Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 31 (2022) 31–37

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Egyptian Journal of Petroleum

journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com

Adsorption and inhibition study of N-(5-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)

isonicotinohydrazide Schiff base on copper corrosion in 3.5% NaCl q
Cordelia U. Dueke Eze a, Nancy A. Madueke b, Nkem B. Iroha b,⇑, Ngozi J. Maduelosi c, Lebe A. Nnanna d,
Valentine C. Anadebe e,f,g, Augustine A. Chokor b
a
Chemistry Department, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos State, Nigeria
b
Electrochemistry and Material Science Unit, Department of Chemistry, Federal University Otuoke, Nigeria
c
Department of Chemistry, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
d
Department of Physics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
e
Corrosion and Material Protection Division, Central Electrochemical Research Institute Karaikudi, 630003 Tamilnadu, India
f
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Researh (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
g
Department of Chemical Engineering, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike, Ebonyi State, P.M.B 1010, Abakaliki, Nigeria

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Corrosion inhibition ability of synthesized Schiff base namely, N-(5-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)
Received 27 January 2022 isonicotinohydrazide (NMHI) on copper in 3.5% NaCl solution was studied via electrochemical impedance
Revised 10 March 2022 spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PP) and gravimetric study. Results showed NMHI to
Accepted 12 May 2022
inhibit copper corrosion in chloride solution. The inhibition efficiency of NMHI was enhanced with an
Available online 20 May 2022
increase in the concentration but decreases with rising temperature. Maximum value of 97.7% inhibition
efficiency was obtained with weight loss measurement at 303 K for the highest NMHI concentration
Keywords:
(1
10-3 M) used. Polarization studies indicated that NMHI acted as mixed kind of inhibitor. The
Schiff base
Copper
Nyquist plot revealed that double-layer capacitance (Cdl) declined and charge-transfer resistance (Rct)
EIS was enhanced with increase in NMHI concentrations, involving increased inhibition efficiency. NMHI
Corrosion inhibition adsorption onto the surface of copper obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Scanning electron micro-
Langmuir adsorption isotherm scopy (SEM) was used to characterize the morphology of uninhibited and inhibited copper surfaces.
Ó 2022 Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open
access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction ing inhibitors to the medium to suppress the corrosion reaction

Copper is the fifth most regular metal on earth which is extre-
mely helpful in both pure and alloying form. The use of copper is
widespread, for example, copper is used in heat exchangers, wires,
and as conductors in electronic industry, because of their excellent
thermal/electrical conductivities and their mechanical functional-
ity [1,2]. Regardless of the area of application, the dissolution of
copper occurs in aggressive environments. Though copper seems
to be resistant to corrosion in some environments or in the atmo-
sphere because of passive protective oxide film formation, this
oxide film formation is however low in corrosive media containing
anions like sulfate or chloride. One most useful method of protect-
ing metal used in such corrosive media against corrosion is by add-
Abbreviations: EIS:, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy.
Peer review under responsibility of Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: irohanb@fuotuoke.edu.ng (N.B. Iroha).
[3,4].
Many efficient corrosion inhibitors are heterocyclic compounds
with N,O, S or P heteroatoms and/or p-systems [5–15]. Previously,
many organic based inhibitors have been developed, though with
excellent performance. But the challenging factor on the use of
these types of inhibitor includes complex synthesis procedure,
high cost of importation and their negative impact to the eco-
system. In view of this, research these days is towards finding
non-toxic, low cost and effective organic inhibitors for protection
of metals in various hostile media such as nitrate, sulfate and chlo-
ride solutions. Several studies have reported that derivatives of
purine [16,17], plant extracts [18–20], amino acids [21,22] and
Schiff bases [23–26] are potentially eco-friendly copper corrosion
inhibitors in different media. We have collected some representa-
tive references in similar research area. Li et al [27] studied 2-
Pyridinecarboxaldehye based schiif base an effective corrosion
inhibitor for mild steel in HCl solution. They prove that the effi-
ciency of PBPM is dependent on the concentration of PBPM and

