FIREWOOD UTILIZATION IN BARANGAY DIBAROSAN, MADALUM, LANAO

DEL SUR: ITS IMPACT ON FOREST CONSERVATION IN THE AREA.

A Research Proposal

Presented to

PROF. JAYSON LEIGH M. SEGOVIA

College of Forestry and Environmental Studies

Marawi City

In Partial Fulfilment

Of the Requirements for the Course

FOR 198 – Problem Analysis and Research Methods in Forestry

First Semester, A.Y. 2023-2024

ESMAIL D. ASHARY

November 2023
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Forests play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance, supporting biodiversity,

and providing various ecosystem services (Aerts and Honnay, 2011; Trogisch, et al., 2021).

However, in many communities, the pressure on forest resources, particularly for fuelwood,

remains a significant challenge (Felix & Gheewala, 2011; Lusambo, 2016). Barangay

Dibarosan, situated in the heart of Madalum, Lanao del Sur, is no exception to this

phenomenon. This study delves into the intricate relationship between firewood utilization

practices within the community and their repercussions on the local forest ecosystem.

As a primary source of energy for cooking and heating, firewood remains an

indispensable commodity in many rural areas, including Barangay Dibarosan. The reliance on

this traditional energy source, while meeting immediate household needs, raises concerns

about its sustainability and the potential consequences for the surrounding environment

(Lusambo, 2016). Recognizing the delicate balance between human needs and environmental

conservation is paramount for fostering a sustainable future.

This research seeks to explore the patterns of firewood utilization in Barangay

Dibarosan, examining the factors influencing its demand, the methods employed in its

extraction, and the impact of these practices on the local forest ecosystem. By shedding light

on these dynamics, the study aims to contribute valuable insights for the development of

informed conservation strategies tailored to the specific needs of the community.

The importance of this investigation lies not only in understanding the present

challenges but also in formulating solutions that strike a balance between meeting the energy

requirements of the community and preserving the natural resources essential for ecological
stability. Through a comprehensive examination of firewood utilization and its implications,

this thesis endeavors to provide a foundation for informed decision-making towards

sustainable resource management in Barangay Dibarosan.

Statement of the Problems

This study aims to uncover the relationship between firewood use and forest

conservation in Barangay Dibarosan, Lanao Del Sur. Specifically, the study aims to address

the following key problems:

1. What are the current patterns and practices of firewood utilization in Barangay

Dibarosan, Lanao del Sur?

2. What factors influence community practices related to firewood in Barangay

Dibarosan, Lanao del Sur?

3. How does the utilization of firewood impact forest conservation in Barangay

Dibarason?

Objectives of the Study

These study are designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics

between firewood use and forest conservation in the specific context of Barangay Dibarosan

Lanao del Sur. This study seeks to achieve the following objectives:

1. To assess the current patterns and practices of firewood utilization in Barangay

Dibarosan LDS.

2. To identify the factors influencing community practices related to firewood.

3. To evaluate the impact of firewood utilization on forest conservation in the area.

 Significant of the Study

This study on “Firewood utilization in Barangay Dibarosan, Madalum, Lanao del

Sur”, aim to study seeks to bridge the gap between local practices and environmental

conservation, offering practical guidance for sustainable development in Barangay Dibarosan

and serving as a model for similar communities facing similar challenges.

1. Community Practices: Understanding how firewood is used in Barangay

Dibarosan helps the community and local leaders make informed decisions about

energy practices, potentially leading to more sustainable approaches.

2. Environmental Conservation: By evaluating the impact of firewood use on forest

conservation, the study informs strategies for preserving local ecosystems,

contributing to broader environmental efforts.

3. Policy Development: Findings from this research can guide the formulation of

local policies, ensuring they align with the specific needs of Barangay Dibarosan

and fostering sustainable energy practices.

4. Academic Understanding: The study adds to the academic discourse by providing

nuanced insights into the dynamics between firewood utilization and forest

conservation in a specific cultural and environmental context.

5. Community Empowerment: Armed with knowledge about influencing factors,

the community can develop practices that balance energy needs with

environmental preservation, fostering resilience and self-sufficiency.

 Scope and Limitation of the Study

This research will explore the specific dynamics of firewood utilization and its effects

on forest conservation in Barangay Dibarosan, Lanao del Sur. The inquiry involves a

thorough examination of the current practices and trends related to the use of firewood in both

households and communal spaces in Barangay Dibarosan. It aims to identify and comprehend

the social, cultural, and environmental factors influencing the community's decisions

regarding firewood usage. Additionally, the study will assess the ecological consequences

resulting from the utilization of firewood on the local forest ecosystem surrounding Barangay

Dibarosan. Furthermore, it will investigate the community's level of awareness regarding

sustainable practices and forest conservation.

While this study aims to offer valuable insights, it is important to acknowledge

certain limitations. The findings are limited to Barangay Dibarosan and may not be

universally applicable to regions with distinct geographical, cultural, and environmental

contexts. The study's results are time-sensitive and may not consider potential changes in

community practices, economic conditions, or environmental factors in the future. Constraints

such as time, budget, and personnel may impact the depth and comprehensiveness of data

collection and analysis. Generalizing the findings beyond Barangay Dibarosan may be

challenging due to the unique nature of the community.

