Definitions & examples of economic development Good indicators of national achievement

1. Use of modern and 4. Low incidence of poverty

Economics advanced techniques of and level of unemployment
-A branch of Social Science that deals with the study of allocating production -strong job creation
limited resources for production, distribution, and consumption of -technological advancement -concept of virtuous circles of
goods and services to satisfy the unlimited needs and wants of -trade and export growth opportunity
people.
2. High standard of living 5. Infrastructural capabilities
-sustainable economic growth are present
Development
-healthcare -transportation networks
-It is a process that results in growth, advancement, positive
-food & shelter -energy systems
changes, or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, -communication networks
social, and demographic components. -public facilities
-[Econ] the enhancement of freedoms that allow people to
3. High capita per income
lead lives that they have reason to live. -Amartya Sen,
-increased purchasing power
Indian economist -economic stability

Economic development

-The process in which people in a country become wealthier, Life expectancy

healthier, educated, and have better access to good quality housing.
-the average number of years that a person is expected to live. It can
-The process of generating and sustaining wealth in the community. be calculated for different ages, and it assumes that mortality rates
by age are being maintained
-most common measure of life expectancy is life expectancy at birth
-calculated by constructing a life table
Examples:
-projects the age-specific mortality (death) rates for a given period
*Improved productivity over the entire lifetime of the population born (or alive) during that
*Better public education time
*High literacy rate -summarizes the mortality of a country, allowing us to compare it by
*More jobs & jobs variety generations and analyze trends
*More skilled workers

*Wealthier countries have a higher average life expectancy than

Goals:
poorer countries, which can be attributed to higher standards of
living, more effective health systems, and more resources invested in
*Job creation
determinants of health (e.g. sanitation, housing, education)
*Job retention
*Tax base enhancement *The life expectancy at birth is lower in less developed countries
*Quality of life compared with more-developed countries.

*A long and healthy life is the best indicator of a country's social

“Economic growth without investment in human development is
unsustainable – unethical.”-Amartya Sen
Barriers to economic development
development.
*An increase in life expectancy is a result of improvements in
nutrition, health, and, most importantly, a decrease in mortality, as
well as other factors that contribute to the aforementioned factors.

1. high population 6. corruption

2. growth rates 7. poor governance Life Expectancy and Income
3. high literacy rates 8. poor health services
4. poor infrastructure 9. declining terms of trade -The effect of food supply on mortality explains the connection
5. human capital inadequacies 10. foreign currency gap between life expectancy and income.

*Higher income also implies better access to housing, education,

Concept of economic development health services, and other items which tend to lead to improved
health, lower rates of mortality, and higher life expectancy.
-It is defined as the process aimed at promoting the growth of a
country's economy by applying many developmental plans and
implementing a set of successful economic strategies.
Preston Curve

-Samuel Preston
Major barriers: -life expectancy at birth and per capita GDP
-indicates that individuals born in wealthier countries, on average,
1. Ineffective taxation structure can expect to live longer than those born in poor countries
2. Corruption -the connection between per capita GDP and life expectancy
3. Poor infrastructure weakens after reaching a certain level
4. Indebtedness
5. Capital flight Factors that affect life expectancy
1. Factors influencing life expectancy include genetics, lifestyle
choices, and access to healthcare.

2. Genetics can influence susceptibility to diseases and conditions

that affect lifespan.
3. Lifestyle choices like diet, exercise, and smoking significantly Literacy rate
impact life expectancy. Literacy
-The ability to read, write, speak and listen in a way that let us
4. Regular access to healthcare is crucial for longer life expectancy. communicate effectively and make sense of the world.
-Literacy is the ability to use printed and written information to
Educational standards function in society, to achieve one’s goals, and to develop one’s
knowledge and potential. (NAAL)
K-12 IN THE PHILIPPINES
-Provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts and skills, foster Why is literacy important?
lifelong learning, and prepare graduates for tertiary education, *The development of students into socially conscious citizens
middle-level skill development, employment, and entrepreneurship. depends heavily on literacy.
*People are liberated and empowered by literacy.
3 LEVELS OF K-12 IN THE PHILIPPINES
Literacy Rate
1. Primary school -the percentage of the population of a given age group that can
-primary education read and write.
-kinder to grade 6 • Adult literacy Rate : ages 15 and above
• Youth literacy Rate : ages 15-24
2. Junior high school • Elderly literacy Rate : ages 65 and above
-lower secondary education
-Grade 7 to 10 Advantages of high literacy rates
1. Better job opportunities
3. Senior high school 2. Knowledgeable in health standards
-upper secondary education 3. Improves development of wider community
-grade 11 to 12
“Literacy is the cornerstone of education as a whole” - Logan of
How does the k-12 affect the Philippine education system? Charleston
1. Provide more opportunities to students on a global scale
2. Promotes global competency by accelerating mutual recognition Access to quality health care
of filipino graduates and professionals in other countries
3. K to 12 offers more opportunities for employment and The World health Organization labeled a healthcare system as: WELL
entrepreneurship FUNCTIONING when it ensures that all people can have impartial
4. Provide a higher quality education through the strands access to high-quality healthcare regardless of their financial
consequences while also protecting them from financial
Vicious cycle of poverty consequences of poor health.
"It implies circular constellation of forces tending to act and react
upon one another in such away as to keep a poor country in a state *The healthcare system in the Philippines does not meet the
of poverty." -Ragnar Nurkse requirements of a “well-functioning” healthcare system, the WHO
refers the country’s healthcare system as “fragmented”.

Addressing the issues:

1. 3,500 public health facilities
2. Doctors to the barrios
3. Universal health care law

Philippine UHC Law

Where does this basic vicious circle stems from? -This law aims to address the issues of the country’s fragmented
health system through the establishment of province- or city-wide
health systems

UHC law
-All Filipinos will now have access to a full range of health care
services
-All Filipinos have been automatically enrolled in the National Health
Insurance Program
-Everyone will be enrolled with a primary care provider of their
choice
-Everyone will be entitled to an essential health benefit package
-Not everything will be for free
-In case a patient might need to spend for care on top of basic
services, the Department of Health will regulate this co-payment
What can we do to break the vicious cycle?
-Philhealth will become the national purchaser of health goods and
1. Proper Use of Natural Resources
services.
2. Self Reliance Policy
-There will be structural changes
3. Encouragement of Private Sector
-Government-sponsored scholars will be mandated to serve in DOH-
4. Increase in Savings
identified areas
5. Increase in Exports
6. Reduction in Imports
7. Development of Agriculture
8. Development of Industrial Sector
9. Political Stability
10. Balanced Growth Strategy