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2022.05.001
1110-0621/Ó 2022 Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
C.U. Dueke Eze, N.A. Madueke, N.B. Iroha et al.
temperature. Maximium efficiency obtained from polarization and
weight loss studies were 93.93 % and 94.04 % at 800 mg L-1 with a
mixed type orientation. Abdallah et al [28] evaluated the inhibiting
effect of schiff base derived from 2-amino-3-hydropydrine on car-
bon steel in aqueous media. Their findings justified that the stud-
ied schiff base obeys freundlich isotherm and optimium
efficiency reached 89.5 %. Chafiq et al [29] evaluated a new schiff
base hydrazone for mild steel in HCl medium using a combined
experimental and simulation approaches. The observed inhibition
trend from their findings shows to be concentration dependent
and adsorption studies strongly obeyed langmuir isotherm model.
Inhibition efficiency of 97 % was achieved with MPAH concentra-
tion of 5
10 -3 at 303 K. Aouniti et al [30] studied Schiff’s base
derived from 2-acetyl thiophene as corrosion inhibitor of steel in
acidic medium. Their studied compound acted as a mixed-type
inhibitor. The adsorption obeyed Langmuir isotherm and 94 % effi-
ciency was attained at 1
10-3 M.
Continuing in the research of developing non-toxic Schiff base
corrosion inhibitors with high efficacy, the present study is aimed
at ascertaining the inhibitive performance of synthesized N-(5-m
ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide (NMHI) Schiff
base on copper corrosion in 3.5% NaCl solution using detailed cor-
rosion inhibition techinques.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials preparation
Rectangular specimen of copper having the wt (%) elemental
composition: Zn-0.01, Pb-0.015, Sn-0.007, P-0.001, Fe-0.01, Ni-
0.015, Co-0.03, Al-0.002 and Cu-99.9 was cut into coupons with
dimension 3.0x2.5x0.3 cm for gravimetric test and 1.0x1.0x
0.3 cm for electrochemical study. Before the tests, the copper cou-
pons were polished with various emery papers (400, 800, 1200,
1600 grit). They were cleaned with acetone, rinsed in distilled
H2O, then dried before immersion in test solutions. The corrosive
medium (3.5 % NaCl solution) was prepared from analar grade
reagent of NaCl and distilled H2O.
2.2. Synthesis and preparation of inhibitor
NMHI was synthesized utilizing the method earlier reported by
Fasina et al. [31]. A mixture of isonicotinic acid hydrazide (5.00 mg,
0.04 mmol.) and 5-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (5.60 mg,
0.04 mmol) in hot absolute ethanol (50 mL) was heated to reflux
at 60 °C for 12 h. An orange solid compound that separated out
was collected by filtration, recrystallized from hexane:ethylac-
etate:ethanol (7:3:0.1) mixture and dried over silica gel in a desic-
cator. The synthesis route is represented in Fig. 1. The synthesized
Schiff base inhibitor was characterized by spectroscopic analysis.
Yield: 9.62 mg (86%); mp: 205–207 °C; Rf: 0.45. IR (cm1): 3188,
3053, 2835, 1649, 1613, 1580, 1543, 1490, 1366, 1332, 1299,
1268, 1206, 1177, 1116, 1085, 1035, 991, 842, 823, 782, 753,
727; 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO d6) dH: 3.72 (s, 3H), 6.95 (m, 2H),
7.18 (d, J 3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (d, J 5.7 Hz, 2H), 8.68 (s, 1H), 8.81 (d, J
4.2 Hz, 2H), 10.53 (s, 1H); 12.29 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (75 MHz,
Fig. 1. Synthesis of N-(5-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene) isonicotinohydrazide
Schiff Base.
32
Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 31 (2022) 31–37
DMSO d6) dC: 56.00, 112.22, 117.89, 119.21, 119.50, 122.08,
140.59, 148.77, 150.91, 152.09, 152.71, 161.93.
Anal. calcd. for C14H13N3O3: C, 61.99, H, 4.83, N, 15.49. Found: C,
61.82, H, 4.87, N, 15.67.
The NMHI which was soluble in the NaCl solution (solubil-
ity = 61% v/v) was used for the corrosion studies. Stock solution
of the inhibitor was prepared in 3.5 % NaCl solution. From the stock
solution, different inhibitor concentrations (2
10-4 to 1
10-3 M)
were prepared.
2.3. Electrochemical measurements
Electrochemical measurements were performed using a
CHI660B electrochemical workstation consisting of a copper spec-
imen with 1 cm2 exposed area as working-electrode (WE), a plat-
inum electrode as the counter electrode and a saturated calomel
electrode (SCE) as the reference electrode. Before each test, the
working electrode was submerged in test solution for 0.5 h to
establish a steady state open circuit potential (OCP). EIS was con-
ducted in range of frequency 105 kHz  10-3 kHz at OCP and with
amplitude 10 mV. All EIS data were fitted and analyzed utilizing
Zsimpwin software. Potentiodynamics study was performed at
the scan rate of 1 mV s1 in the potential range from 750 to
100 mV versus the SCE with respect to OCP. The same test was
carried out 3 times for reproducibility.
2.4. Weight loss studies
Already prepared and weighed copper specimen were sub-
merged in 100 mL of 3.5 % NaCl solution in the absence and pres-
ence of various NMHI concentrations (2
10-4 to 1
10-3 M) for
6 h exposition time at 303, 313 and 323 K. After time elapsed, these
coupons were retrieved and rinsed with water and acetone until
the corrosion products on the specimens were thoroughly rinsed.
The specimens were then re-weighed accurately. Triplicate tests
were conducted in each and average weight loss reported. Corro-
sion rate, CR was computed utilizing Equ.1:
DW
CR ¼ ð1Þ
t
A
where DW represents weight loss (mg), t: exposure time (h), A:
copper coupon area (cm2). The inhibition efficiency (gWL %) was
deduced from the computed CR, as follows:
C RðbÞ  C RðiÞ
gWL % ¼
100 ð2Þ
C RðbÞ
where CR(i) and CR(b) denotes corrosion rates with and without
NMHI respectively.
2.5. Surface examination
Surface examination was performed by using the SEM tech-
nique. The copper samples were submerged in 3.5 % NaCl without
and with addition of 1
10-3 M of NMHI. After 6 h of exposure
time, samples were retrieved, cleaned with water, degreased in
acetone and air-dried. The surface morphologies of the copper
specimens were taken using the Carl Zeiss scanning electron
microscope.
3. Result and discussion
3.1. Electrochemical measurement
The polarization-curves (cathodic/anodic) of copper in 3.5%
NaCl in absence and presence of varying NMHI concentration are
C.U. Dueke Eze, N.A. Madueke, N.B. Iroha et al.
displayed in Fig. 2a. The electrochemical parameters; current den-
sity (icorr), corrosion potential (Ecorr), cathodic and anodic Tafel
slopes (bc and ba), obtained from these curves with inhibition effi-
ciencies, gPP %, are listed in Table 1. The corrosion inhibition effi-
ciency (gP) is given as:
! (Fig. 2b) suggests the non-homogeneous and the rough surface of
0
icorr  icorr
gPP ¼ 0