Conceptual Framework of the Study

The conceptual framework for this study visualizes the intricate connection between

using firewood and preserving the forest in Barangay Dibarosan. It centers on understanding

how people use firewood, both at home and in the community. Influencing factors like

economic, cultural, and environmental aspects are expected to affect these usage patterns and,

in turn, impact the local forest. The study suggests that community awareness and practices

play a role in moderating this impact. Additionally, the presence of conservation initiatives,

including community projects and local policies, is considered to intervene in these

 relationships. This simplified framework guides the exploration of the relationship between

firewood use and forest conservation in Barangay Dibarosan.

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

1. Impact on Forest Conservation
1. Firewood Utilization A. Indicators
Patterns  Ecological Consequences on the
A. Sub-Dimension Local Forest
 Household Practices  Deforestation Rates
 Community Practices  Habitat Degradation
2. Factors Influencing 2. Community Awareness and Practices
Firewood Utilization A. Components
A. Factors to Explore  Level of Awareness on Sustainable
o Socio-economic Practices
factors  Community-driven Conservation
o Cultural Influences Efforts
o Environmental 3. Conservation Initiatives
considerations A. Components
 Community-led Conservation
Projects
 Local Government Policies
Figure 1: Schematic Diagram showing the relationship between the Independent and
Dependent Variables of the Study.
 Operational Definition of Terms

Firewood Utilization Patterns: Observable and quantifiable practices within households and

the community regarding the gathering, processing, and consumption of firewood for

domestic purposes.

Socio-economic Factors: Measurable indicators, such as income levels, occupation types,

and access to resources, that reflect the economic and social status of individuals or

households.

Cultural Influences: Observable elements of culture, including traditional customs, rituals,

and community beliefs, that shape behaviors and decisions related to firewood utilization.

Environmental Considerations: Tangible factors affecting the environment, such as the

availability of firewood, ecological awareness, and the environmental impact of firewood use.

Impact on Forest Conservation: Observable consequences of firewood utilization on the

local forest ecosystem, encompassing changes in forest cover, biodiversity, and the overall

ecological balance.

Community Awareness: Measurable levels of knowledge and understanding within the

community regarding sustainable practices, forest conservation, and the ecological

implications of firewood utilization.

Community-driven Conservation Efforts: Concrete actions initiated by the community to

actively participate in and contribute to the conservation of the local forest, such as tree

planting initiatives or community clean-up campaigns.

Conservation Initiatives: Observable efforts, including policies, programs, and projects, at

both the community and local government levels aimed at preserving and sustainably

managing the local forest ecosystem.

Forest Assessment Metrics: Quantifiable measures used to evaluate the health and status of

the local forest, including metrics related to tree density, species diversity, and overall forest

structure.

Community Practices: Observable behaviors and actions within the community related to

firewood utilization, encompassing both individual and collective practices.

Deforestation Rates: Quantitative measures indicating the extent and speed of forest loss

within the study area over a specific period, typically expressed as the percentage of forested

land lost.

Habitat Degradation: Observable and measurable deterioration in the quality of the local

habitat, including changes in soil quality, vegetation cover, and the availability of resources

for wildlife.

Likert Scale: A standardized measurement scale used in surveys and questionnaires, ranging

from strongly agree to strongly disagree, to assess respondent attitudes and opinions.

Focus Group Discussions (FGDs): Qualitative research method involving structured group

discussions with community members to gather insights and perspectives on firewood

utilization and forest conservation.

Content Analysis: Systematic examination of qualitative data, such as interview transcripts

and FGD recordings, to identify recurring themes, patterns, and meaningful content related to

the research objectives.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The utilization of firewood as a primary energy source in rural areas around the globe

remains a critical concern, primarily due to the financial constraints that prevent the majority

of people from adopting alternative forms of energy for cooking and heating (Boudreau et al.,

2005; Shackleton et al., 2007). Despite firewood being a renewable resource, challenges to its

sustainability arise from factors such as population growth, ongoing development activities,

and excessive usage (Gaugris & Van Rooyen, 2010; Shackleton, 1998). Previous studies have

raised two fundamental inquiries (Gaugris & Van Rooyen, 2007; Gaugris et al., 2007; Obiri et

al., 2002): (1) What constitutes sustainable utilization until a viable alternative becomes

available? and (2) At what ecological threshold is the supply of alternatives necessary?

Addressing these questions is crucial for implementing development initiatives that offer

alternative energy solutions to communities without causing unforeseen negative impacts

before reaching ecologically threatening thresholds (Kyle, 2004; Madubansi & Shackleton,

2006).

Firewood refers to any wooden material collected and employed as fuel. Typically, it

is not extensively processed and maintains a recognizable log or branch form, distinguishing

it from other wood fuel forms such as pellets or chips. Additionally, firewood can be

described as dry wood utilized to produce heat energy. This generated heat serves various

purposes, including cooking, drying, or powering machines for electricity generation

(Ogunsanwo et al., 2014).

