Pva Grade 4

Addis Ababa City Administration Education
Machine Translated by Google
Chapter 1
Performing and Visual Arts Education

Student Textbook
th
4 Class
Addis Ababa City Administration Education Office
2014 / 2021 /
Performing and visual arts education i

Performing and Visual Arts Education
Student Textbook
Organizers
Elias Demisse
Endale Abate
Belay Alemayehu
Eyasu Sileshi
Ribka Wondimagegn
Yematawork Yitayal
Assessors
Eyerusalem Bedane
Markos Woldehana
Solomon Hailemariam
Coordinator
Getachew Talema
Layout Design
Entoto Polytechnic College
Performing and visual arts education

© 2014 Addis Ababa City Administration Education Office
We are grateful to all those who used the quotes and pictures in this book as sources.
Acknowledgment
The Head of the Education Bureau, Mr. Zelalem Mulatu, deserves

great thanks for his great support in making this textbook come
to fruition from preparation to completion, by sharing his
experiences, generating and presenting ideas in panel
discussions, by having it prepared by teachers who teach in our
city, by approving the necessary budget and by ensuring that it is
managed with strict discipline. For the success of our work, by
always being with us, providing solutions to the problems
encountered, monitoring the implementation process, evaluating
and paying attention to the management members of the
Education Bureau, who were by our side, Deputy Head of the
Curriculum Sector, Mr. Admasu Dechasa, Deputy Head of the
Education Technology Sector, Mr.Dagnaw Gebru, Deputy Head
of Teacher Development Sector Mr.Samson Melese, Consultant of
Head of Education Bureau, Mrs. Abebech Negash, Mr. Sisay
Endale, Head of Education Bureau, Technical Advisor, Mr. Desta
Mersha deserve thanks for their contribution.
Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to the school

principals, for giving special attention to the work and for
sendingus teachers and providing moral support.
Directory
Title Page
1. Chapter One /Artistic Understanding/ ......................................................................... 1

1.1 Consideration(Thinking) in terms of music.............................................................................. 2
1.1.1 Hymns made from whole notes to quarter notes .................................................................... 2
1.1.2 Full note and rest mark: ....................................................................................................... 2

1.1.3 Half note and rest mark................................................................................................................ 3
1.1.4 Quarter note and rest mark ......................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Dance ............................................................................................................................................ 9
1.2.1 Understanding Voiceless Motion .......................................................................................... 11
1.3 Drama/Play ....................................................................................................................................... 12
1.3.1 About Monkey's Judgment .................................................................................................. 12

1.3.2 About the lion and the tiger, about the hyena and the donkey’s companionship ..................... 14
1.3.3 About one of the wealthy man ............................................................................................. 16
1.3.4 Voiceless movement / Mime .................................................................................................. 18
1.3.5 Activity ..............................................................................................................................................18
What did you see? .........................................................................................................................19
1.4 Study of various forms and colors ................................................................................................ 19

1.4.1 Form ............................................................................................................................................... 20
1.4.2 Free "loose" organic forms found in nature… .............................................................................. 21
1.4.3 Colors.............................................................................................................................................. 22
1.4.4 Location of Colors ............................................................................................................................23
1.4.5 Why is it important to know colors?...................................................................................... 24
1.4.6 What do we need to paint colors? Disciplines of painting ......................................................24
1.4.7 Portrait and landscape photography ............................................................................................. 25
1.4.8 Advantages of photography in brief ............................................................................................... 25
1.4.9 Portrait and landscape photography .............................................................................................. 26
Summary: ....................................................................................................................................... 27
Overall assessment .................................................................................................................................. 28
2. Chapter Two / Defining creativity /..........................................................................................29
2.1 Individual/group performance in terms of music ............................................................................ 29

2.1.1 Staff and clefs ..................................................................................................................................30
2.1.2 Staff .................................................................................................................................................. 3

2.1.3 Clef ( Key of music)… ................................................................................................................... 33

2.1.4 - G- Clef (Treble Clef) A thin tone note… .................................................................................... 33
2.1.5 F-clef (bass clef) high pitch note… ............................................................................................... 35
2.1.6 Auxiliary (Additional Lines) ........................................................................................................ 38
2.2 Traditional dance…......................................................................................................................... 42
2.2.1 Ethiopian dance types in few........................................................................................................ 43
2.3 Voiceless drama and recitation....................................................................................... 44
2.3.1 Silent play / drama / .................................................................................................................... 44

2.3.2 Recitation .................................................................................................................................... 45
2.3.3 Camel ............................................................................................................................................. 45
2.4 Making collage and soft and rough forms using local resources… .................................................... 47
2.4.1 Live Design ..................................................................................................................................... 49
2.4.2 Conceptual design ......................................................................................................................... 49
2.4.3 Form Version (Smoothness and Roughness) ................................................................................ 52
2.4.4 Form................................................................................................................................................. 53
2.4.5 Smoothness and Roughness ........................................................................................................ 56
Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 58
Summative Assessment .......................................................................................................................... 58
3. Chapter three /historical and cultural contexts / ............................................................................... 61
3.1 The importance of music in the society ............................................................................................. 62
3.1.1 War songs… ................................................................................................................................... 63
3.1.2 Crying tunes… ................................................................................................................................ 63
3.1.3 Children's Songs… .......................................................................................................................... 63
3.1.4 The role of music in society from a historical perspective… ......................................................... 67
3.2 The art of dance in the society from the perspective of culture and history.................................. 68
3.3 The role of the art of theater in the society from the perspective of culture and history ................. 70
3.3.1 From the point of view of faith ..................................................................................................... 70
3.3.2 From the point of culture… .............................................................................................................. 70
3.4. The role of visual arts in society from the perspective of culture and history ................................... 72
3.4.1 The role of visual arts in society from the perspective of culture… ............................................... 73
3.4.2 The role of visual arts in society from the perspective of history….............................................. 77
Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 80

Summative Assessment: ................................................................................................................80

4. Chapter four / aesthetic Value (value) ......................................................................................82
4.1 The importance of practicing music (value ) ............................................................................. 84
4.1.1 Knowing indigenous music and admiring ............................................................................... 86
4.1.2 Ethiopian traditional musical instruments ............................................................................. 86
4.1.3 Breathing sound Among the devices that create: ................................................................... 87
4.1.4 Devices that create noise (collision): ....................................................................................... 87
4.1.5 Instruments that produce string (vibration) sound ................................................................. 88
4.1.6 The four traditional studies of Ethiopia ................................................................................... 90
4.1.7 The ways we hear .................................................................................................................90
4.2 The Importance of Practicing the Art of Dance...........................................................................90
4.3 The Importance of Practicing the Art of Drama Significance ...................................................... 93

4.2.1 To build the experience of social life. ..................................................................................... 94
4.2.2 It is used to develop the body................................................................................................ 94
4.2.3 To develop the mind through knowledge ...............................................................................94
4.3 Indigenous games...................................................................................................................... 95
4.3.1 Foolish couple........................................................................................................................95
4.4 The Importance of Practicing Visual Arts .................................................................................. 96
4.4.1 From the point of view of aesthetics ...................................................................................... 97
4.4.2 In terms of expressing feelings ............................................................................................ 97
4.4.3 From a psychological point of view............................................................................................. 97

4.4.4 From the community perspective: ...............................................................................................97
4.4.5 Knowing and appreciating indigenous home practices, ornaments .......................................... 98
Summary ................................................................................................................................... 100
Summative Assessment.............................................................................................................. 101
5. Chapter Five / Correlation and Application / ........................................................................ 102
5.1 Relating Music to Other Subjects ........................................................................................... 103
5.1.1 Relating music to other subjects ................................................................................................. 104
5.2.1 Recording movements and dances from plants and animals ................................................... 108
5.2.2 Dance… ........................................................................................................................................ 108
5.4 Relating Visual Arts to Other Subjects .................................................................................... 111

5.4.1 Relating shapes, shapes and colors to mathematics and other subjects...................... 112
5.4.2 Ratio of visual arts and mathematics education..................................................... 112
5.4.3 Types of Shapes ....................................................................................................... 113
5.4.4 Triangle.................................................................................................................... 113
5.4.5 Circle .......................................................................................................................113
5.4.6 Square ................................................................................................................... 113
5.4.7 The relationship between visual arts and science education ..................................... 113
5.4.8 Color combination .......................................................................................................... 114
Summary......................................................................................................................... 115
Summary assessment ...................................................................................................... 115
Reference Books ..............................................................................................................117

Introduction
Operational and visual arts are very important for the social, economic and
psychological development of a country. The countries that are considered to
be economically developed in the world have shown their superior use in these
fields of art. They are using these arts to introduce their culture to other
countries.
In our country, it is important to take training with the help of education in

order to get the multifaceted benefits that these arts can contribute.
Therefore, in this class, students will see various indigenous performing
and visual arts. You will understand the important role of these arts in
terms of promoting culture, passing on history and shaping the next
generation.
In this class, you will see various aspects of performance and visual art,
including types of shapes, different colors, musical notes from full notes to
quarter notes with their rests, silent drama and reciting etc. You will also
develop your performance and visual arts skills by singing, dancing and
drawing different pictures.
By combining and relating the above mentioned artistic knowledge with

other types of education, it will help you to develop your understanding of
other types of education.
The general purpose of the lesson
 You will understand different types of shapes, forms and colors.