100%
icorr
0 corrosion inhibition property of NMHI on copper in the corrosive
where icorr and icorr are the current density without and with
NMHI, respectively. It is seen that upon increasing NMHI concen-
tration a decline in current density and enhanced inhibition effi-
ciency were observed (Table 1), indicating that NMHI formed an
adsorption protective film on the copper surface. Fig. 2a also
clearly reveal noticeable decline in current density both from
cathodic and anodic branch of the curves upon the addition of
NMHI. This observation indicates that the addition of NMHI to
the 3.5% NaCl reduces anodic dissolution of copper as well as retard
cathodic reduction reaction [32,33]. An inhibitor is considered as
anodic or cathodic when the shift in Ecorr between blank and inhib-
ited systems is higher than 85 mV [34,35]. Table 1 reveals that in
this case, the differences are less than 85 mV, showing NMHI as
mixed kind of inhibitor.
Furthermore, in view to obtain in depth electrochemical kinet-
ics study occuring at the metal solution interface, EIS was consid-
ered imperative [36]. Nyquist plots obtained for copper substrate
in 3.5% NaCl solution without and with NMHI in various concentra-
tions at 303 K are displyed in Fig. 2b. Equivalent circuit for fitting
EIS data (Fig. 2c a-b) comprises of charge transfer resistance (Rct),
Fig. 2. (a) Polarization plot (b) Nyquist plot (c) equivalent circuit for copper in 3.5% NaCl with and with various NMHI concentrations at 303 K.
Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 31 (2022) 31–37
constant-phase element (CPE) and solution resistanse Rs The valid-
ity of the equivalent circuit was ascertained from the v2 values
presented in Table 2. Impedance parameters like Rct, Cdl and inhibi-
tion efficacy (gEIS) were computed and presented in Table 2.
Depressed semicircle observed at the centre under real axis
the copper [37,38]. Semicircle diameter enhances with increase
ð3Þ in NMHI concentrations. The differences in the Nyquist plots diam-
eter in the inhibited and uninhibited systems clearly indicate the
medium. The Rct values were deduced from impedance difference
at higher and lower frequencies. The Cdl values were obtained from
Equ. 4.
1
C dl ¼ ð4Þ
2pf max Rct
where fmax is frequency at maximum Zimg value. gEIS %, is com-
puted by charge transfer resistance as follows:
!
Rct  R0ct
gEIS ¼
100% ð5Þ
Rct
where Rct and R0ct are charge-transfers resistance without and
with NMHI. Table 2 shows that Rct values had increased from
21.9 to 398.3 X cm2 and in Cdl the values had decreased from
285.4 to 88.5 lF Cm2 with increase in NMHI concentrations.
Increased Rct values with NMHI concentration is based on increase
in inhibitor surface coverage which leads to an increase in inhibitor
33
C.U. Dueke Eze, N.A. Madueke, N.B. Iroha et al. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 31 (2022) 31–37