There is a common misconception that forest lands are the primary source of

firewood and charcoal. However, research indicates that woodfuel materials are sourced from

places beyond forest lands. Trossero (2002) observed that people, especially women and

children, collect their firewood from "dead" wood, dry branches, and twigs. Furthermore,
Ogunsanwo et al. (2003) noted that a significant amount of firewood comes from trees

planted alongside agricultural crops, including agroforestry fruit orchards, village woodlots,

areas around homes and community buildings (like home gardens), as well as public lands

(such as avenue trees). Apart from trees, other woody plants like climbers, lianas, and shrubs

are also harvested for wood fuel.

Impact of Firewood Utilization: Environmental Impacts

The internationally recognized tool for assessing the environmental impacts generated

by the firewood supply chain is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). According to the ISO

14040 and ISO 14044 standards, LCA involves compiling and evaluating the inputs, outputs,

and potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle. This

assessment enables the quantification of environmental impacts at various stages of the

supply chain, from acquiring raw materials from the environment to the production,

distribution, and use of the final product. LCA assesses environmental impacts in different

categories for air, water, and soil compartments. In the air compartment, it considers global

scale impact categories like Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Ozone Depletion Potential

(ODP), as well as local/regional scale impact categories such as Photochemical Ozone

Creation Potential (POCP) and Human Toxicity Potential (HTP). GWP influences the

greenhouse effect, causing temperature increases in the lower atmosphere that lead to climate

and environmental changes. ODP involves the decomposition of the stratospheric ozone layer,

increasing incoming UV radiation with impacts on humans, natural organisms, and

ecosystems. Regardless of emission location, substances contributing to these phenomena are

considered global. At the local scale, LCA considers photochemical ozone creation and the

potential effects on human health through POCP and HTP categories. While all impact

categories affect human health, HTP also considers heavy metals and particles (dust)

(Pierobon et al., 2015).

 Environmental Impact: Air Quality Impacts

The surge in petroleum product prices during the 1970s had a notable consequence: a

substantial increase in residential firewood use for space heating, marking a reversal in the

prolonged decline of homes heated with wood (EIA, 1980). This shift from using a fireplace

occasionally for aesthetic purposes to relying on wood for heating brought about significant

changes. Sales of efficient heating devices like wood stoves experienced sharp increases

between 1973 and 1977, with recent annual sales reaching approximately one million

(Osborne, 1982). However, the use of these devices can have a profound impact on local air

quality by limiting combustion air to achieve efficient fuel use, altering the quantity and

nature of emitted air pollutants. The list of organic compounds in wood smoke is extensive

and continues to grow with each technical conference on the subject.

The trend toward increased residential wood burning also entails additional

consequences, including a rise in home fires and accidents related to wood harvesting

(Morris, 1981). As a result, even without considering air pollution impacts, wood combustion

is considered one of the riskier energy technologies per unit of energy produced. This paper

delves into the present and future air pollution implications, which pose challenges for

evaluation. The emissions of air pollutants are influenced by factors like the type of

appliance, wood conditions, burning rate, and measurement methods. The impact of these

pollutants on outdoor air quality depends on meteorological conditions, wood use density,

surrounding terrain, and interactions between weather conditions and wood usage patterns.

This paper builds on previous analyses and introduces a new analysis projecting impacts until

the year 2000. The projections of increased wood consumption, by census region, result from

a cross-sectional regression of relative market shares and prices of competing fuels. These

projections are contingent on the relative prices at that time and lead to estimates of increased

air pollution.
 The anticipated air quality changes in the year 2000 due to residential wood

combustion suggest potentially significant increases in fine particulate matter, reaching up to

80% compared to estimated 1979 levels. However, this upper limit scenario relies on both

worst-case emission factors and dispersion coinciding throughout the entire heating season,

an improbable situation. Assuming a log-normal distribution of both factors over the year, the

median values for fine particulate increments range from approximately 2-5 µm³, roughly

10% of the 1979 estimates for all fine particles (Lipfert & Lee, 1985).

From an ambient air quality perspective, impacts of wood burning occurring after the

1977 regulations should technically be considered when consuming increments available for

new construction. However, as increment consumption is generally determined by modeling,

this accounting is unlikely to occur. It's noteworthy that allowable PSD (Prevention of

Significant Deterioration) air quality deterioration increments for Class II areas typically

exceed the projected impacts from wood burning, and dense firewood usage is unlikely near

Class I areas. Nevertheless, the de minimus ambient air quality increments (deemed to

constitute insignificant impact) are of a similar order, e.g., for CO, -0.5 µg/m³, 8-hour

average; for NO₂, -1.0 µg/m³, annual average; for TSP (Total Suspended Particles), -5 µg/m³,

24-hour average (Lipfert & Lee, 1985).

As per the findings of Lipfert & Lee (1985), the expected air quality impacts for the

year 2000 are still relatively modest based on proposed regulatory standards. However, these

changes may represent substantial alterations in existing air quality. Special attention should

be directed toward nonregulated pollutants, such as benzo(a)pyrene, an indicator of

carcinogenic compounds in wood smoke.