 You will separate musical notes from whole notes to quarter notes
with rests.
 You will perform a mime (drama or act without the use of speech).
 You will sing songs and perform dances.
 You will explain portrait and landscape photographs.
 You will show actions of the messages that you see and hear in sound and
image.
 You will separate the empty spaces from their bright lines, the type of
keys and staff lines where the keys are placed.
 You will understand music written on the staff (written on the lines and
in the blank spaces).
 You will perform family activities with songs and dances.
 According to the instructions that you will be given, you will draw pictures
make collages and paint them.
 You will appreciate decoration, music and games that are made by local
and indigenous practices.
 You will distinguish the difference between a silent drama and
arecitation.
 You will distinguish the difference between a drawing and a photograph.
 You will explain the correlation of performing and visual arts with other
subjects.
 You will explain the importance of rhymes, shapes and colors. You
imitate the movements of plants and animals.

Chapter 1
Artistic Understanding
Introduction
Students who are in this educational level and age range studying performance and visual arts
education are expected to develop their knowledge in music, dance, theater and visual arts
(painting) education fields, perform songs anddances from full notes to quarter notes; The study
of different shapes, forms and colors; Finally, these students are expected to develop their
knowledge and skills in static photography.
General Objective:-
• You will explain types of shapes, forms and different colors.
• You will identify musical notes from whole note to quarter note along
with the rest notes.

• You will do a voice-over (silent) drama.
• You will explain portrait and landscape photographs.
Performing and visual arts education 1

4th class Chapter 1
1.1 Consideration in terms of music

In this lesson, students will learn both conceptually and practically. You need to think deeply
about the knowledge you have acquired.
Detailed Objectives of the Course
After learning this lesson:

 You will identify whole note to quarter note with their rest
marks based on their duration and shape.
• You will sing songs together by combining musical notes and written letters
together.
• You will rehearse poems.
1.1.1 Songs made from whole note to quarter note
1.1.1 Full note and Full note rest sign

It represents the longest duration of musical notes and has duration of four beats. Due to its
length, it is a type of note that needs to be counted with attention and requires our full attention
to be on the count. The rest note also has the same duration as the whole note and is different
in its shape and the rest note is a musical notation that commands to be played in time without
sound.

4th class Chapter 1
1- A full note with a rest note
1.1.3 Half note and half note rest sign: represents a longer duration next to a whole note
and has a duration of half that of a whole note. That means it's a two-beat interval. The rest
note also has the same duration as a half note and is different in its shape as well as the rest
note is a note sign that is silent for two beats without making any sound.
Figure 2: The duration of a half note with the equivalent of a rest note

4th class Chapter 1
1.1.4 Quarter note and quarter note rest sign: A type of note with one beat among musical
notes that represents half the duration of a half note. The difference with the half note
isthat the circle is darker. In addition, the rest note has the same duration as the quarter
note and is different in shape and the rest note is a note that is played in time without
making any sound.
Figure 3: Quarter note time duration with the rest note symbol
Exercise 1:
Song title: (Vocalist Mahmoud Ahmed)
Students as you sing this song, you will find two benefits. The first one is that you will be able to sing using the note
reading method that you have learned from the above concept level and practice in combination with the
pronunciation. In addition, when you sing the song, you will learn about patriotism and loving the country.

4th class Chapter 1
Exercise 2:
Students from this song, you will learn that peace is very important to all mankind and it is a
resource that allows people to live together happily and without fear. Also, singing this song
over and over will help you get a better understanding of the timing (duration) of each note.

class Chap
Exercise 3:
This song is sung repeatedly by students, so it is a song that makes it easy for you to
sing by combining letters and notes. Therefore, as you sing this song; you will
recognize each other's understanding, sympathy and love.
Song title: My brother Yakob

4th class Chapter 1
Exercise 1:
1. Circle the symbol of a full note break from the note placed in the box.

4th class Chapter 1
2. Circle the symbol of the quarter note from the notes placed
in the box.
Exercise 2:
Complete the missing letters by looking at the following song.

4th class Chapter 1
1.2 Dance
Detailed purpose of the lesson
After learning this lesson:

 You will understand traditional dance.
 You will know different types of Ethiopian
traditional dances.

Dance is the art of movement that comes from emotion. It is an art that is known, used
and practiced by people of different geographical regions and different cultures for their
specific purposes.
Dance is a branch of art that has a different character from human creativity. Emotions
are defined by four basic bodily movements. They are happiness, sadness, fear and anger.
Happiness Sadness
Anger Fear

4th class Chapter 1
There are different types of traditional dances in our country. Examples include
different dances of Gurage, Oromo, Amhara and Tigre.
Practical Exercise:
- Students practice different types of ethnic dances and music and show it
toyour teacher.
- Show your teacher by dancing using different types of traditional music

individually and in groups.
1.2.1 Understanding silent movement
Prior to this, you have learned about the types and techniques of drama and
various games. In this fourth part, developing your previous understanding about
silent movement and various games; it is expected that you play the stories with
dramatic content and learn about the difference between drama and silent
movement.
Detailed Objectives of the Course:-
Students, after learning and completing this lesson
• You will understand the nature and performance of drama.

• You will be performing on different types of drama.
• You will understand the nature of silent movement
or mime.
• You will do a silent movement.

4th class
1.3 Drama/play
A play or a drama is to temporarily inherit the behavior and speech of others for
the sake of entertainment and connect the action with language.
Drama is an action that focuses on everyday life and is supported by speech and
body movements that are strong, believable and acceptable to the audience. A play
meansacted, played or talked about. In general, we mean a play, a song, something
that includes action and movement. So when we say play, it has a meaning that
replaces the English drama.
Play is a combination of literary and impersonation arts. Its literacy is derived from the fact
that it is made of words, and its impersonation involves the presence of beings that take the
place of characters and appear physically and figuratively on the stage. In general, morality and
practicality help us to consider the existence of actors who speak language and perform actions
in a play.
1. Study and present to your teacher the story of the third son of Blaten Gaeta
Hiruy Wolde Selase from here.
1.3.1 About the judgment of the monkey
Two cats lived together. They were never parted, even if it was to hunt mice or to
steal anything. One day, as they were going from house to house, they found a
house with the window open. At that time, they turned off their voices and slowly
jumped through the window. There, they saw a meal on a table prepared with eggs,
sugar, and other delicacies. When they saw that there was not a single person in the
room, they jumped out of the window and grabbed as much of the delicious food as
they could. After they came out, they hid in the vegetable garden and mixed what
they had to eat so that no one could see.

.
4th class Chapter 1
They started looking to the right and the left. And when they approached for food,
they saw that one part of the food was more than the other. Because of that, the
biggest one is mine. The two cats fought to take the biggest one. They left the food
and started teasing each other.
A monkey looks at them in the garden. It came running quickly and said “Why
are you fighting? Now that you have quarreled over the food you brought; I am
the judge in the garden, so come to the council and be in front of the judge so
that you can get solution.”
The cats said “it was kind.” The monkey said, "Come”, and It went under the
tree and sat down in its shade. After that it began his judgment. It said,
"Haven’t you both see this food and picked it up together?”. They replied “Yes,
we entered, saw it and picked it up together.” Then it said” well, share it right.
Butto share rightly, balance is needed, so bring balance and I will help you to
share it.”
Then they brought balance. Even if it is weighed, one of the parts tipped the
scale. The judge saw that one of them was too much, and he lifted it from the
scale and bitten it once. Then he weighed it again, the one that was little earlier
was bigger. And if we reassess and reweigh that one time, the previous balance is
broken. When he said, "I guess from the third one," the cats saw it and said,
"Judge, leave it alone, we will agree and share it with ourselves.”
The judge replied, "My ladies; If you say so; aren’t you under a judge? If I give it
to you without correcting it, wouldn't it be a lack of judgment? In this way, then
and then, we ended up getting stuck. Lastly it was right when he weighed it in.
“Behold, now you are right. So give it to us”, they said.

