Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Al harbi
Under supervision of
specialist: Majed
Abdulhamed Alshaer
KING ABDULLAH
MEDICAL CITY
HOLY MAKKAH
30, NOV2016
WELCOM TO
MICROBIOLOGY FOR MORE
Internship year INFORMATION
This book provides a basic information about microbiology section CONTACT:
which collected from different resources. Somayah-
1415@hotmail.com
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Table of Contents
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Objectives:
The message:
To facilitate the practical and theoretical information and handled to each intern.
Acknowledgment:
I would like to thank Mr. Majed Al shaer for helping the preparation of this booklet and
providing helpful suggestions and encouragement throughout our internship and our life in
general.
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Introduction about microbiology
Microbiology is:
Taxonomy is:
identification of organism.
Classification is:
— Morphology
— Staining properties
— Cultural characteristics
— Biochemical reactions
— Antigenic structures
— Genetic relatedness
Morphology of bacteria:
Cell Shape:
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- bacteria that possess cell walls exist in three basic morphologic forms:
Cell Size:
Methods of identification:
BIOCHEMI
CULTURE
MICRO CAL SEROLOGIC MOLECULA
CHARACTER
SCOPIC REACTION TESTS R METHODS
ISTICS
S
1- Microscopic identification:
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Unstained Stained
Preparation Preparations
Staining
Wet Mount Methods
1-Unstained (wet film) procedure: usually used to identify the fungi from
bacteria.
40X power
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2- Stain procedure (gram staining):
*The Gram’s stain divides the bacteria into two groups:
2- Mordant – Iodine
Procedure:
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Gram staining result:
2- ziehl-neelsen staining:
Principle: Mycobacterium species, are coated with a thick lipid material
(e.g. mycolic acid) in their cell walls and keep the basic dye (basic fuchsin)
despite of acid alcohol treatment and considered as acid fast (AFB).
Procedure:
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Result seen under 100x oil immersion:
3- Culture media:
An artificial culture medium should contain all the nutrients i.e.
-sources of carbon
-sources of nitrogen
-sources of minerals
-sources of essential vitamins and water that are needed by the bacteria
for its growth and multiplication in the laboratory.
-Solid media(agar)
-Liquid (broth)
-Semi-solid media
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Type of media indicator information pictures
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Chocolate agar ____ Type of enriched media that
contain lysed RBCs, X and V
factors that required for H.
influenza growth.
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-V. cholera produce yellow
colony
- V. Para hemolytic produce
colorless colony.
-TCBS contain sodium
thiosulfate which inhibit
other bacterial growth.
- alkaline PH.
Molar Hinton _____ -Simple media used for
agar manual sensitivity antibiotic
test.
-ingredient: beef, peptone
and starch.
Used for H. influenza sp by
utilizing X, V and XV factors.
- X factor> hematein
- V factor >NAD
(Nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide)
-H. influenza & H. aegyptius
utilize both V&X factors
-H. parainfluenza utilize only
V factor
-H. ducreyi utilize X factor
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Ingredient: molar Hinton,
chocolate and 5% of
antibiotics.
-Biochemical test
Catalase test:
Principle:
To determine the production of catalase enzyme by the organism, which
breaks down H2O2 into H2O and O2.
Control Organisms:
+Ve control – Staphylococcus aureus
-Ve control – Streptococcus species
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Result: Rapid production of (bubbles).
Coagulase test:
Principle:
Free coagulase (tube test): which converts fibrinogen to fibrin by activating coagulase-
reacting factor present in plasma.
Bound coagulase (slide test): which converts fibrinogen directly to fibrin without requiring
coagulase-reacting factor . It is detected by clumping of bacteria in the rapid slide test
• commonly used
Control Organisms:
+Ve control – Staphylococcus aureus
-Ve control – Staphylococcus epidermidis
Oxidase test:
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Principle:
Interpretation:
Positive: deep purple within 10 sec.
Negative: No color change.