 Environmental Impact: Water Quality Impacts

Lusambo (2016) conducted a comprehensive study focusing on ecosystem functions,

including biodiversity, energy resources, water, and food and fiber production. The primary

objective was to provide insights for the identification of potential areas suitable for a

detailed, local-scale integrated assessment. This assessment aimed to illuminate the intricate

connections between ecosystem services and human well-being.

The practice of harvesting trees, especially for purposes like firewood consumption,

directly disrupts the delicate ecological balance within an ecosystem. This impact is

particularly evident in its significant contribution to water-related challenges, involving both

shortages and pollution. The removal of essential vegetation, exemplified by tree removal,

plays a pivotal role in this scenario. The absence of trees diminishes the natural ability to

prevent soil erosion, allowing sediments to flow unchecked into bodies of water and

adversely affecting water quality. This dual consequence of water shortages and pollution

highlights the complex interplay between human activities, specifically tree harvesting, and

the broader environmental dynamics. It underscores the imperative for sustainable and

conscientious resource management practices (UNEP, 2019).

A potential strategy to mitigate deforestation associated with biomass production

involves the cultivation of fast-growing trees, including the development of new species

resilient to climate change and water shortages (UNEP, 2019).

There exist substantial interconnections between urban and rural areas. While rural

regions may experience economic advantages through income generated from goods and

services provided to urban populations, the reciprocal relationship is not always mutually

beneficial. Urban areas impose an ecological footprint on rural counterparts, characterized by

heightened pressure on agricultural land, excessive exploitation of natural resources like

water and forests, influences on micro-climates, and the depletion of biodiversity, among

other impacts.

Environmental Impact: Deforestation and Degradation of Forests

The environment encompasses a combination of non-living components that create a

favorable habitat for biological development, with these elements actively working to sustain

and protect biological life in close coordination (Rubabaza, 2019). However, illogical

anthropogenic activities, such as deforestation and over-utilization of natural resources, put

these environmental elements at a high risk of degradation, making them unsupportive.

Human activities play a significant role in environmental degradation (Sheram, 2013).

In mountainous areas, environmental degradation is intensified by interconnected

factors, including resource scarcity, soil erosion, droughts, land and mudslides, floods, loss of

vegetation cover, and disturbance to biodiversity. The over-utilization of firewood stands out

as a core influencing factor in this context (Panayotou, 2010), which will be the focus of this

study. Environmental degradation ranks among the largest threats in the world today, leading

to the depletion of resources, air pollution, soil degradation, destruction of biodiversity and

ecosystems, as highlighted by the United Nations as one of the top 10 threatening issues

(Rubabaza, 2019).

Human activities, particularly industrialization, agricultural expansion, and

urbanization, are responsible for rapid environmental degradation, global warming, and

desertification. Firewood over-utilization contributes to this degradation, leading to adverse

effects on health, loss of life, and ailments affecting millions in less developed countries.

While the developed world possesses resources to address and combat the uncertainties
caused by environmental degradation, global warming, and desertification, the impact is

disproportionately felt in less developed regions (Barbier et al., 1994).

Environmental degradation refers to the outcomes of socio-economic, technological,

and institutional activities (Rubabaza, 2019). The United Nations identifies environmental

degradation as one of the top ten threats facing the world today. This degradation occurs

when natural resources are depleted, with adverse impacts on water, air, soil, wildlife,

animals, plants, and micro-organisms due to human activities like industrialization, rapid

urbanization, extensive agriculture expansion, population growth, and deforestation

(Rubabaza, 2019). Researchers such as Repetto (2014) and Rowe et al. (1992) argue that

fuelwood consumption is a major contributor to environmental degradation and deforestation.

In Rwanda, firewood consumption constitutes 90% of the total energy consumption,

crucial for survival (Rubabaza, 2019). However, rural households face challenges as they rely

on gathering tree branches, leading to the destruction of forests due to firewood scarcity

(Rubabaza, 2019). According to a report from REMA (2018), the primary environmental

issues in Rwanda include soil degradation due to the loss of vegetation cover, overpopulation,

inappropriate agricultural systems, lack of anti-erosive measures, loss of biodiversity from

deforestation and mismanagement of wetlands, demographic pressure, migration and

resettlement of the population, pressure on wetlands due to marsh cleaning and hydro-

agricultural development, and uncontrolled production of domestic energy (firewood and

charcoal).

Environmental Impact: Biodiversity Implications

(Panayotou, 2010) highlights that environmental degradation in mountainous areas

results from interconnected factors, including resource scarcity, soil erosion, droughts, land

and mudslides, floods, loss of vegetation cover, and biodiversity disturbance. Among these
factors, the over-utilization of firewood stands out as a core influencing factor, which remains

the focus of this study.

To meet their energy needs, people often extract standing vegetation, leading to

widespread tree cutting. While biomass may eventually recover, the impact on biodiversity

can be permanent, especially in areas near sensitive or protected regions (Repetto, 2010). The

consequences extend to indirect economic costs for the local population, including the

reduced availability of fuel derived from nearby forests. Deforestation and land degradation

pose challenges for the local poor, as the demand from migrants increases fuel prices. On the

other hand, some members of local communities may benefit from trading firewood, charcoal,

and other products with migrants (Porter, 1994).