The monkey got up and answered “Wait, don't hurry. Do you think everything will
happen in a hurry? Am I going to give up all my work and remain tired of your
affairs until now? This is for my judgment.” And then it returned from the
courtroom with the leftovers in its mouth. And the cats mournfully went to their
places.
Exercise questions
1. Students, what did you learn from this story?

2. Why did the cats fight?
3. What did you learn from the judgment of the monkey?
Students, study the story of Blaten Geta Hiruy Wolde Selasse, which is presented
below, by dividing the roles of the wild animals and present it to your teacher in
groups.
The role distribution is to take one lion, hyena, tiger and donkey. Study and present
to your teacher what they say.
1.3.2 About the lion, the hyena and the donkey companionship
The lion, tiger, hyena and donkey, lived together as companions and were in need
of food. One day they got together as a group and began to consult about their
food.” For what reason did God raise food for us? Let us all confess that perhaps
one of us has committed a great sin; they said, "Let us destroy the one who has
committed a great sin from among us."
The lion came to confess and said,” I was very hungry one day. The nomads were
sitting in a stable in the forest with many cattle.
All the antelopes roared and leaped out of the stable. I also broke one of the
antelopes and drank its blood and ate its flesh. It said, "Judge me if this is a sin."
4th class Chapter 1
His companions judged him saying, "What sin do you have if you eat a single
antelope, even what sin you have if you eat all of them?"
A tiger approached, “One day I was very hungry and I was wandering around in the
forest looking for food. I found a goat lost from her herd and picking leaves alone. I
immediately strangled it and drank its blood and ate its flesh. The tiger said, "Judge
me if this is a sin."
And the companions replied” you are hungry and you have found a goat lost from
its shepherd. They said, "Leave alone one goat, what is your sin if you eat all the
goats?"
The Hyena approached “One day I was very hungry. At night, when I came out of
my den to look for my food, I have found a deer that was abandoned by the
traders when it got tired. The deer fell by the side of the road and was unable to
get up. Then I ate it. Judge me if this is a sin."
The companions replied, "You have been hungry for a while, and you found a deer
that had been left behind by the merchants. What sin do you have if you eat one
deer?"
After this, the donkey was called. It approached and said “One day, my master
loaded me with a lot of cargo. My master met a man on the road and stopped to
talk. I was also very hungry, so I found a scotch grass on the side of the road and
ate it until they finish talking. Immediately my master came and arranged the load
for me and we went on our way”. The donkey said,” Judge me if this is a sin.”
And the companions replied; “What greater sin is there? Your lord was talking to
someone. Isn't it a big sin that you have gone out of the way and been eating
grasses? God has raised our food because of your sin.”
They immediately tore apart and ate the donkey saying that God will not reconcile
us if we do not destroy one of us.

4th class Chapter 1
My children! Do not associate with powerful and evil people, for they will destroy you with
their evil counsel.
Exercise 2
Briefly explain the following questions.
1. Students, what did you learn from this story?

2. Do you think that the animals ate the donkey because of its fault? If yes,
what is the fault? If you say the donkey has no fault, what is the reason?
3. What did the lion does?
Read the story of Blaten Geta Hiruy Wolde Selase, which is presented next, in a
proper way, then divide the roles and present it to your teacher by practicing it in
groups.
1.3.3 About one wealthy person
There was a gentleman living in England and he had three sons. But no matter how
much money that person has, the money will not save him from death, as his body
is old and he knows that the time of death is near, so he called his three sons and
shared all the money with them. He gave them his property and house, thinking
that they deserved it.
But he had a large diamond, and he picked it up alone in his hand and said,” my
children; Tell me what you have done, for I will give this diamond to the boy who
has done the most pleasing good deed among the three of you.”
His eldest son approached. “My father, a person who did not know me before
came and entrusted us with a lot of money. Not even one person saw that I
accepted what he gave. Even I did not give him a paper saying that I have placed a
trust.

He came back after many days and asked the money he had deposited.
At that time, I could have said that this is the only thing you gave me after I took some from it
as he never saw it. But I said that I should not do this, so I gave him all the money without
leaving out a single one. Is this not a good deed?”
And his father answered, “My son, this is not a good deed, but you will be called a real man.”
His middle son also came forward and said” My father, a woman was standing by
the seashore with her child in her arms watching a boat move back and forth, and
the child escaped from her arms and fell into the sea. I saw her worry and without
feeling sorry for myself, I went into the sea and brought her child out before she is
died. Is this not a good deed?
His father replied, "My son, this is not called a good deed, but you will be called
compassionate."
His third son approached” My father, when I was walking alone in the midnight, I
found my enemy sitting on the edge of a cliff, curled up in the same sleep. At that
time, if I touched him a little, he would have rolled down the cliff. Or if I had struck
his neck with my armed sword, I would have cut him off. But I approached him
saying that he should not do this and woke him up. I showed him a good place to
sleep. Is this not a good deed?”
When the father heard this, he hugged his son's neck and held him and said”, my
son. My son, there is no greater good deed, this diamond is for you.”
He gave him the diamond.

Ma
4th class Chapter 1
Exercise 3
Answer the following questions briefly.
1. What is good deed?

2. In what kind of work is compassion expressed?
3. What is authenticity?
1.3.3 Silent movement /mime/
Mime literally means silent movement. Mime is the art of non-verbal self- expression
through movement. It is expressed through the body.
1.3.5 Activity
Activity is the characteristic expression of movement in physical space, elevation,

acceleration, stability, and changes in direction.
Practice different activities like moving the neck and arms, walking down and making
the face have a different shape or appearance, Step movements from place to place,
jumping with two feet together, running, jumping with one leg, riding type of running,
skiing.
Then do the following silent movement.

4th class Chapter 1
Game One: In this game, children develop their ability of understanding.
What did you see?
Game
Sitting in a circle or in a row inside or outside the classroom, one of your classmate or
your teacher will show you doing various actions with gestures or movements standing
in front of you. Then you are expected to tell what you saw them performing.
Exercise 4
Answer the following questions by writing true or false.
1. Silent movement is an operation that is done using body parts.

2. Making speech is allowed in silent activity.
3. Silent movement needs body efficiency.
Answer the following briefly
1. What is silent movement?

2. How can we convey a message using silent movement?
1.4 The study of various shapes, forms and colors
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
 Perform the study of various forms and colors.

 Know the origin and the importance of colors
• know landscape and portrait photographs

4th class Chapter 1
What we see is a flat image whereas what we cannot see around is two dimensions (shapes).
Shapes are different in nature. They can be found from natural and man-made materials.
The forms that we find in nature are "free" "loose" and difficult for naming because they are
many and varied.
For example, we find stones, clouds, and leaves in nature. We call them "organic".
1.4.1 Form
Forms are what we can look around. We call them three-dimensional.
Where are they located in our area? Students, after this lesson you can find forms in our
environment on different materials like toys, chairs, tables, books etc.
Figure 1
Forms (Two dimensional)
Figure 2

4th class Chapter 1
(Three dimensional form)
Figure 3
1.4.2 Free "loose" organic forms found in nature
Task 1: Write the questions below with pencil and color them with the same color.
1. Draw shapes which are flat and wide with two dimensions based on the
example.
Example:

4th class
2. Based on the example, we can look around the three dimensional

forms.
Example:
1.4.3 Colors
Students at the end of this lesson, you will be able to-
• Know about colors.
• Know where the colors are.

• Know why it is important to know colors.
• Know what is needed to paint.