Table 1
Polarization data for copper in 3.5% NaCl and at varying NMHI concentrations.

Conc. (M) icorr (A/cm2) Ecorr (mV/SCE) ba (mV/dec) -bc (mV/dec) gPP (%)
3.5% NaCl 962.7 439 139.4 127.9 –
2
10-4 301.8 448 84.6 95.0 68.7
4
10-4 245.3 451 98.3 96.2 74.5
6
10-4 179.0 423 96.8 90.5 81.4
8
10-4 110.3 409 85.7 84.9 88.5
1
10-3 54.6 392 80.6 79.3 94.3

Table 2
EIS data for copper in 3.5% NaCl without and at varying NMHI concentration.

Conc. (M) Rs (X.cm2) Rct (X.cm2) C dl (lF/cm) v2
10-4 gEIS (%)

Blank 1.46 21.9 285.4 0.25 –
2
10-4 1.78 70.2 238.0 0.18 68.8
4
10-4 1.91 89.5 196.9 1.05 75.5
6
10-4 1.99 132.7 140.1 0.55 83.5
8
10-4 2.15 185.1 118.8 0.50 88.2
1
10-3 2.20 298.3 88.5 0.80 92.7

Fig. 3. Variation of (a) CR and (b) gWL % at varying NMHI inhibitor for Cu in 3.5% NaCl.

