Professional Documents
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DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE BACHELOR OF ARTS (BA) DEGREE
IN ECONOMICS.
i
Table of contents
Contents page
Acronym.......................................................................................................................................i
CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................6
2. LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................6
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................17
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................17
REFERENCE.............................................................................................................................22
iii
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
Ethiopia is one of the fewer developing countries (LDCs) and characterized by rapid
population growth which is not balanced with economic development of the country. In 1998,
Ethiopia ranked 20th with 60 million populations. The projected population of 169 million in
2050 were ranked country 9th most populated in the world and 2nd in Africa following Nigeria.
The Ethiopia annual growth rate was 2.4% with the doubling time of population is about 24
years. Such rapid growth population change in fact strains socio-economic development of our
country seriously. In Ethiopia rapid population growth brought a reduction in per capital
income, social service provision, unemployment, dependency ratio, natural resource and
environment degradation, job opportunity, basic need self-sufficient provision of good and
service and size of land available for farming and housing (EEA,2008).
Ethiopia high young population implies large dependence on productive peoples. The
distribution of population is more settled on highland area and low in lowland areas. High
land area have available environment for agriculture production. This high concentration of
population causes environmental change such as land degradation, deforestation and soil
erosion as well as change in rain fall (CSA, 2010).
Oromia regional state is one of the largest regions in the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia (FDREFDRE) that share boarder with other regions and highly populated with
different unique features. The region is rich in natural resource and have very good
environment for investment and agricultural production. The region is characterized by rapid
population growth especially around urban areas. Oromia ranked first in terms of population
size with a population density of 61.5 people per square kilometer. The fertility rate of the
region was about 7.3 children per women. The regional population growth is not balanced
with the economic development and this brought various impacts (Population Annual Report
of Oromia, 2011).
Ambo is among a few privileged towns of its time to have its own municipal
administration since 1931, and a master plan since 1983. It covers a total area of 1 320
hectares.
The town is serving as an administrative, commercial and transport center of the western
Shoa zone. The town was selected to be one of twenty in the Oromia region to benefit
from a federal reform program projection), the current population is estimated at 50,284
inhabitants.
The municipality only counts registered residents of the town. Given the transitory nature
of the town, a large proportion is thought to be unaccounted for economy. The economy
of Ambo town is predominantly based on administration and social services sector the
employments and other activities.
Rapid population growth in Ethiopia has aggravated for existing gap of unmet need of social
service and the quality of health and education services in the country and have been
continued to be deteriorated by rapid population growth (Befekadu et al., 2019).
Many research scholars showed that the rapid population growth has its own consequences on
socio-economic development in urban areas. These unsolved and non-conclusive problems
include decrease in land holding, high rate of unemployment, shortage of social service and
housing issues and etc. Thus, by taking the above noted problems into account this research
paper assesses the effect of population growth on socio-economic development of Ambo town.
Economic and social development is a process of improving the quality of all human lives
aspects of development are raising peoples level of living in their income and consumption
level, creating condition conducive to growth of people self-esteem and increasing people
freedom enlarging range of their choice.
It is also include change in social service, economic transformation, job opportunity and
infrastructure facilities development in the society (MOFED, 2009).
In most developing countries rapid population growth has various consequences on socio-
economic development. According to UN ,in LDCs 80% of population engaged in agriculture
production, However, land holding diminishing that decrease production of agriculture result
in short age of food securities. As population rises the demand for natural resource and social
service increase and capital per worker ratio decrease lowering standard of living. Population
have a major barrier to alleviate poverty cycle, inequality and under development of economic
absorbing capacities of economy increases unemployment and migration of labor force.
Population growth dampens economic growth and social transformation through capital
shadowing effect that is reduction in capital per worker ratio, age dependence of young
resulting in high consumption of food production, depleting saving and investment activity in
the country (EEA, 2008).
In Ethiopia as EEA states that the relationships between rapid population growth and socio-
economic development have a negative effect due to the imbalance between population
growth and economic development. The strong relationship between population and economic
development is the area of food production and supply, sustainable economic growth, poverty
alleviation, PCI, job opportunity distribution of social service, standard of living and land
share that will be mismatch with present Ethiopian population growth and economic
development. The size of population in relation to economic growth and development and
standard of living is negatively related, this shows under development of economy and rapid
population growth. (EEA, 2010)
While Dyson (2010) contends that mortality decline is the chief cause of economic
development, Beall (2009) argues that the direction of causality should be reversed, i.e., it is
the improvement in the standard of living that results in lower death rates. (Tegegne G.E and
Edlam A. Y, 2019) also show that the dire living conditions that came with the industrial
revolution and modern economic growth in cities of Europe during the nineteenth century
might have raised mortality rates. On the other hand, evidence from contemporary developing
economies tends to show that it is mortality decline that leads to economic growth, as it
increases investment in both physical and human capital via increased savings rates and
education (Bloom and Canning, 2008).