4th class Chapter 1
Colors are present in our environment, in the clothes we wear, the food we eat,
and wherever there is light. Light is necessary to see colors. Colors are highly
appreciative and have an impact on our daily lives. Humans have different
interpretations of colors.
We use them as a symbol of love, peace, hope, and empathy. Everywhere we

move buildings, cars, clothes are made to attract humans because humans cannot
live apart from colors.
1.4.4 Location of colors
Colors enhance our memory so that we describe things saying "it has ‘these’ color.”
For example: nature, bus, taxi, etc
Figure

1.4.2 Why is it important to know colors?
When we know colors, we understand the symbols in the pictures we draw,the

clothes we wear, the places we go, and we use them for reasons.
Example
Stop
Be careful
Go
1.4.6 Disciplines and Important materials for painting
• To paint colors, first we need to know the picture to be painted.
• In order to draw the shapes, we must first understand what the image that we have
been thought of is.
• After we know our idea paint , paintbrush, color, children’s coloring paper
(Chart paper) will be used.
• Carefully cleaning the brush we used and cleaning the area, then
washinghands after painting are important in visual arts.

Exercise 1: Students, what are the morals we need to paint colors?
1.4.7 Portrait and Landscape Photograph
After this lesson, students will:
 Learn landscape and portrait photograph.

 Know the benefits of photograph.
 Distinguish messages by looking at images.
The art of photography has now reached a very subtle level and it was started in ourcountry
during the era of Emperor Minilik.
1.4.8 Few Advantages of photography
• To record history
• To help researches about the landscape
• For studying nature (birds, animals, trees...)
• To look back the time

4th class Chapter 1
1.4.9 Portrait and Landscape Photography
A landscape lens is used to capture a wide object, while a portrait lens is used to
capture a longer object.
Exercise 2
1. Students, identify who is indicated in the pictures by looking at them.
Figure

26
4th class Chapter 1
Students list the benefits of photography
2. Explain the meaning of the colors in the traffic light rules.
Exercise 3
• Draw two dimensional forms
• Draw three dimensional forms

• Draw the shapes we find in nature (organic).
Summary:
You've seen in-depth about the basic musical notes including whole notes, half
notes, quarter notes, and rests. In addition, you have practiced simple songs
with notation. Practice these notes with due attention and repetition. You
identified different shapes, forms and colors. You also studied the difference
between portrait and landscape photographs. Therefore, it is necessary for
you to develop your knowledge without stopping your practice.

4th class Chapter 1
General assessment
I. Students answer the following questions by choosing the correct answer.

1. How many half notes are equal to one whole note?
a. 4 c. 2
b. 3 d. 4
2. How many quarter notes are there in a half note?
a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4
3. How many beats does a half note have?

a. 1 c. 3
b. 4 d. 2
4. How many beats does a quarter note rest have?
A. 1 c. 3
b. 4 d. 2
5. How many beats does a quarter note have?

A. 4 c. 2
b. 3 d. 1
II. Answer the following questions by writing true or false.
1. It is not necessary to wash the brush after painting.

2. Washing hands after completion is one of the disciplines of drawing.

Grade 4 Chapter 3
Chapter three
Historical and cultural contexts
Introduction
It is difficult to say that art has a role in the society, which has been known since
the creation of human beings apart from artistic work. Art is a manifestation of
culture: history and religion. Therefore, it is difficult and impossible to separate art
from society and society from art.
Overall learning outcome
• After students complete this chapter, you will

understand the importance of art in society.
• You will understand.past and present performing and

visual arts
• You know about national historic sites.

Grade 4 Chapter 3
3.1 The importance of music in society
The importance of art in a society is expressed in many ways and it is a reflection

of the general lifestyle of the society. Art is traditional of a country; social;
Historical, economic and political conditions. It is a statement and a
manifestation.
Detailed Objectives of the Course:-
After students complete this chapter:
• You will understand music in society from the perspective

of culture.
• You will understand music in society in terms of history.
Ethiopia has a strong history that has been passed down from generation to
generation; It is a country that stands on the foundation of culture and religion.
Culture is created through the interaction of a community with each other
Music, dance, language, dress, diet; and so on are the main parts of culture,
especially music not only expresses the feelings of people in the society,but also
contributes greatly to the intellectual development of students.

Grade 4 Chapter 3
In addition, music helps people to come together by increasing the cultural,

historical and spiritual ties of a community. Therefore, all communities use
music for issues that arise from time to time, such as for sadness, weddings,
happiness, etc. for mercy, for work, for war, for bravery; for hunting, and he
uses them for spiritual purposes.
Next we will see some of the songs and what kind of service they provide in
the community.
3.1.1 War songs: Music has the power to control and inspire people's
emotions, so war songs are sung to the veteran who fights on the battlefield;
A warrior or a soldier is the one who inspires the enemy to fight with high
morale. Stalking Fukera, Kararto and Fano Fano are the war songs that are
classified.
3.1.2 Lamentations: These are songs that people sing because of the sadness
they face in their daily activities. Musho and Mourning Engurguro are
classified as laments.
3.1.3 Children's songs: Eshururu This song is a lullaby for children and it
is mostly sung by mothers to make children feel peaceful and fall asleep.
Fig. 1 mothers use to lull their babies to

sleep (Eshuru ru ru ru)

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Grade 4 Chapter 3
There are many children's songs (songs) that are sung and created by the community
when children play together. One of them is the crescent moon dunbulo boka.
Example: When the crescent moon is written on a note
The poem of the moon

ጨረቃ ድንቡል ቦቃ ግጥም
The crescent moon ጨረቃ ድንቡል ቦቃ
አጼ ቤት ገባች አውቃ
አጼ ቤት ያሉ ልጆች
She entered the Emperor's house knowingly
ፈተጉ ፈታተጉ
በቁንቢት አስቀመጡ
The children of Emperor's house ቁንቢቷ ብትሰበር በዋንጫ ገለበጡ
አጃ ቆሎ ስንዴ ቆሎ
Check and challenge ያችን ትተሸ ይቺን ቶሎ
They put it on the bowl
If the bowl is broken, turn it over with a cup
Oats colo, wheat, colo
Let's forget this soon
erforming and visual arts education 64

Grade 4 Chapter 3
According to the following, practice the crescent moon is in quarter and

half notes.

Grade 4 Chapter 3
Exercise 1: Answer the following questions by choosing the correct answer
1. Which of the following music is used to revive a warrior

during war?
A. The crescent moon c. Shilela
b. Fukera d. b and c
2. What is the melody that mothers use to lull their babies to sleep?
A. Fukera c. Ishururu
b. The crescent moon d. Fano
3. What is the type of music used in the community when sadness happen?
.
A. Musho c. Fano
b. Ishuru d. Kerarto

Grade 4 Chapter 3
3.1.4 The role of music in society from a historical perspective
History covers and a lens that shows us the entire past social, traditional,
political and spiritual of a society aspect. Therefore, music has a strong
connection with the history of the people of a country.
To give an example, the victory of Adewa is a victory in which the Ethiopians
united and freed themselves from oppression and in which the oppressed
people of the world lit the torch of freedom. The contribution of music to this
Adewa war was great.
Singers played an important role during the Battle of Adwa by stimulating
and encouraging the morale of the veterans so that the war ended in
victory for Ethiopia. Example: - Mefoker, meshelel, makrarat
During Italy's five-year war to colonize Ethiopia, it killed many singers
simply for inciting the patriots. The attacks given to the community by
singers by combining poetry with melody and accompanied by harps
are high.
Figure 3: Singers with Masinko
Performing and visual arts education 67 67

Grade 4 Chapter 3
Music is a form of art in which people perform religious worship by providing

spiritual service in society.
The Ethiopian musician Saint Yared was born in the year 505 E.C in the northern
part of Ethiopia to his mother Christina (Tauklia) and his father Isaac (Abdyu)
in Aksum Zion, and the story tells us that he received songs for spiritual use
from the heavens through three birds. Saint Yared has three types of hymns
for spiritual use. And they are Geez; Ezil and Ararai.
Fig. 4 The picture of Jared
3.2 The art of dance in society from the perspective of culture and history
Culture is one of the ways in which the value of a society is reflected.
A community differs from another community in language, food system,

dress, homemaking, religion, and other diverse issues. The way of expressing
oneself is different from artistic matters, i.e. dance.

Grade 4 Chapter 3
Detailed satisfactory learning outcomes
- Role play: have them do a dance.
Dance is one of the artistic activities considered to be the manifestation of the history of a
society. Our country, Ethiopia, is one of the oldest countries with more than 80 ethnic
groups and a great civilization. In this big country, the community has been expressing its
own feelings and identity through dance or dancing according to its own history, culture,
tradition, customs, thinking and geographical location, and this action will continue in the
future. Dance of our country Ethiopia is classified among its unique manifestations and
indigenous performing arts. We have previously looked at some of the traditional dances in
our country.
A way of presenting dance as a community culture and tradition It varies. The type of dance
performed during mourning, the type of dance performed during happiness and weddings, the
types of dance performed on the battlefield or to wake up the community varies according to
the local community.
For example - Guragi traditional dance, Somali traditional dance, Amhara traditional dance,
Oromo traditional dance, Tigrian traditional dance, Wolayitgna Traditional dance…etc.