efficiency. Cdl decrease could be due to declining in dielectric- and a better fit for the weight loss data was gotten from Langmuir
constant and/or enhancement in electrical double-layer thickness isotherm defined by Eq. (6) [43]:
[39,40].
C inh 1
¼ þ C inh ð6Þ
h K ads
3.2. Weight loss analysis
where Cinh is inhibitor-concentration, Kads represents equilib-
The variation of CR and inhibition efficiency with change in con- rium constant adsorption and h is the surface-coverage which is
centration of NMHI at varying temperature is presented in Fig. 3 (a, represented by the formula (Eq. (7)):
b). Results in Fig. 3a show that CR of copper in 3.5% NaCl decreased gWL %
with increasing concentration of NMHI for all studied tempera- h¼ ð7Þ
100
tures. Fig. 3b indicates that gWL % increased with increased NMHI
The plots of Cinh/h against Cinh gives a linear relationship with
concentration while it decreases as the temperature rises. The
linear regression coefficients close to 1 as shown in Fig. 4, conform-
decrease in CR and increase in gWL % is a sign that NMHI is adsorbed
ing the fitting of the experimental data with Langmuir isotherm for
on the surface of copper protecting it from further attack by 3.5%
NMHI adsorption on copper surface. The Langmuir isotherm is
NaCl solution [41,42]. The maximum gWL was 97.7% at 303 K for
found to be better fitted at 303 K (R2 = 0.9786). The slope values
1
10-3 M concentration of NMHI.
deviating from unity is due to interaction between adsorbed NMHI
which leads to mutual attraction or repulsion between NMHI
3.3. Adsorption mechanism molecules. The Kads values deduced from the intercept of the plots
are related to adsorption free energy (DG0ads ) as follows:
It is a general believe that corrosion inhibition results from inhi- !
bitor adsorption at the solution/metal interface. Adsorption iso- 1 DG0ads
therms can give favourable interpretation for the adsorption K ads ¼ exp ð8Þ
55:5 RT
mechanism. Different adsorption isotherm models of were tested
34
C.U. Dueke Eze, N.A. Madueke, N.B. Iroha et al. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 31 (2022) 31–37

where R represents molar gas constant, 55.5 represents molar

concentration of H2O in solution and T is absolute temperature in
K. Computed thermodynamic parameters from Langmuir isotherm
are given in Table 3. Generally, high Kads values is related to high
adsorption indicating that NMHI can get adsorbed onto copper sur-
face. Negative values of DG0ads comply with the adsorbed layer sta-
bility and its spontaneity [44,45]. Generally, values of DG0ads within
20 kJ/mol are in line with physisorption, while values more -ve
than 40 kJ/mol relates to chemisorption [46–48]. The value of
DG0ads for the NMHI inhibitor is between 31.04 and –32.83 kJ/mol,
indicating that adsorption of the inhibitors is a combination of
physical and chemical adsorption.

3.4. Surface morphological examination

SEM images of a copper specimen after immersion in 3.5% NaCl

without an inhibitor and after immersion in 3.5% NaCl medium
Fig. 4. Langmuir isotherm of NMHI on Cu in 3.5% NaCl at different temperatures.

Table 3
Thermodynamic parameters from Langmuir isotherm.

Temperature (K) R2 Slope Intercept Kads (M1) DGads (kJ/mol)

-4
303 0.9786 0.8093 2.47
10 4049 31.04
313 0.9620 0.8570 2.61
10-4 3831 31.92
323 0.9714 0.8958 2.72
10-4 3676 –32.83

Fig. 5. SEM of (a) Cu in 3.5% NaCl (b) copper in the presence of NMHI molecule.

Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of inhibition mechanism of Schiff base inhibitor.