Perceptions of the Community Regarding Firewood Use

Fuelwood serves as a crucial energy source globally, with projections for 2000

indicating a potential crisis affecting 200 million people worldwide (FAO, 1981). Concerns

were particularly raised about the depletion of African forests to fulfill rural fuelwood needs

(UN, 1981). In Mali, fuelwood plays a vital role, constituting 89.1% of the energy consumed

(CCL, 1999; SED, 2000; DNCN, 2007). Primarily utilized for cooking and boiling water in

the cold season, rural per capita fuelwood consumption in Mali ranges from 291 to 574 kg per

year (Morton, 2007). To meet the demands under maximum consumption, 0.35 hectares of

woodland are required per person annually, exerting significant pressure on forest areas. The

aggressive demand for fuelwood has led to a 6% reduction in Malian forests from 2000 to

2005 (FAO, 2007). If this trend persists, Mali could confront a fuelwood crisis within the next

three decades (Diarra, 2002).

In the context of firewood, the substitution effect operates via the effect of increasing

wealth on the shadow cost of time spent by household members collecting firewood.

Moreover, firewood may be an inferior good: rising wealth raises households’ ability to
afford modern fuels purchased from the market as well as their awareness and concern for the

adverse health consequences of indoor air pollution from using firewood. In contrast, the

EKC hypothesis argues that reducing poverty may initially harm the environment, on the

premise that wealth effects are positive (owing to rising energy demands with living

standards) and strong enough for poor households to outweigh related substitution effects.

The extraction activities in woodfuel production may have adverse environmental

effects. But the extent in which extraction becomes detrimental or not will depend on the

technology employed and the rate of extraction which in turn depends on the demand for

fuelwood. It is also important to note that, in contrast to the traditional perception,

deforestation is not caused by the heavy reliance of people on wood fuels for energy

(Bhattarai, 1998).

Awareness Towards Sustainable Practices

Fuelwood serves as a crucial energy source, particularly in developing nations, where

approximately 2 billion people rely on it for energy (FAO, 2010). In 2011, fuelwood

consumption reached around 42 million m3, with an anticipated rise to 55 million m3 by 2030

(UN-REDD, 2017). Consequently, there is significant attention directed towards ensuring the

sustainable production and use of fuelwood to meet future demand. A comprehensive

understanding of the factors influencing fuelwood consumption patterns is essential for

sustainable utilization. Various elements contribute to the variation in fuelwood consumption,

including activities utilizing fuelwood (San et al., 2012), fuelwood prices (Danlami, 2019),

elevation (Khuman et al., 2011), and household size (Kituyi et al., 2001; Win et al., 2018a,

2018b). Uncovering evidence on the factors influencing fuelwood consumption rates holds

particular importance for policymakers.

TRADITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

 Another significant legislation in the field of forestry is RA 7586 (1992), also known

as the "National Integrated Protected Area System" (NIPAS). This law serves as the primary

framework governing protected areas, encompassing exceptional natural areas, biologically

important public lands, and habitats for rare and endangered plant and animal species. These

designated protected areas include strict nature reserves, natural monuments, wildlife

sanctuaries, protected landscapes and seascapes, resource reserves, and natural biotic areas.

Indigenous Peoples (IPs) assume a pivotal role as custodians of forests. Their

profound knowledge encompasses the understanding of diverse tree species, their

characteristics, uses, and propagation. This knowledge, passed down through generations,

prevents indiscriminate cutting and guides the community in sustainable harvesting practices.

For IPs, the forest serves as a multifaceted space—a playground, a recreational area, and a

training ground for survival skills. Their conservation practices are deeply ingrained in their

daily lives, reflecting a harmonious integration of traditional knowledge, systems, and

practices (Garcia and Naganag, 2014).

A. Forest Conservation Practices

Garcia and Naganag (2014) highlight that among IPs, the gathering of firewood or

any forest product from a designated area, known as "imong," is strictly regulated and

requires the owner's permission. It is a cultural taboo to enter this area without proper

consent. Even upland farming activities, including kaingin practices, are strictly forbidden in

these areas. The forest trees within the imong are reserved for constructing houses using light

materials and for obtaining firewood. To preserve these resources, only branches are pruned,

and the cutting of trees is strictly prohibited. Theft within the imong is met with severe

punishment, with the community using a traditional practice known as sapata (swearing) to

identify and penalize perpetrators.

A.1 Lapat

The practice of lapat involves prohibiting the cutting of wood or grazing in a specific

area as a mark of respect for the deceased. This interdiction typically lasts a year, during

which entry, gathering of fruits, and harvesting firewood are strictly prohibited. Violation of

lapat is met with severe penalties imposed by the village community. This practice is

observed in Apayao, Cordillera Region, in the Northern Philippines, and can also be applied

within households to designate specific areas as lapat (Garcia and Naganag, 2014).

B. Forest Management Activities

According to Garcia and Naganag (2014), IPs engage in forest management activities

resembling the natural dispersal of seeds by birds. Seeds collected during upland hunting are

intentionally spread in different areas, promoting the diversification of plants through human

intervention. This method introduces new tree species to various locations, facilitating easier

access for the community when needed. Periodic hunting and gathering practices are also

regulated, allowing wild animals to reproduce before hunting. Harvesting, land preparation,

and farming activities are synchronized within the community, fostering a collaborative

approach.