Grade 4 Chapter 3
3.3 The role of theater art in society from the perspective of culture and history
Art is a manifestation of culture, history and religion.
3.3.1 In terms of faith: - There are many faiths in our country, Ethiopia. These
religious places are artistic works that are used to praise the creator of painting,
sculpture, music, literature. These artistic works are Ethiopian indigenous
knowledge.
3.3.2 From the point of view of culture: - Culture is the manifestation of

things that human beings do not get naturally from their family and society.
Many artistic works since ancient times to solve the problems of mankind.
For example -
Fire: During the time of trouble, humans used it to cook the food they eat by
grinding stones and creating fire in different ways, and for warmth and light in
dark times.
Sharp things: Sharp things were also created by humans to catch and eat the
animals that they easily hunt when they go out for hunting, and to protect
themselves from various dangerous animals.
Therefore, artistic works are the result of the creativity of human beings to solve
the problems they face on a daily basis. This is not limited to problems, music,
painting and theater to entertain oneself, including other artistic works to open
the mind and spread knowledge are typical manifestations of the society. Art
can be defined in different ways: Art is a tribute to humanity, and its contribution
to society is significant.
Study the following verses of Fitaurari T/Hawariyat T/Maryam and present them
to your teacher in the form of recitation. Your reading habit will develop and
your creativity will increase.

Grade 4 Chapter 3
Monkey and Mirror ዝንጀሮና መስተዋት

አንድ ቀን ዝንጀሮ እያመነታታች፣
One day the monkey hesitated, ጌጥ እገዛ ብላ ከመደብር ገባች፡፡
ሰፋሪ መስተኖት የጠራ ያመራ፣
She bought jewelry and entered the store. ከመጀብር ውስጥ ተሰቅሎ ነበረ፡፡
መለስ ቀለስ ብላ እቃ ስታማርጥ፣
Settler Mestonot clear headed, መልኳን አገኘችው ከመስተዋቱ ውስጥ፡፡
ኋላም በመደነቅ እንዲህ ተናገረች፣
He was hanged from an adventure. ወደ መስተዋቱ ትኩር ብላ እያየች፡፡
አረገኝ ይህቺ ምንድነች እንዲህ ያለች
ፍጥረት አጉል የተሰራች ሰው አይሉዋት
When Meles was slowly picking things up, አውሬ ላስተያየቱም እንኳ ጥቂት የለው እፍረት፡፡
አይቻትም አላውቅ እኔስ ያለዛሬ፡፡
She met her reflection in the mirror. እንዴት ያስቀይማል የደረትዎ ቅላት
ከዥረት ዋስ በታች ደግሞ ምን ጠበሳት
Then she said in amazement, ምነው በቀረችው ጥንቱን ስትፈጥር፣
እኔስ እሷን ብሆን ታንቄ እሞት ነበር፡፡
Staring into the mirror. አሁን በዝንጀሮ ምን ያስተርተኛል
መልኩን የሚያራክስ ምን ፍጡር ይገኛል፡፡
What kind of creature is this?
Don't call her an artificial person, a beast
He has little shame even for his opinion.
I have never seen her before today.
How does your chest itch?
What is fried under the stream bail
If only she had created the past,
I would have choked to death if I were her.
What is the monkey doing now?
What creature can be found that can spoil his appearance?

Grade 4 Chapter 3
Exercise 1
1. What did you learn from the monkey story?
3.4 The role of visual art in society in terms of culture and history
Visual arts play a significant role in the culture and history of a society. Visual arts are used to
promote culture and pass down history from generation to generation. In this chapter, we
explore the artistic content of various historical places in our country. We will also see different
traditional costumes and ornaments of our country.
Satisfactory learning ability of the chapter
Students after learning this chapter
• You know various historical art places in our

country andjobs
• You know a variety of traditional clothing, jewelry and handicrafts
jobs
• You can know and explain the clothes
colors of your friends and family
• You know the meaning of the colors of the Ethiopian flag

Grade 4 Chapter 3
3.4.1 The role of visual arts in society in terms of culture
Culture means the values of a society, which includes food system,

dress system, worship system, housework, etc. Visual arts play a
significant role in promoting, preserving and promoting culture. As you
know, there are many nationalities in our country and these nationalities
have their own culture and characteristics. They propagated, promoted
and transmitted these cultures from generation to generation through the
use of visual arts. In this section, we will see different cultural costumes in
our country and we will know their colors. We also explore a wide range
of jewelery and handicrafts.
As mentioned above, clothing is a part of culture. The costumes of

different ethnic groups in our country have their own colors, phrases,
patterns and ways of wearing them, and these are the manifestations of
visual art. We can easily introduce the country and culture to the audience
just by wearing traditional clothes.
After this, the images presented are the results of clothing, pottery, jewelry,
woodwork, and basketry and sewing in different areas of our country.
Traditional clothes

Grade 4 Chapter 3
In addition to clothes, there are other crafts in our country

Such as jewelry, pottery products, wood products, various
basketry is a visual art form of cultural expression. Next, let's look at some of
these visual arts.

Grade 4 Chapter 3
Pottery works
Jewelry

Grade 4 Chapter 3
Various traditional wood works in our country
Traditional basketry and sewing products
The images that we have seen above are the visual arts made in
different ethnic groups in our country and they used different natural
materials to make these arts. Among the materials used are wood, clay,
gold, silver, cotton, etc.

Grade 4 Chapter 3
Exercise 1: Using different colors, show the embroidery of traditional clothes

found in your home with the picture maker.
Exercise 2: Make a design and show one of the traditional wooden or pottery works
in our country.
3.4.2 The role of visual arts in society in terms of history
It is known that our country Ethiopia has a long history. In this process of history,
various works of visual arts such as paintings, statues, palaces and temples were
created. Most of these works have left a great mark in the history of our country. In
addition to conveying history, they have been registered as a UNESCO World
Heritage Site and are serving as a tourist attraction for our country.
The main importance of passing on history to the next generation is that the new
generation will know the knowledge, wisdom and civilization of their ancestors and
learn from the mistakes made and not repeat them. Visual arts have a great role in
preserving history and passing it on from generation to generation. For example, if
we look at the monuments of Aksum, they have preserved the history of the
civilization of Aksum, which dates back to 2000 years ago.
The images you see below are the heritage that Ethiopia has registered as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Lalibela Church (Bete-Georgis) Obelisks of Axum

Grade 4 Chapter 3
Tia Tikil stones
Harar Jegol Tower
Palace of Gondar Facildes

Grade 4 Chapter 3
Another important place in the history of the country is the flag. A flag is a
visual art that represents a country's history, people, freedom and culture.
Our country, Ethiopia, has a flag that represents its history, its people, its
freedom. This flag, as you can see below, has green, yellow, and red colors
arranged horizontally from top to bottom, with a star and the rays of the star
formed by yellow lines on a circular blue square in the middle. The logo on the
current Ethiopian flag was created by an artist named "Mesfen Habtemariam".
These colors represent:
Green: Ethiopia's prosperity
Yellow: Hope of Ethiopia
Red: The blood sacrifice paid for Ethiopia's freedom
Logo: Equality, cooperation, hope and development of nations.
Exercise 3: Show the flag of Ethiopia with the color of the slats.

Grade 4 Chapter 3
Summary
We have looked at the relationship between Ethiopian music in terms of culture and
history and its connection to our lives. We have seen a little bit about in childhood,
Eshruru, childhood, Moon Dnbul Boka, and religion Yaredu's song. We have to
deserve and.understanding well because they are ideas that we will understand in
depth in the future.
Culture is a community's food, dress, ritual, housework, etc contain as a one.