35
C.U. Dueke Eze, N.A. Madueke, N.B. Iroha et al.
Table 4
Comparative analysis of studied inhibitor with previous schiff base inhibitors.
Inhibitor name Metal Media
p-TOLUSCAD Mild steel HCl
HBPA X-70 HCl
B-HBPA X-70 HCl
CBB Carbon steel HCl
BZ Mild steel HCl
VA Mild steel HCl
4-TAB Mild steel HCl
BPMA Q235 steel HCl
IMP1 Mild steel HCl
with 1
10-3 of NMHI inhibitor are depicted in Fig. 5a and 5b,
respectively. The micrograph of copper surface without NMHI
(Fig. 5a) reveals a rough surface showing pits and cavities. In NMHI
presence, the SEM micrograph (Fig. 5b) shows a smoother copper
surface and reduction of surface roughness compared to the micro-
graph of copper metal without inhibitor. This could be due to accu-
mulation of a protective layer of NMHI on copper surface.
3.5. Mechanism of inhibition
The corrosion product formation and adsorption mechanism of
the studied Schiff base inhibitor can be modeled according to Fig. 6,
where barrier film layer was observed to take place in three steps.
Step 1: The formation of film growth by Cu2O started with adsorp-
tion of oxygen on the Cu surface in the blank solution. Step 2: The
polished Cu immersed in 3.5 % NaCl solution and the first layer was
significantly dominated by copper native oxides containing Cu2O,
CuOH and CuCl as copper corrosion products. This was gradually
substituted by the growth of film layer by the inhibitor. At this
stage it was a mixed composition of the corrosion products and
the inhibitor. Step 3: This evidence the uppermost surface where
the Schiff base inhibitor film was adsorbed with little or no pres-
ence of copper. The observed film layer strongly compliment with
the SEM and electrochemical study. Furthermore, the studied
Schiff based inhibitor was compared with previous Schiff based
inhibitors (Table 4) and the obtained result was in line with other
inhibitors in similar area.
4. Conclusions
The corrosion inhibition performance of NMHI on copper in
3.5% NaCl solution have been studied using electrochemical impe-
dance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization and gravimetric
techniques. The following conclusions are drawn based on the
findings:
 The inhibition efficiency of NMHI inceased with increase in its
concentration reaching a maximum of 97.7% with weight loss
measurement at optimum inhibitor concentration.
 Polarization studies indicated that NMHI acted as mixed kind of
inhibitor.
 The adsorption of NMHI on the surface of copper in 3.5% NaCl
solution followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
 The thermodynamic adsorption and activation parameters sup-
ported both physisorption and chemisorption. The Kads values
suggested strong interactions of NMHI with the copper surface.
 The SEM images revealed effective protection of the metal sur-
face in the presence of NMHI.
36
Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 31 (2022) 31–37
IE (%) Max Conc. Ref.
-4
86 5
10 M [49]
95 1.00 mM [50]
94 1.0 mM [50]
95 5
10-4 M [51]
88 250 ppm [52]
91 250 ppm [52]
96 10.0 mM [53]
91 1.0 Mm [54]
97 10-3 M [55]
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
References
[1] S. Neupane, P. Losada-Pérez, U. Tiringer, P. Taheri, D. Desta, C. Xie, D. Crespo, A.