Result:
Urease test:
Principle:
Interpretation:
Positive – Pink color >>Klebsiella sp, Proteus spp., Helicobacter pylori
Negative - Pale yellow>>Escherichia coli
negative positive
Result:
Positive Negative
Novobiocin test
>staph.aures (CNS)
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streptoccocus
classified
according to
hemolysis
- hemolytic, Bile
optichin
sensetivity test aesculin hydrolysis
Group A> s. pyogenes-
Positive. Small gray
pinpoint on blood agar. -
colony on blood agar,
sensitive> s. wide zone of hemolysis. -
pneumonia
and black on bile
causes pharyngitis.
(mobile on bile aesculin agar.
solubility test) Bacitracin test> sensitive
resistant > s.
viridans( Group B> s. agalactia
normal flora) normal flora in female
genital tract. - big colony on
blood agar. -narrow zone of
Staph. aureus hemolysis. Bacitracin test>
resistant
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The streak plate technique:
A streak plate technique is used to obtain single isolated colonies from a clinical
specimen (sample).
1
2
4
3
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instrument information pictures
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Vitek 2 compact -Aid in identifications of
bacteria and play an
essential role for antibiotic
sensitivity test (AST).
-Principle: colorimetric it
detects the change in color
due to different biochemical
reaction related to specific
bacteria.
Component of vitek -an identification cart (kit)
used for bacterial
identification whether gram
positive or negative or fungi
- each kit used for specific
organisms.
-It contains all biochemical
reaction according to
isolated bacteria.
- other kit used for (AST).
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Class II biohazard Used for culture purpose to
safety cabinet. insure the safety for the
specialist and removing any
contamination from the air.
2-respiratory bench
5-mycology bench
7-rectal swab 8- throat and mouth swab 9- eye and ear swab
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Rejection criteria:
5-unsterile container.
7- if the sample is sputum and there is a saliva more than the accepted we
must rejected because it contains an epithelial cell that interfere with the
result.
Ear * *
Nasal *
secretion
Throat
Mouth *
sputum * *
BAL * *
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eye * *
Skin * *
tissue * *
Catheter
tip
Wound
swab
Pus *
aspirate
Body * *
fluid
CSF
urine *3 *
HVS *
MRSA Blood and mannitol salt agar with oxacillin
VRE Blood and bile esculin agar
stool XLD and selenite broth
Key: (*) when fungal infection is suspected, (*3) when yeast cells seen in
urine examination.
Note:
Each day you must check the quality control of each machine including,
biohazard class II safety cabinet, microscopes, stains, general purpose
incubator, refrigerator temperature and media stability.
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Upper and lower tract infection:
Nose:
Mouth:
staphylococcus
spp yeast
Throat: Nasopharyngeal:
streptococcus. mortadella spp
pyrogen
-H. influenza
-Moraxella
-s. pneumonia
-H. Influenza is growing on -Moraxella -Gram negative- short -strep. pneumonia -Gram
chocolate agar. Notice semi- rods coccobacilli- cocci positive- cocci with alpha
opaque, gray-white, mucoid. hemolysis.
-Colonies appear as Smooth with
-Gram negative- small- cocci a grayish Wight color. -Colonies appear as mucoid green
-Oxidase + catalase+ Aerobic in color.
-When the colony pushed with
loop they scoot a cross the media. -bile solubility test +
-Oxidase + catalase+
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-strep. pyrogen Gram +ve cocci -staph. aureus Gram +ve cocci
arranged in chains arranged in clusters -yeast appears like star in shape
-Aerobic, non-motile and produce - coagulase positive Wight off in color.
grey-white colonies.
-Aerobic, non-motile, produce
- Pin point colonyies with Wide golden yellow colonies
zone of hemolysis.
- -haemolytic
- If one type of organism grow considered a pathogen and we must use the Vitec
machine for identification.
-If two type of organisms grow on media (the many in number) > pathogen and (low)
> insignificant.
-If three type pf organisms grow considered as mixed and we must reject the sample>
no farther work out.
Screening test:
-MRSA screening considered an important test for inpatient to monitor their health.