The visual arts have great value in enhancing, promoting and passing on
culture. Clothing, jewelry, pottery are the visual arts products of a society's
culture. Visual arts play an important role in passing down history from
generation to generation. A nation's history can be conveyed through statues,
paintings, and books.
Summative Assessment:
I. Answer the following questions as true or false
1. Music had no contribution in the Adowa war. .................
2. Music is a form of art in which people perform religious worship by providing spiritual
service in thecommunity. ……………
3. There is music to lull babies to sleep. ............................
4. The musical instrument used by singers is the harp “ Mesenqo”.
5. The role of singers during the Adwa war is to express the feelings of the patriots
through music. ……………
6. St. Yared is an Ethiopian music genius. ……………
7. St. Yared hymns are Geez, Ezil and Ararai. ……………

Grade 4 Chapter 3
8. Saint Yared's hymns are for secular use.
9. Sadness can be expressed in music.
10. Children can play together in music. ……………
11. An important role in developing and promoting visual arts culture they have.------
12. Cultural costumes are not included in the visual arts. ……………
13. Jewelry is the result of visual arts. ……………
14. Visual arts of any importance in terms of history.They don't have it. ……………
15. The flag of Ethiopia has white color in it--------
II. Write the correct answer to the following questions.
1. Briefly describe the importance of the visual arts in terms of culture.
2. List the colors of the Ethiopian flag

CHAPTER FOUR
AESTHETIC VALUE
Introduction
Many studies have proven that music has a higher contribution in improving mental
performance, going beyond controlling people's emotion. Because, music has a strong
relationship with human emotion, and it get them express their inner feeling practically, in
addition to entertaining them. In such a way, it really stimulates the students' interest of
learning, and get them ready for education.
As the result of this, people get the ability to express themselves at any place and occasion.
Because, music is one of the most important parts of art, and playing music benefits everyone,
who performs it, develop variety of skills.
Skill is developed by combining physical and mental agility. Combining these physical and
mental skills, just playing music, contributes much in the development of the students'
creativity.
Art has a significant contribution in building a civilized society, and creating generation with
high level of creativity. Therefore, the importance of understanding and knowing art is classified
in to three. These are, building the experience of social life; developing physical and mental
intelligence.
Making and practicing the visual art empowers individuals face different situations (good or bad)
in life, and handle or overcome it in a creative and unique way. By their very nature, visual arts
require deep perception of the environment, and critical thinking. This gives the individual
opportunity to explore the surrounding; observe the nature; explore and develop creativity
while practicing to create a visual art.
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Detailed Learning Outcome:
After Learning and Completing This Lesson:
✔ You will understand the importance of practicing music.

✔ You will appreciate aesthetic value.
✔ You will understand the importance of theatre.
✔ You will perform it as a roll play.
✔ You understand about the indigenous theatre.
✔ You will understand the importance of practicing visual arts.
✔ You will understand and appreciate the indigenous style of house building and
decoration practice.
✔ You know the fields of visual arts.
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4.1. The Value of Practicing Music
Music is one of the arts in which feelings are expressed, and when we play a piece of musical
sound, it gets us express our internal feelings whether they are of sadness or happiness. One of
the main benefits of practicing of expressing feeling through music is that, expressing ourselves
and the lessons we learned, in addition to developing self-confidence.
Mainly, music has melody, rhythm, composition and poetry. If we learn different kind of
subjects with the help of music, we can internalize the lesson well, and also remember it for a
long time. This means, musical practice can help improve mental memory. In addition, music
contributes a lot in developing the students' creativity as it really advances their mental ability.
Figure 1: Showing that music is needed for mental development.
✔ A poem is a part of song. Thus, practicing poetry and music aloud helps in developing the four
Language skills, such as listening, speaking, reading and writing.
✔ As music is the expression of social, cultural, historical, national, and spiritual events of a
community, it gets the people of a community express the cultural events of their area
Through songs. Moreover, music reflects the past history of a society as a mirror, and
that explains what a past history of a particular society looks like. Also, experiencing music
with national content, like Tewodros Kasahun's song "Tikur Sew", Ejigayehu Shibabaw's
"Adwa" ...etc. lets the new generation has deeper knowledge and understanding about
their country.
84
Figure 2: A picture showing a battle of Adwa.
Exercise 1: Read the following questions carefully, and circle the letters with the right answer.
1. What does music mainly consists of?
A. Melody B. Rhythm C. Poetry D. All are answers
2. What are the benefits of practicing music?
A. Develops creativity B. Improves language skills C. Helps to express oneself D. All
3. How many language skills does practicing music develop?
A. 4 B. 2 C. 3 D.4
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4.1.1. Knowing and Appreciating Indigenous Music.
Detailed Learning outcomes
After learning and completing this lesson:
✔ You will appreciate the indigenous music.
✔ You know the indigenous musical instrument.
✔ You will know the four main scales (Kignit) of Ethiopian music.
Indigenous music are those have been created as the result of society's day to day activities,
and have passed down from generation to generation, and are used by the community for
important activities.
There are two unique nature of Ethiopian music that gets them different from the rest of the
world. These two are traditional musical instrument and the scale (Kignit).
4.1.2. Ethiopian Traditional Musical Instrument.
There are many Ethiopian traditional musical instruments in different regions of Ethiopia. These
musical instruments are classified in to three.
1. String instrument: String instruments, like "Kirar", "Mesinko", “Begena” …etc
2. Wind instrument: They are instrument played with the help of wind (strong outward breath
from mouth). The instruments are "washint", "Embilta", ....etc.
3. Percussion instrument: They are musical instrument that are played being struck with hand,
stick, or some other materials. These instruments are, "Kebero",
"Nagarit"....etc.
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4.1.3. Indigenous wind instrument
"Washint": It is an indigenous musical instrument that creates sound by the strong outward
breath of the player in to the plastic or wooden tube.
✔ "Washint" can be made of reeds, plastic tube,etc.
✔ It has more holes/openings which are arranged to create four and more
different sounds.
✔ It is too light and convenient to carry and move from place to place.
Figure 3: "Washint"
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4.1.4. Indigenous Percussion Musical Instrument.
✔ The best example of this instrument is drum or "Kebero"
✔ These instruments are made up of leather and the like materials.
✔ It is played by being hit or struck with hand and stick.
✔ There are many different kinds of drum, and we use them for different purpose.
Figure 4: Drums
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4.1.5. Indigenous string traditional musical instrument
✔ "Kirar", "Begena", "Masinko" .... are example of indigenous string musical instrument.
✔ "Kirar" is made two vertical, and one horizontal wooden stick. Also, it has sound box to
amplify sound, and some more strings.
✔ It is used for secular and spiritual music.
Figure 5: Image of “kirar”
89
"Masinko": it is a stringed musical instrument used for religious and secular music. It consists of
standing wood, sound box, string and curved wood.
Figure 6: Image of Masinko
90
Harp or "Begena": it is early musical instrument, and it is used for spiritual purpose only. It has
ten threads.
Figure 7: A picture of harp or "Begena"
4.1.6. The Four Traditional Musical Scales of Ethiopia
The musical scales that we mostly use in Ethiopian music are based on five tones. The musical
scale containing five different musical tones are called pentatonic scale. "Tizita", "Bati",
"Ambasel", and "Anchi hoye" are the scales being mainly used in Ethiopian music. In order to
have a proper understanding of these four scales, we have to attentively listen to the music
which are made in each scales, and are played on television, radio,..etc., and distinguish the
tones and appreciate them.
"Tizita": Many vocalists have sung "Tizita" song, but listening to "Tizita" song those have been
sung by Mohamud Ahmed, repeatedly and attentively, can help to understand "Tizita"
well.
91
"Bati": Although many vocalists have played "Bati", listening to a song has been sung by Bahiru
Kagne helps much in understanding what "Bati" is.
"Ambasel": To understand "Ambasel" well, listening to Maritu Legese's song again and again is
much advisable.
"Anchihoye": Most of wedding songs in Ethiopia are composed in "Anchihoye". Thus, listening
to wedding songs repeatedly helps identify "Anchihoye" easily from the rest ones.
4.1. 7. Ways of Listening to Music
Whenever we listen to and also watch Ethiopian traditional Music, it is very important to listen
closely and identify what musical instrument has been used in. Also, it is necessary to prepare
the situation in which we can listen to music, talking to families and some other adult when we
want to listen music. In addition, having discussion with adults on the music we listen, increases
the level of our understanding about that specific music.
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer, and circle the letter with the right answer.
1. What is an indigenous music?
A. Traditional music B. Modern music C. African Music D. No possible answer
2. Which one of the following is a wind instrument?
A. "Kirar" B. "Masinko" C. "Washint" D. "Begena"
3. Which one of the following musical instrument is played striking with hand or stick?
A. "Masinko" B. "Kirar" C. "Drum" D. "Begena"
4. Which one of the following musical instrument produce sound vibrating ?
A. "Begena" B. "Masinko" C. "Kirar" D. All of them
5. How many scales are there in music with pentatonic scale?
A. Seven B. Five C. Four D. Three
6. Which one of the following is not a musical scale?
A. "Masinko" B. "Tizita" C. "Ambasel" D. "Bati"
92
7. Which one of the following is not an indigenous musical instrument?
A. "Embilta" B. Guitar C. "Kirar" D. "Kebero"
4.2. The Importance of Practicing the Art of Dance
Dance is one of the performing arts. It is a performing art that requires body movement,
through which people express their history, culture, feelings ...etc.
Detailed Learning Outcomes
You will dance taking a role play.
You will understand the role of performing arts
Dance gets body move, and that improves flexibility, and also maintain a healthy weight. Then,
when our body gets active because of the movement, it indirectly gets our mind active, which
again increases our performance of learning other subjects. In general, we have different types
of dances, and they are used to build the experience of social life, develop desired physical
appearance, and advance intelligence of mind.
4.2.1. Dance is used to build experience of social life
Dance is useful in avoiding depression. Because of this positive impact, it is advisable if the
students are let enjoy music, dance, drama and painting, at the beginning of the school sessions.
In doing that, letting them play independently, without the help of the teacher is useful for self-
development. Moreover, playing various artistic games by their own helps them learn carrying
out responsibility in their life.
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4.2.2. Dance for Body Development:
Dance is one of the activities that require different artistic movement. It involves activities like,
relaxation, twisting, jumping, running, sitting ...etc., and these get the students have efficient
and balanced posture. Also, such activity gives them a sense of happiness and healthiness.
4.2.3. Dance for Developing Mind in Knowledge:
Dance is much useful in understanding a country's culture and history. It is known that there
are more than eighty ethnic groups in Ethiopia, and all of them have their own unique history
and culture. Then, the people have their own ways of dancing, and that express their history
and culture. Therefore, when ethnic’s dances are studied, it enriches the mind, increasing the
knowledge.
4.3. The Importance of Practicing the Art of Theatre:
Theatre is a collaborative form of performing art that uses live performers, usually
actors/actresses, to present the experience of a real, or imagined event before live audience in
a specific place, often a stage.
Detailed Objective of The Course:
After completing this lesson;
✔ You will appreciate aesthetic values.
✔ You will understand the importance of theatre.
✔ You will take role play and perform theatre.
4.3.1. Theatre Increases Creativity
By nature, theatre stretches the skills of imagination, and it promotes creative thinking.
94
4.3.2. Increases Learning Ability
Students who experience theatre education at any age show better attendance, greater
concentration, and have motivation to learn.
4.3.3. Helps Build Self Confidence
Theatre can build the students' self-confidence, and self-discovery.
4.3.4. Increases Communicative Skill
Students who engaged in theatre performance are much better in speaking and listening.
4.4. Indigenous Games
The following is one of the indigenous games:
To play the game, ten to fifteen students get in a group, and they are made stand in a circle.
And then, each of them are given numbers, and they hold it. Following that, the teacher calls a
number, and the student with that number, comes out to the centre of the circle and perform a
certain drama in action, without producing any sound. That to be performed must be funny as
much as possible, just to get the students laugh. However, any student who laughs will be out
of the game, and the rest who controlled their laugh continue playing. Passing through such a
process, the remaining child, in the end, will be the winner of the game.
The rule of the game: Voicing and speaking are not allowed in the game. The performer
demonstrates the movement with no sound.
Exercise:
Read the following story "The foolish couples" carefully, and then, present it to your teacher,
and your classmates, only in action, without using any word. You must be three in number,
which represents the husband, the wife, and the student.
Note: You must not make real performance, like using stick, bringing food ...etc. They are only
expected to act artificially, as if they have stick in hand, ate the "doro wot" ....etc.
95
The Foolish Couples
Ones up on a time, there were fool husband and wife living together. One day, they slaughtered
a chicken. They cooked, and got it ready for eating. However, before start eating it, they
realized that they had no toothpick to be used after eating the chicken. Then, they went to
forest to look for grass or wood to be used as a toothpick.
On their way, a student met them, and he said: "where are you going?” they answered "We
have cooked chicken, and now heading to the forest to look for toothpick, and then back and
eat". The boy asked "Where is your house?", and then they replied "that is the one on the other
side of the road", and went deep to the forest.
The student went to the house, and ate the whole chicken, and disappeared. When the couples
come back, there was no more chicken, but lots of house flies in the pot, and that led the fool
couples reach on conclusion that the flies ate all the chicken. Following that, they decided to kill
the flies, and they start killing running after them in the house. When the flies land on the pot,
the glass, the cups.....etc., they smash the materials while they have the intention of killing the
flies on the material. Finally, a fly landed on the head of the woman (wife), and the women
showed the man slowly so that he kills it before the fly flies away. Then, the man gave a serious
hit on the head of the lady, and got her breath for the last/she died.
96
4.5. The Importance of Practicing Visual Arts.
Detailed Learning Outcomes:
After studying and completing this lesson;
✔ You will understand the importance of practicing the visual arts.
✔ You will know and appreciate the indigenous house building and
decoration practices.
✔ You will appreciate the multiculturalism system in the society where