Furthermore, mortality tends to fall as a result of declines in death rates from infectious
diseases. Declines in these diseases tend to bring about an improvement in the nutritional
status of children which in turn leads to a fitter future labor force. In fact, Strauss and Thomas
(1998) show that healthier workers tend to be more productive. In pre-transitional societies,
relatively rapid population growth almost always resulted in a fall in the standard of living due
to the rather severe limits to the technical progress in agriculture or to the fixed supply of land,
as pointed out by Birhanu K.T. et.al, 2019). This prompts Clark (2007) to state that income
levels before the nineteenth century could not escape the Malthusian equilibrium due to the
very low rate of technological advance in all economies. However, according to the
‘neutralist’ or ‘revisionist’ view, high population growth rates in developing countries since
the middle of the twentieth century have had little effect on per capita GDP growth (Kelley
and McGreevy, 1994).
Simon (1981, 1989) would go as far as suggesting that population growth may have had
appositive impact on per capita GDP growth in the long run through improvement of
productivity through the contribution of new ideas and the learning-by-doing resulting from
increased production volume. The current consensus is that, as more data become available,
rapid population growth has exerted a significant negative effect on economic growth in
developing countries ( Sachs, 2008), and Headey and Hodge, 2009).
The recent experience of fertility decline in developing countries in Asia and Latin America
has reduced a country’s dependency ratio, which then raised the potential for faster economic
growth through higher saving and investment levels in both physical capital such as roads,
production facilities and human capital such as higher educational attainment and training for
each young worker, particularly for an extended period over which the labor force increases at
a faster rate than the pool of dependent people (Birhanu K.T. et.al, 2019).
Due to this decline, however, eventually this region will experience an increase in its old-age
dependency ratio as is the case for both Europe and Japan (Bloom et al. 2009).
Population ageing thus may be exercising a negative impact on economic growth. While many
problems such as congestion, pollution, and slum settlements are caused by urban growth in
contemporary developing countries, cities are often described as ‘engines’ of growth (Beall
and Fox, 2009).
Cities also provide large and concentrated markets, allowing for economies of scale in the
production of manufactured goods as well as low transportation costs. It is in urban areas that
firms can better match their labor demands with the supply of skills, while the returns to
infrastructure such as roads, port facilities, and electricity grids are greater due to the
concentration of industries and firms. By analyzing international data for the period since 1975
and find that urban growth has been positively associated with per capita GDP growth.
Hypothesize that per capita GDP growth in a developing country is a function of the following
factors: the level of urbanization, urban growth, population growth, and population growth
squared, young and old dependency ratios, the mortality rate, the total fertility rate (Fox and
Dyson, 2008).
In Ethiopia, the impacts of rapid population growth on social and economic development have
degradation of natural resource, change in climate, decline in land for housing rise in urban
center to constraint / building home, and soil erosion are the result of population. The
traditional means of exploiting natural resource have to be environmentally harmed full and
economically unproductive.
The rapid population growth increase working age group or new labor force to labor market.
Young full age structure in impacts on employment resource as a large number of people
enter in to labor force every year. In our country due to low economic level the economically
active labor force absorbed capacity of the economy is limited .The majority of young people
entering the labor force market work in traditional agricultural sector and this puts a heavy
burden on natural resource, environment condition, social security’s and political issues. The
problem of unemployment is high in urban area, which results due to migration of people from
rural to urban to search better job, good living standard and better per capital income.
Migration is the movement of people in space, often involving change in usual place of
residence .Specially, migration have a number of various effect of reliving population resource
in crowd area ,spending cultures from one area to another an bringing group into contact and
there by conflict. Similarly, many studies have proved that rural-urban migration strongly
affects the agricultural sector in rural area by removing labor force from the area to urban
(Herbert J. Gans, 2001).
Internal migration has the main effect of redistributing the population size between rural and
urban areas, and between rural areas of low potential to those of higher agricultural potential.