Mol, I. Milošev, A. Kokalj, F.U. Renner, J. Electrochem. Soc. 168 (2021) 051504.
[2] B. Duran, G. Bereket, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 51 (2012) 5246.
[3] M.A. Chidiebere, C.E. Ogukwe, K.L. Oguzie, C.N. Eneh, E.E. Oguzie, Ind. Eng.
Chem. Res. 51 (2012) 668–677.
[4] N.J. Maduelosi, N.B. Iroha, Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion 7 (2021) 6.
[5] S. Sharma, R. Ganjoo, S.K. Saha, N. Kang, A. Thakur, H. Assad, A. Kumar, J. Mol.
Liq. 347 (2022) 118383.
[6] N.B. Iroha, N.A. Madueke, V. Mkpenie, B.T. Ogunyemi, L.B. Nnanna, S. Singh, E.
D. Akpan, E.E. Ebenso, J. Mol. Struct. 1227 (2021) 129533.
[7] S. Bashir, A. Thakur, H. Lgaz, I. Chung, A. Kumar, J. Mol. Liq. 293 (2019) 111539.
[8] R. Hsissou, S. About, Z. Safi, F. Benhiba, N. Wazzan, L. Guo, K. Nouneh, S. Briche,
H. Erramli, M.E. Touhami, M. Assouag, A. Elharfi, Constr. Build. Mater. 270
(2021) 121454.
[9] S. Bashir, A. Thakur, H. Lgaz, I. Chung, A. Kumar, Surf. Interfaces 20 (2020)
100542.
[10] A. El yaktini, A. Lachiri, M. El Faydy, F. Benhiba, H. Zarrok, M. El Azzouzi, M.
Zertoubi, M. Azzi, B. Lakhrissi, A. Zarrouk, Int. J. Corros. Scale Inhib., 2018, 7(4),
609-632.
[11] S. Bashir, A. Thakur, H. Lgaz, I. Chung, A. Kumar, Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 45 (2020)
4773–4783.
[12] O. Fergachi, F. Benhiba, M. Rbaa, R. Touira, M. Ouakki, M. Galai, B. Lakhrissi, H.
Oudda, M.E. Touhami, Materials Research 21 (6) (2018) e20171038.
[13] H. Assad, A. Kumar, J. Mol. Liq. 344 (2021) 117755.
[14] J. Saranya, F. Benhiba, N. Anusuya, R. Subbiah, A. Zarrouk, S. Chitra, Colloids
Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 603 (2020) 125231.
[15] N.B. Iroha, E.E. Oguzie, G.N. Onuoha, A.I. Onuchukwu, 16th International
Corrosion Congress, China, Beijing, 2005, pp. 126–131.
[16] C. Alonso, E. Casero, E. Román, S.F.P. Campos, M.F.L. De Mele, Electrochim. Acta.
189 (2016) 54–63.
[17] F. Alvarez, C. Grillo, P. Schilardi, A. Rubert, G. Benítez, C. Lorente, M.F. Lorenzo
de Mele, A.C.S. Appl, Mater. Interfaces. 5 (2013) 249–255.
[18] B.A. Abd-El-Nabey, A.M. Abdel-Gaber, M.E. Said Ali, E. Khamis, S. El-Housseiny,
Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 8 (2013) 7124–7137.
[19] K. Krishnaveni, J.A. Ravichandran, J. Fail. Anal. Prev. 15 (2015) 711–721.
[20] A. Thakur, A. Kumar, Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion 7 (2021) 67.
[21] M.B. Radovanović, M.B. Petrović, A.T. Simonović, S.M. Milić, M.M. Antonijević,
Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 20 (2013) 4370–4381.
[22] M.B. Petrović, M.B. Radovanović, A.T. Simonović, S.M. Milić, M.M. Antonijević,
Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 7 (2012) 9043–9057.
[23] H. Ma, S. Chen, L. Niu, S. Zhao, S. Li, D. Li, J. Appl. Electrochem. 32 (1) (2002) 65–
72.
[24] N.B. Iroha, C.U. Dueke-Eze, Chemistry Africa 4 (3) (2021) 635–646.
[25] H. Shokry, N.A. El-Wekeal, R.M. Issa, Adsorp, Sci. Technol. 23 (8) (2005) 643–
654.
[26] N.B. Iroha, C.U. Dueke-Eze, A.O. James, T.M. Fasina, Egypt. J. Pet. 30 (2) (2021)
55–61.
[27] X. Li, B. Xie, J.S. Feng, C. Lai, X. Bai, T. Li, D. Zhang, W. Mou, L. Wen, Y. Gu, J. Mol.