B.1 Selective Harvesting

The IPs adhere to a practice of selective harvesting, ensuring that only what is needed

for daily consumption or sale is collected. This approach prevents overharvesting, with only

adult trees felled when necessary for lumber.

B.2 Land Utilization

Kalingas and Ifugaos share a similar approach to land utilization. Specific portions of

their ancestral domains are allocated for grazing land, fetching drinking water, kaingin, rice

paddies, fruit trees, vegetables, legumes, root crops, and ceremonial offerings (sasaggangan).
B.3 Selective Cutting or Branch Pruning for Firewood

IPs implement a selective cutting approach, pruning tree branches instead of felling

entire trees. This practice ensures the stability of trees during typhoons and preserves straight

trees suitable for construction purposes.

B.4 Cleaning the Surroundings of Each Tree (Ga-at)

To prevent competition for sunlight and soil nutrients, IPs clean the surroundings of

each tree. Climbing vines are removed to promote straight growth, ideal for lumber and house

construction materials.

B.5 Strict Implementation of Tribal Laws

The rigorous enforcement of tribal laws acts as a deterrent against theft and

indiscriminate cutting. Perpetrators are identified through the sapata, and the elders convene

to determine the appropriate penalty or punishment (Garcia and Naganag, 2014).

Socioeconomic Factors Influencing Firewood Utilization

The vast majority (90 percent) of the survey participants believe that their living

conditions were better five years ago than they are currently. This assessment is grounded in a

comparison of factors such as the quantity and quality of food, social mobility, and the

duration of leisure time (Pasicolan, 1989). Fundamentally, in rural communities, the primary

source of income is the consumption of firewood, which plays a crucial economic role in

enhancing the well-being of the rural population through the utilization of forest resources.

Examining the various socioeconomic elements that impact the utilization of

firewood provides valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of this traditional energy

source. This section delves into the economic and social factors that shape the patterns of

firewood utilization within the community of Barangay Dibarosan. By exploring aspects such

as income levels, access to alternative energy sources, and cultural practices, we aim to
understand the broader context in which firewood is chosen as a primary source of energy.

Additionally, this analysis considers the implications of these socioeconomic factors on the

community's dependence on firewood and its subsequent effects on local forest conservation.

Challenges and Opportunities on the Firewood Utilizations

In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 2.9 billion people

worldwide still rely on solid fuels, including firewood, charcoal, coal, animal dung, and

agricultural residues, as their primary energy source for cooking and water heating. The

current consumption trends of solid fuels are expected to persist, leaving approximately 2.3

billion people dependent on firewood for these purposes in the coming decades (Scheid et al.,

2018). WHO (2016) highlighted that 95% of those dependent on solid fuels are concentrated

in sub-Saharan Africa. Semenya & Machete (2019) emphasized the association between the

prevalent use of firewood and the lack of clean or modern energy, such as electricity, which is

supported by Masekameni et al. (2017), revealing that over three billion people lack access to

electricity, contributing to the continued reliance on solid fuels. The study also underscores

that, in much of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), access to electricity

remains a developmental challenge, with only a few countries surpassing 66% electrification.

Mauritius achieved 100% electrification, followed by South Africa at 85%, and Botswana at

66%, while Malawi had the lowest electrification rate.

It is crucial to note that electrification alone is insufficient to reduce dependence on

solid fuel energy sources. Research shows that people continue to rely on biomass despite

having access to electricity (Ismail & Khembo, 2015; Masekameni et al., 2017; Semenya &

Machete, 2019). This is supported by literature indicating that South Africa, with high

electrification rates and progress in promoting modern energy accessibility, still faces

challenges. Even in electrified households, over 75% of rural households remain dependent
on solid fuels, especially firewood, for domestic needs (Israel-Ankimbo et al., 2018;

Masekameni et al., 2017). On average, rural households in South Africa exhibit a 75% to

100% dependency on firewood for cooking and water heating, while electricity is

predominantly used for lighting (Semenya and Machete, 2018; Uhunamure et al., 2017).

The Nature of Firewood/Fuelwood Challenges

A. Firewood/Fuelwood Challenges: Rural and Urban Dynamics

Fuelwood consumption patterns differ starkly between rural and urban areas,

presenting unique challenges in both settings. In many developing countries, rural

households, particularly in Africa and South Asia, heavily rely on fuelwood, constituting over

75 percent of their energy use. This dependency intertwines with land resource management

in rural economies, emphasizing the importance of tenurial arrangements (Mercer and

Soussan, 1992).

For the impoverished, fuelwood is often the sole option for meeting basic needs,

making issues related to access integral to the broader rural development crisis. Regardless of

international energy developments, rural fuelwood use remains crucial, necessitating policies

that recognize this fundamental reality (Mercer and Soussan, 1992).