you are living.
✔ You understand the fields of visual arts.
✔ You will obseve your environment, and understand well.
We can see the importance of visual art classifying in four main parts. They are aesthetic,
expressive, intellectual and social.
4.5.1. From an aesthetic point of view:
Making visual art has a direct relationship with the aesthetic thought and meaning. When we
create a work of art, we get a wide exposure to the idea of beauty. Also, when we live in a
society, we get to understand, and also appreciate the aesthetic idea and attitude of that
society.
4.5.2. In terms of Expressing Feelings:
Making visual arts gives us the opportunity to express our feelings about our environment,
society, or situations through colours, shapes, lines ...etc. This keeps us from depending on our
parents or anyone else to express our feelings about something. It also gets us share our
thoughts and feelings with others in a responsible manner.
97
4.5.3. From a mental point of view:
Making and practicing visual art has a great contribution for our mental development. The
practice (doing visual art) creates opportunity for our mind to experience and recognize varies
emotions (feelings) about something. Plus, it creates a chance for our mind to face various
challenges, and also helps to solve that in a simple and wise way.
4.5.4. From a Community Perspective:
Making a practice of visual arts gives opportunity to work with communities from different
customs, which is very important for community development. For instance, in a classroom
where children from different social, cultural, and economical back ground ...etc. are learning,
making visual art creates opportunity of socialization, and increases the chance to work
together as they borrow educational materials from one another, and also solve problems
asking one another. These allow the students understand the individual differences, and let
them appreciate and respect the diverse cultures and systems in the society.
Exercise 1
1. Write the importance of visual art in terms of aesthetics.
2. Write the importance of visual arts in terms of mental point of view.
Exercise 2
Draw at least three of the traditional visual arts that you admire, and show your teacher.
4.5.5. Knowing and Appreciating Indigenous House Building and the Ornaments.
Indigenous knowledge means that the communities of the country have been improving and
developing their own way of living since they begin living it.
In Ethiopia, there are many Ethnic groups, and they have their own culture and tradition that
gets them unique, and these are expressed in visual arts. These visual arts are different styles of
house building, house furnishing, jewellery, clothing system, paintings, and so on. Knowing
these entire opens door to appreciate the culture and the tradition.
Appreciating the visual arts depends on understanding the visual arts' historical significance as
well as their content. It is difficult to appreciate or understand visual art without understanding
it's cultural content, the material it has been made of, it's significance and the aesthetic idea.
98
The visual art helps us know the back ground, and the place where they were made and origin.
In addition, it helps know the aesthetic understanding and expression of the society at that
time. For instance, different ornaments have their own cultural interpretation, significance, and
arrangement. Also, the ways the houses in our country are built are based on the climate of the
area where they are located, and the materials used are also available in the area. When the
houses decorated and beautified, it is common to use different shapes and lines to decorate
their walls using different type of clay with different colours. The colours they use to paint the
walls of their homes are the reflection of the colours of their surroundings. In the picture below,
we can see the main house building styles in our country, and the way they are decorated.
99
The following pictures show the different types of jewellery used in our country.
Exercise 3: Draw and show one of the traditional practices in our country. Describe the
process of the drawing you made.
100
Summary
Music has a strong relationship with human emotion; it doesn't only entertain mind, but also
gets express the inner feelings. Moreover, it stimulates students' emotion, and helps them to
get ready for education. In addition to that, it helps to build experience of social life, to develop
body, and intelligence of the mind.
The visual arts require a deep understanding of the environment as well as critical thinking. It is
directly related to aesthetic thoughts and meaning. Doing visual arts is a great contribution to
brain development.
To appreciate the visual arts in a particular society, it is important to know the importance of
visual arts in the history of the society.
There are many types of house construction in our country. The style of the house and the
decoration made on that shows the culture and tradition of that specific society.
Summative Assessment
Give the correct answers to the following questions.
1. What is the use of practicing music?
2. What makes music to be called traditional music?
3. List down anything that you know about "Kirar".
4. Write the importance of making visual arts, briefly.
5. Write how making visual art is important for social interaction.
6. Describe the point of view on which our society based on to build a house in a specific society
group.
101
CHAPTER 5
CORRELATION AND APPLICATION
Introduction
Knowing, the relation that one profession has with other disciplines, or education, and also having
understanding of how to apply that specific profession in another context or education properly is
much important, in addition to being good at that profession itself. Therefore, knowing the
relationship a visual and performing art has with other subjects, and how to apply it in the context of
the other subjects surely creates an effective teaching and learning process.
In this regard, we will see music, dance, theatre, and painting in detail.
General Objective:
At the end of this portion,
• You understand the movements of certain animals and plants, and then
perform related dance, copying the movements.
• You will understand the relationship between performing and visual arts
and some other subjects those are formally given in a school.
• You will perform family member’s activities in dance and also in song.
• You will know the difference between a picture and a photograph.
5.1 Relating music to other Subjects:

