)).*(TW-((0.002377*(V1.^2)*Cd0)/(2*w))));

plot(V1,nmax,'g','linewidth',2);

xlabel('Velocity(ft/s)');

ylabel('Maximum Load Factor nmax');

hold on

V2= 0:600;

CLmax=2.7*cosd(sweep);

nmax1=(0.00237*(V2.^2)*CLmax)/(2*w);

plot(V2,nmax1,'r','linewidth',2);

ylim([0 9])

xlim([0 1350])

hold off

V n Diagram

syms V

W = 18152;

S = 313.4;

Cdo = 0.01561;

K = 0.044;

p = 0.002377;

CL_max = 1.2;

T = 5910;

xl = 900;

for i = [3 4]

l = (i/V)*V;

58
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

v = sqrt(i/(0.5*p*(CL_max/(W/S))));

set(ezplot(l,[v xl]),'color','k','linewidth',2)

hold on

set(ezplot(-l,[v xl]),'color','k','linewidth',2)

end

y = -5:1:5;

x=ones(1,size(y,2))*900;

set(plot(x,y), 'color', 'k','linewidth',4);

%nmax = ( ((Pa*p*V*S)/(2*K*(W^2))) -(((p^2)*(V^4)*(S^2)*Cdo)/(4*K*(W^2))))^0.5;

nmax= ( ((0.5*p*V^2)/(K*(W/S))) * ( (T/W) - ( (0.5*p*(V^2))*(Cdo/(W/S)) ) ) )^0.5;

nmax1= 0.5*p*(V^2)*( CL_max/(W/S) );

set(ezplot(nmax1, [0 xl]),'color','k','linewidth',4)

hold on

set(ezplot(-nmax1, [0 xl]),'color','k','linewidth',4)

ylim([-5 5])

title('V-n Diagram');

ylabel('Load Factor, n');

xlabel('Velocity ft/s');

xlim([0 1050])

Energy Height

[M,h] = meshgrid(0:0.01:1.8,0:8000:40000);

if h < 36000

T = 59 -(0.00356.*h);

P = 2116.*(((T+459.7)./518.6).^5.256);

else

T = -70;

P = 473.1.*exp(1.73 - 0.000048.*h);

59
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

end

a = sqrt((1.4)*1716.*(T+459.7)); %Speed of Sound At different altitudes

V = a.*M; %Velocity at different altitudes.

He = h + ((V.^2)./(2*32.2)); %Energy Heights

[C,h] = contour(M,h,He)

clabel(C,h)

xlabel('Mach no.')

ylabel('Height (ft)')

title('Energy Height Variation with Mach Number')

grid on

Specific Excess Power

T=[518.6 500.8 483 465.2 447.4 429.6 411.8 394 389.9 389];

rho=[0.002377, 0.002148, 0.001746, 0.001486, 0.001267, 0.001066, 0.000891, 0.000738 0.000587

0.000462];

W = 18152;

S = 313.4;

K = 0.044;

Cdo = 0.01561;

TA_0 = 5910;

rho_1 = 0.002377;

V = 0:1:1900;

for i = 1:1:8

Cl = (2*W)./(rho(i).*(V.^2)*S);

Cd = Cdo + K.*Cl.^2;

TAmaxalt = TA_0*(rho(i)/rho_1 )^ 1.1;

PAmax = TAmaxalt.*V;

TR = 0.5*rho(i).*(V.^2)*S.*Cd;

PR = TR.*V;

ROC = (PAmax - PR)/W;

60
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

M= V./((1.4*1716*T(i))^0.5)

plot(M,ROC)

hold on

ylim([0 140]);

end

xlabel('Mach Number(M)');

ylabel('Ps (ft/s)');

title('Specific Excess Power')

P sub S

[M,h] = meshgrid(0:0.01:1.8,0:5000:65000);

W =18152; %maximum takeoff weight

S = 313.4; %wing area

k = 0.044; %lift dependent drag

Cdo = 0.01561; %zero lift drag

Tao = 5910; %thrust available at sea level

rho_1 = 0.002377; %density at sea level

g = 32.2; %gravitational acceleration

if h < 36152

T = 59 -(0.00356.*h);

P = 2116.*(((T+459.7)./518.6).^5.256);

else

T = -70;

P = 473.1.*exp(1.73 - 0.000048.*h);

end

rho = P./(1716.*(459.7+T));

speed_sound = sqrt((1.4)*1716.*(T+459.7)); V = speed_sound.*M;

Tamax_alt = (Tao).*((rho/rho_1).^0.6);%thrust available at altitude

Pamax_alt = Tamax_alt.*V; %power available at altitude

Cl = ((2*W)./(rho.*S.*(V.^2))); Cd = Cdo + (k.*(Cl.^2));

61
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

Tr = (0.5.*rho.*S).*Cd.*(V.^2); %thrust required at altitude

Pr = Tr.*V; %power required at altitude

Psub = (Pamax_alt-Pr)./W; He = h + ((V.^2)./(2*g));

contour(M,h,He);

hold on

[C,h] = contour(M,h,Psub,[0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150]);

text_handle = clabel(C,h);

hold off

xlabel('Mach number')

ylabel('Altitude (ft)')

title('Constant Ps Plot')

grid on

62
F-86 Sabre Aero Vehicle Performance

APPENDIX B

References

Boeing aircraft history. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.boeing.com/history/products/f-86-

sabre-jet.page

VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, S. M. (2009). drag force and its coefficients. In Aircraft

Performance Analysis (p. 57).

wikipedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre

63