In urban areas, fuelwood challenges intensify with rapid urbanization. While

household sectors primarily use fuelwood, the concept of an energy transition comes into play

as people gradually shift to modern fuels. The structure of urban fuel markets significantly

influences consumer preferences, with factors like accessibility, affordability, and supply

security impacting choices. Urban fuelwood consumption can adversely affect rural areas,

where dealers often exploit woodlands without sustainable practices, essentially depleting

resources. Addressing these multifaceted fuelwood issues requires a comprehensive approach

embedded within the broader context of controlling and managing land resource systems

(ETC 1987).
B. Key challenges

Several challenges hinder sustainable access and utilization of firewood, specifically,

the imbalance between supply and demand, gender inequality and knowledge gaps.

B.1. Imbalance between supply and demand

Firewood is generally sourced from farmlands, private/public plantations or

indigenous forests where tree by-products such as pruned branches from forest plantations or

fallen pieces of wood are collected. Some firewood is also gathered from ‘gazetted’ forests.

Through restrictions on the number of human loads that can be collected per day and on

implements that can be used in wood-cutting (e.g. machetes, not axes). However, enforcement

of these regulations is often weak, leading to illegal harvesting of young trees, thus hindering

natural regeneration of trees and threatening already low forest cover. The demand for

commercial firewood from private plantations and individual farms currently exceeds supply,

leading to firewood collection in vulnerable ecosystems such as dryland areas where

vegetation can only be naturally regenerated (Nyambane et al., 2014).

B.2 Gender inequality

The challenging and tiring task of collecting firewood for household use is often the

responsibility of women and children. This involves spending at least one day each week

travelling long distances to the forest hence limited time to be involved in other more

productive activities, and carrying heavy loads of firewood on their backs or heads, thus

risking spinal, head and leg injuries. In addition, they are at risk of being attacked by wild

animals and human beings. Young children involved in firewood collection often miss

education opportunities, a situation that disproportionately affects girls (Nyambane et al.,

2014). Besides the negative impacts of firewood collection, the household air pollution

generated by the use of firewood in inefficient cookstoves – e.g. the traditional three-stone

fire – in poorly ventilated dwellings mainly affects women and children who spend most of

their time in the kitchen. These devices produce products of incomplete combustion that are
associated with respiratory diseases. According to the latest Global Burden of Disease

estimates, use of biomass fuels is now the second leading risk factor for ill health in

developing countries (Lim and Vos, 2012).

Giving women such a role implies challenging or circumventing the social and

institutional barriers that limit the scope for integrating women in the planning process.

Needless to say, this task will be difficult in most communities where men control the

resources (especially land and cash) needed to confront fuelwood stress. Furthermore, men

typically dominate local institutions that regulate resource management, provide links to the

outside world, and perpetuate gender inequalities. This situation creates particularly difficult

problems because the local land, finance, and institutions are obviously the resources that

need to be harnessed to build local solutions to fuelwood stress (Mercer and Soussan, 1992).

B.3 Knowledge gaps

According to Nyambane et al., 2014 that firewood collection and use is a traditional

activity that has received relatively limited attention from researchers, development

practitioners, development partners (donors) and policy makers. This has led to a general lack

of knowledge on how to move to more sustainable practices associated with the use of

firewood. Important knowledge and knowledge-generating activities for different actors

include:

 Farmers: Knowledge on farm planning such as where, how and which species of

trees to plant on their farms and how to harvest firewood from these trees (Miti,

2013).

 Researchers and project implementers: Mapping of woodfuel multipurpose tree

species for different ecological zones and involvement of end users in

development of technologies aimed at energy use efficiency such as improved

firewood cookstoves.
  Policy makers: Scalable data on good practices as well as funding and

enforcement of existing bioenergy policies and regulations.

CHAPTER III

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter includes the locale of the study, research design, duration of the study,

entry protocol and reconnaissance, specific methods, and the data analysis.

Locale of the Study

Dibarosan is a barangay in the municipality of Madalum, in the province of Lanao

del Sur. Its population as determined by the 2020 Census was 901. This represented 3.40% of

the total population of Madalum. Dibarosan is geographically located at approximately

7.8697, 124.0874, on the island of Mindanao, with an estimated elevation of 1,063.7 meters

or 3,489.8 feet above mean sea level.

In the 2015 Census, the residential population of Dibarosan stood at 902, distributed

among 148 households, averaging 6.09 members per household. According to the census

data, the age category with the highest population in Dibarosan is 5 to 9 years old, accounting

for 164 individuals. Conversely, the age brackets 65 to 69 and 70 to 74 have the lowest

population, each with only one individual. When combining age groups, those aged 14 and

below, constituting the young dependent population, make up 49.11% (443 individuals). In

contrast, individuals aged 15 to 64, representing the economically active population and

potential workforce members, constitute 50.22% (453 individuals). Finally, the old dependent
population, comprising senior citizens aged 65 and above, totals 0.67% (6 individuals). The

calculated Age Dependency Ratios reveal that in Dibarosan, there are 98 youth dependents

for every 100 working-age individuals, one senior citizen for every 100 in the workforce, and

overall, 99 dependents (combining young and old) for every 100 working-age individuals.

The median age of 15 indicates that half of Dibarosan's population is below 15, while the

other half is older than 15.