Liq. 345 (2022) 117032.
[28] M. Abdallah, M. Alfakeer, H.M. Atlass, A.M. Alharbi, I. Althagafi, N.F. Hasan, E.M.
Mabrouk, Egypt. J. Pet. 28 (2019) 393–399.
[29] M. Chafiq, A. Chaouiki, H. Lgaz, R. Salghi, S.L. Gaonkar, K.S. Bhat, R. Marzoukid,
I.H. Ali, M.I. Khan, H. Shimizu, I. Chung, J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 34 (12) (2020)
1283–1314.
[30] A. Aouniti, H. Elmsellem, S. Tighadouini, M. Elazzouzi, S. Radi, A. Chetouani, B.
Hammouti, A. Zarrouk, J. Taibah Univ. Sci. 10 (2016) 774–785.
C.U. Dueke Eze, N.A. Madueke, N.B. Iroha et al.
[31] T.M. Fasina, C.U. Dueke-Eze, F.N. Idika, J. Appl. Sci, Environ. Manage. 21 (2017)
120–125.
[32] S.A.X. Stango, U. Vijayalakshmi, J. Asian Ceram. Soc. 6 (1) (2018) 20–29.
[33] A.O. James, N.B. Iroha, IOSR-JAC. 12 (2019) 1–10.
[34] M.E. Mashuga, L.O. Olasunkanmi, A.S. Adekunle, S. Yesudass, M.M. Kabanda, E.
E. Ebenso, Materials 8 (2015) 3607–3632.
[35] N.B. Iroha, O. Akaranta, SN Applied Sciences 2 (2020) 1514.
[36] S.A. Umoren, Y. Li, F.H. Wang, Corros. Sci. 52 (2010) 2422–2429.
[37] M. Vakili-Azghandi, A. Davoodi, G.A. Farzi, A. Kosari, Corrosion Sci. 64 (2012)
44–54.
[38] N.B. Iroha, N.J. Maduelosi, IOSR-JAC. 13 (2020) 30–38.
[39] F. Bentiss, C. Jama, B. Mernari, H. El Attari, L. El Kadi, M. Lebrini, M. Traisnel, M.
Lagrenée, Corros. Sci. 51 (2009) 1628–1635.
[40] N.B. Iroha, L.A. Nnanna, Prog. Color Colorants Coat. 14 (2021) 1–11.
[41] P. Geethamani, P.K. Kasthuri, S. Aejitha, Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in
sulphuric acid medium by Ambroxol drug, Int. J. App. Chem. Sci. 3 (4) (2015)
151–157.
[42] N.A. Madueke, N.B. Iroha, Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol. 7 (2018) 10251–
10258.
[43] N.B. Iroha, A.O. James, World News Nat. Sciences 27 (2019) 22–37.
[44] M.H. Mahross, K. Efik, S.A. El-Nasr, A.O. Abass, Z. Phys, Chem. 233 (2019) 7.
37
Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 31 (2022) 31–37
[45] N.B. Iroha, O. Akaranta, A.O. James, Int. Res. J. Pure Appl. Chem. 6 (4) (2015)
174–181.
[46] A. Doner, E.A. Sahin, G. Kardas, O. Serindag, Corros. Sci. 66 (2013) 278–284.
[47] N.B. Iroha, A. Hamilton-Amachree, Am. J. Mater. Sci. 8 (2) (2018) 39–44.
[48] A.O. James, N.B. Iroha, Emergent Materials (2021), https://doi.org/10.1007/
s42247-021-00161-1.
[49] L.O. Olasunkanmi, A.O. Idris, A.H. Adewole, O.O. Wahab, E.E. Ebenso, Surfaces
and Interfaces 21 (2020) 100782.
[50] N.B. Iroha, C.U. Dueke-Eze, T.M. Fasina, V.C. Anadebe, L. Guo, J. Iranian Chem.
Soc. (2021), https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-021-02450-2.
[51] M.A. Bedair, S.A. Soliman, Mostafa F. Bakr, E.S. Gad, Hassane Lgaz, Ill-Min.
Chung, M. Salama, F.Z. Alqahtany, J. MoL. Liq. 2020, 317, 114015.
[52] N.M. EL Basiony, Amr. Elgendy, H. Nady, M. A. Migaheda, E.G. Zaki, RSC Adv,
2019, 9, 10473.
[53] F. Tezcan, G. Yerlikaya, A. Mahmood, G. Kardasß, J. Mol. Liq. 269 (2018) 398–
406.
[54] Y. Ji, B. Xua, W. Gong, X. Zhang, X. Jin, W. Ning, Y. Meng, W. Yang, Y. Chen, J.
Tawain Inst. Chem. Engrs. 66 (2016) 301–312.
[55] A. El aatiaoui, M. Koudad, T. Chelfi, S. Erkac, M. Azzouzi , A. Aouniti, K. Savasß,
M. Kaddouri, N. Benchat , A. Oussaid. J. Mol. Struct. 2021, 1226, 129372.