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Gastrointestinal (GTT) test:
-For yeast identification
Procedure:
1-apply the wet mount technique by taken a small sample from the agar an place it on
microscope slid then cover it with a cover slip.
3-if the organism appears like a pudding shape perform the GTT test
Pudding
shape
Result:
Candida Albicans
germ tube
-If other organism is different from the germ tube right (other than candida albicans)
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Third: blood bench area
When the blood cultivation is needed?
In case of:
-The amount of sample (blood) that will be collected from adult must be from 8-10ml
-The duration of result takes about 5 days if there is no alarm sound for positive
result we considered it as negative (normal sample).
If the positive result was in Aerobic If the positive result was in Anaerobic
bottles take it and do the culture process: bottles take it and do the culture process:
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Bacterial present in CSF samples according, to the age
Children: Newborn:
Adult and elderly:
H. influenza S. agalactia
-s. pneumonia
type B E. coli
- Neisseria
- nectria monocytogen
By three ways:
General characteristic's:
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Enterobacteriaceae I (lactose fermenting):
-Escherichia
-Klebsiella
-Enterobacter
-Citrobacter
-Salmonella -Morganella
-Shigella -Proteus
- Serratia
animals.
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-Aerobic, Gram-negative bacilli.
2- Klebsiella:
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4- Shigella:
5-proteus:
Pseudomonas:
Acinetobacter:
1-G –ve rods, strict aerobes, and motile.
Non-fermenter, Oxidase positive. 1-G –ve rods, nonmotile. Non-
fermenter, Oxidase negative.
2-Fruit smell and produce green pigment
on MacConkey and blood agar due to: 2-regular circle colony
Thiocyanide day and pyoverdine day
production
Acinetobacter on
Pseudomonas on MacConkey agar
Pseudomonas on blood
MacConkey agar agar
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Classification and testing of Antibiotics:
Classes of antibiotics:
Cell wall
synthesis Cell membrane
inhibitors protein synthesis
Nucleic acid inhibitors
synthesis
synthesis
inhibitors
inhibitors
Beta-lactams antibiotics
include: 1-polymyxins:
1-Aminoglycosides
1-cephalosporins include: 1-Sulphonamides -polymyxins E
include: include: (colistin)
-Streptomycin
-cefepime -Sulfamethoxazole -polymyxin B
-Amikacin
-cefotaxime -Trimethoprim
-Gentamicin
-ceftazidime 2- Quinolones
2- phenicol's include:
2- penicillins include: (Nalidixic)or
- Chloramphenic Fluoroquinolones
- Penicillin p ol include:
- Ampicillin
3-Tetracycliness - 1-Levofloxacin
- Oxacillin
include: - 2-Norfloxacin
- Pipracillin
- Tetracycline - 3-Ciprofloxacin
Other beta lactams
- Doxycycline 3-Rifamicins include:
(imipenem&
meropenem 4-Macrolides include: - Rifampicin
&aztreonam)
- Erythromycin 4-Nitroimidazoles
- Azithromycin include:
- Metronidazole
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Notes:
-cephalosporin's are further classified into 1st,2nd,3rd and 4th generation according to
their antimicrobial properties.
Anti-TB drugs
Zone of inhibition=diameter(mm)
Antibiotic disc
Intermediate (I)
Mueller Hinton
agar MH Bacterial growth
Sensitive(S)
Resistant ®
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testing by measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration which is routinely
used in medical microbiology and research. If a suspension used is too heavy or too
dilute, an erroneous result (either falsely resistant or falsely susceptible) for any given
anti-microbial agent could occur
-bacteriostatic drugs have MBC values much higher than their MIC values.
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E Test Method:
Incubate (overnight)
Zone of inhibition
Bacterial growth
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)صل الل م سلم على سيدنا مح د على آله صحبه ج عين
ِ )
Remember:
Be a great wherever you go, and be proud of yourself and what you
are accomplished so far. Always remember (great things take time).
GOOD LUCK
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