Therefore, internal migration is an important element of population dynamics in agricultural
countries like Ethiopia, where internal migration is insignificant by volume. The overall inter
regional flows have been from the northern region to the south west and south east regions,
as well as Finfinne (Addis Ababa) city .This indicates that the migrant have been moving out
of the densely populated eroded northern and central high lands to area with available land of
agriculture and better job opportunity(Girma,2003).
Effects on health: Ethiopia has registered a poor health statutes and high rate of population
growth with weak economic development. The poor health status is largely attributable to
prevent table infection disease and nutritional deficiencies. Poverty cycle, low level of
education, inadequate access to clean water, shortage of sanitary facilities and poor access
modern health facilities have contributed to the poor health situation or status in Ethiopia.
Effects on education: the rapid population growth has resulted in growing demand for
education. Now days though school are being built, total number of students has increased
enormously. Thus there are still large number of children who do not get chance to go school
especially in rural areas. In many urban centers school have overcrowded class rooms. to
improve this situation a large sum of money on building schools ,purchasing educational
facilities and printing books as well as training the teachers being invested but failed to
satisfies rapid population growth of children population.
Effects on Housing: Ethiopia is currently facing a serious problem of housing due to limited
supply. The short age is aggravated by the high rate of growing of population and by the
stagnation in the construction of residential houses. Rapid population growth leads to high
demand for housing shelter and other social service. Homelessness is already a major part of
the housing problem, mainly around urban center. The number of homeless person or squatter
who live in bus station, pavement and in any open spaces has increased. In Ethiopia housing
sector lack comprehensive policy, which create favorable condition for housing market. Thus
at present there is little change in construction of housing (Berhanu, 2008).
In Ethiopia the number of population grow highly, without showing population growth, that
result in unemployment, migration, homeless, population density, low food supply and
agricultural production could fuel political instability and under development of the economy.
The rapid rate of urban population growth which Ethiopia has been experiencing since last
decade couples of year has reached level where possess serious problem to national
development and promotion of social welfare (Berhanu, 2008).
Experiences over the last couple of decades in Ethiopia have shown that when human
numbers increased the population carrying capacity of the environment decreased.
“High population growth rate included in increased demand for resources and the rate all
which these resources are exploited. In Ethiopia where technology has not kept pace with the
demands for greater productivity, environmentally harmful and economic country productive
methods or exploiting land associated resources are resorted in order to meet immediate needs.
As a consequence; climatic condition became erratic and soil quality declined at an alarming
rate” (national population policy of Ethiopia 2005).
Empirical evidence on Ethiopia agriculture and population growth shows as that there is a
wide gap between population growth and the corresponding in food production. “Declining
per capital production, low caloric consumption and increasing food insecurity and resource
exploitations are the likely consequence of population pressure in Ethiopia (NPPOE, 2005).
In an Africa context in general and Ethiopia in particularly the growth in food production has
failed to keep pace with population growth. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example the growth of
per capital food production is 2% while the population is growing at 3% per annum” (Abbi,
2011).
The study will be conduct in Ambo Town, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Ambo town
is located in the western Shoa zone of the Oromia region, some 114 kilometers west of
Addis Ababa, the capital. Established in 1889, Ambo is one of the towns in Ethiopia. It is
situated in the highlands at an altitude of 2100 meters above sea level. The mean
temperature is 18.6 degree centigrade. (UN.HABITAT, 2008)
Ambo is among a few privileged towns of its time to have its own municipal
administration since 1931, and a master plan since 1983. It covers a total area of 1320
hectares.
The town is serving as an administrative, commercial and transport center of the western
Shoa zone. The town is select to be one of twenty in the Oromia region to benefit from a
federal reform program projection), the current population is estimated at 50,284
inhabitants.
The municipality only counts registered residents of the town. Given the transitory nature
of the town, a large proportion is thought to be unaccounted for economy. The economy
of Ambo town is predominantly based on administration and social services sector the
employments, industry workers and other activities.
Where; N=50,284
e=0.1
50,284
n¿
1+ 50,284 ( 0.1 ) 2
50,284
n¿
1+ 502.84
50,284
n¿
503.84
n=100
Similarly, the econometric model employed in the study (which is predominantly found in the
literature, such as the works of Adeusi, et al. (2013) and YousfiImane(2013).
4 Data collection
5 Data analysis
6 Proposal Defense
7 Writing first draft
8 Writing second finalized thesis
Ruler No 1 20 20
Binding No 4 30 120
Total 3820
Total 1800
4 Total 5,620
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