Over the span of 30 years, Dibarosan's population witnessed substantial growth,

rising from 242 in 1990 to 901 in 2020, marking a notable increase of 659 people. However,

the latest census figures from 2020 show a marginal negative growth rate of 0.02%, indicating

a decrease of 1 person compared to the 2015 population of 902.

Figure 2: Showing the map of Brgy. Dibarosan, Madalum, Lanao del Sur.

Research Design
 This study uses a mixed-methods approach to thoroughly investigate the connection

between firewood use and forest conservation in Barangay Dibarosan, Lanao del Sur. The

quantitative phase involves structured surveys with randomly or strategically selected

households to examine current firewood usage patterns. The surveys will explore the

frequency, methods, and reasons for using firewood. Statistical tools, such as descriptive

statistics and regression analysis, will analyze the data to identify correlations between

firewood use and potential influencing factors. Simultaneously, the qualitative phase includes

in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) with purposefully selected

individuals or groups to understand the factors influencing community practices related to

firewood. Content analysis of qualitative data, including interview transcripts and FGD

recordings, will provide insights into socio-economic, cultural, and environmental influences,

as well as community awareness and engagement in conservation efforts. Field observations

and ecological assessments, alongside the survey and interview data, involve on-site

observations and collaboration with environmental experts to measure the impact of firewood

use on forest conservation. The integration of findings through triangulation aims to provide a

comprehensive understanding of the complex relationship between firewood use and forest

conservation in Barangay Dibarosan.

Duration of the Study

The research will go through several stages:

1. Research Initiation (Nov-Dec 2023): Define objectives, get approvals, finalize the

design, and defend the proposal.

2. Literature Review (Nov 2023-Jan 2024): Review existing literature on firewood use,

forest conservation, and related factors.

3. Research Design and Ethics (Dec 2023-Jan 2024): Plan the mixed-methods approach,

set survey parameters, collaborate with experts, establish ethical protocols, and ensure

compliance.
4. Surveys and Data Collection (Dec 2023-Apr 2024): Implement the mixed-methods

approach, conduct surveys, interviews, and collaborate with experts while ensuring

ethical standards.

5. Data Analysis (Mar-May 2024): Use statistical tools, explore correlations, identify

themes, and integrate findings for a comprehensive understanding.

6. Findings, Interpretation, and Recommendations (Ongoing from Apr 2024): Prepare a

comprehensive report, share findings, formulate policy recommendations, advocate

for sustainable practices, and finalize the paper.

7. Research Defense (Ongoing from Apr 2024): Present and defend the research through

various channels, ensure clarity and coherence, and submit the final edited hardbound

thesis.
Table 1. Presents the Gantt Chart/Timeline illustrating the comprehensive schedule for this research.

The estimated budget for this research project, ranging from 20,000.00 to 25,000, is

carefully crafted to cover all aspects of the research process, including collaboration and

coordination at all levels of the Local Government Unit. The budget is designed to be flexible,

accommodating potential variations in actual costs. It encompasses expenses for

transportation, meals (including snacks for respondents), and various field-related costs,

ensuring the smooth execution of the study. Additionally, it covers data analysis, expert

consultation, and the preparation of the final paper. Funds are allocated for the defense of

research findings and the production of a hardbound copy. While these figures are estimates,

the acknowledgment of potential variability emphasizes the understanding that actual needs

and costs may change during the research process. This detailed breakdown aims to promote

transparency and facilitate a precise assessment of the financial requirements for the

successful completion of the research, including collaboration and coordination at all levels of

the Local Government Unit.

Specific Methods

The study on firewood use and forest conservation in Barangay Dibarosan employs a

mixed-methods approach for a comprehensive understanding. The quantitative phase utilizes

structured surveys, employing random or stratified sampling, to collect data on firewood use

patterns and potential influencing factors. Statistical tools analyze the survey data. In the

qualitative phase, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions explore socio-economic,
cultural, and environmental influences. Site observations and ecological assessments, in

collaboration with experts, provide on-the-ground insights into firewood practices and their

impact on the local forest. Integrating findings from both methods enhances validity, and the

research team prepares a comprehensive report with visual aids for clarity. Findings are

shared with the community to enrich the study with local perspectives and foster community

involvement in understanding firewood use and forest conservation.

The research in Barangay Dibarosan employs surveys, interviews, and observations

to comprehensively explore firewood use and forest conservation. The study aims to

understand patterns, influences, and impacts while involving the community through

presentations for a well-rounded perspective.

Data Analysis

In the data analysis phase, the research will utilize Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to

align results with the research objectives. ANOVA will be applied to evaluate variations in

firewood utilization patterns, addressing frequency, methods, and purposes of consumption in

line with the first objective. Additionally, it will help identify influencing factors related to

socio-economic, cultural, and environmental aspects, aligning with the second objective. The

application of ANOVA extends to assessing the impact of firewood utilization on forest

conservation, covering ecological consequences, deforestation rates, and habitat degradation

in alignment with the third objective. This statistical approach ensures a structured and

comprehensive examination, contributing valuable insights to the understanding of

sustainable practices in Barangay Dibarosan.

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