Using music in teaching and learning process as one of the teaching methods has been
proven that it is much effective in increasing learning opportunities, and also help the
students easily achieve the goal has been set to meet. For instance, applying music in
teaching and learning Mathematics gets the students understand Mathematical
calculations in a very easy, enjoyable and unforgettable way. Similarly, using music in
Grade 4 PVA Page 102

teaching language, science, history and culture can lead to the effective teaching and
learning of the subjects.
In addition to that, using music during transition from one learning activity to the next
activity will leave students feel energized and get ready for the next lesson.
Detailed Objectives of the Course:
• You will perform songs in a group.
• You will sing songs those express family members’ activities.
• Also, you will sing songs related to nature.
5.1.1 Relating Music to the Other Subjects

የመዝሙር 1፡- ተፈጥሮን መንከባከብ

አረንገጓዴ ተክሎችን
እንከባከባቸው፣
አበባን መቅጠፍ፣
ወንዞችን መበከል፣
ዛፎችን መቁረጥ
በጣም አደገኛ ነው፡፡
2. የተፈጥሮ ሀብቶችን ፣
መጠበቅ ይገባል፣
ውሀን ማባከን
ተፈጥሮ ያዛባል፣
ዛፎችን መቁረጥ
መሬት ይሸረሽራል፡፡

Exercise 1
1. Discuss the message of both songs in a group, and share your conclusion to the class.
2. Practice the song individually, and present it to your class mates, in the class.
የመዝሙር 2 ፡- የስነ ምግባር መዝሙር
እኔ ሀገሬን እወዳለሁ
እናት እና አባቴን
አከብራቸዋለሁ
ለታናሽ ለታላቄም
እታዘዛለሁ
ሰዎችን ለመርዳት
እቸኩላለሁ
አዎ
መልካምነትን አሳያለሁ፡፡

Exercise 2
1. Discuss on the message of the above song, in a group, and briefly explain it to your
teacher.
2. Practice the song individually, and present it to your class mate.
መዝሙር 3፡-

ትምህርት ይጣፍጣል (የቀድሞ
የትምህርት ቤት ዜማ)
ትምህርት ይጣፍጣል ከማር ከወተት
ከማር ከወተት
ያርማል ስህተት፡፡
ውቢቷ ሀገራችን ለምለም እናታችን
ትመግበናለች እንደማር ወተት፡፡
Exercise 3
1. Discuss in a group, and briefly explain the message of the above song to your teacher.
2. Practice the song individually, and present it to your class mate.
Exercise 4
Study the lyrics of song 3, ትምህርት ይጣፍጣል , and try to sing it in the right voice and
the right duration of the note. Follow the notes in the picture.
5.2. Relating Dance and theatre with to other disciplines

Dance can easily be copied from the movement of plants (forced by wind ) and animals.
The degree of wind gets plants move (wave) fast or slow. Also, animals move in different
ways based on their nature. Even, they show special movements based on conditions.
Therefore, when you study the movement of the plants and animals, indirectly you
study the nature of those plants and animals which is much related to science education.
As a theatre also, the students can play a role of various animals in their class. To do
that, they must study the nature of that animal which is again a science education.

Detailed Learning Outcomes:
• You will perform dance copying the movements of plants and

certain animals.
• You will do a mini theatre in a group, having a character of animals

you want. (Role play acting like talking animals)
5.2.1 Copying movements from plants and animals, and

relating it with dance.
Dance is a performing art that is performed by people who are living in various culture,
various geographical areas and regions, just for a specific purpose. The people could use
this activity during hunting, wedding, farming, cultural and religious festivals and so on.
Also, dance is used to express the inner feeling, love, anger, jealousy, bravery, sadness
and environmental beauty. But, the style of the dance varies from place to place, and
also from culture to culture. This performance can naturally be copied from plants' and
animals' movements, and enriched getting adapted to the cultural context of the
performers or the people. For instance, we can take movement of trees caused by wind;
flame of fire; movement of a monkey, a cat, a snake about to sting, an act of a dog
welcoming its guardian etc.

Figure 1: Dance related activities of playful cats, monkeys and dogs, snake about to sting,
flame of fire, and hunters’ activity during hunting etc.

Exercise 1
Get in a group, and perform dance related to one of the movements in the in the above
picture, either the tree's or the the animals', adding your own creativity to it.
5.3 Relating visual arts to other subjects

In this part of the lesson, we will learn how to relate/combine visual art with different
types of subjects and disciplines, and also the importance of relating visual arts with
other learning.
5.3.1 Relating shapes and colors to Mathematics and other

subjects
Detailed objective of the

course:
At the end of this portion, the students will;
• understand how visual arts are related to other subjects.
• know the importance of learning visual arts in combination with other

subjects.
• identify the relationship between visual arts and other subjects/discipline.
• understand the relationship between colors and science
5.3.2 Relating Visual Arts with Mathematics Education

Objects we see in our daily activities and in our lives are related to the different
geometrical shapes we find in Mathematics. These shapes can be divided in to two,
which are natural shape and geometric shape.
Natural shapes are those associated with things from the natural world, like animals,
plants and rocks. They are often curvilinear in appearance. Coming to geometrical shape,

they are two-dimensional shapes that have their own finite lines, edges, and surfaces.
These shapes are like circle, square, triangle etc.
In addition to shapes, we can find colours widely in Mathematics. Especially, we use

Mathematical formulas to find out and express the visibility of each colour. Through the
Mathematical calculations we distinguish different colors, and find out which one is
more visible. We also improve our mathematical skills by knowing the nature of colors.
5.3.3 Types of shapes

Shape is the form of an object, or its outline, outer boundary, outer surface. It has its
own characteristics that it express (represent). This quality is determined by the
impression it creates on us, after we see it in our eyes. In Mathematics, there are
various types of shapes. Triangle, circle, square, rectangle etc. are some of them.
Triangle:
A triangle is a three-sided shape. The sides can be equal or different.
Circle:
A circle is a line drawn around a point that is equal from all sides. In European culture, a
round shape represents woman's character, in the language of painting.

Square:
Square is a shape that is equal in all four corners, and used to represent weight in
drawing. Plus, it symbolizes males in European culture.
5.3.4 Relating Visual arts with science education.

Science puts its base on conducting research, making observations, and answering
various equations. But, visual art puts its focus on creativity, beauty and observation.
However, both science and art have similarities in the way they work, and also in their
application.
To make visual art, we observe our environment, and also ask more scientific questions ;
and that gets us develop our knowledge related to science. Also, a creative work on
visual art boosts our imagination capacity up, and that helps us create mental image of
abstract things in science, and eases learning/understanding. Therefore, it gets
challenging subject easy, interesting and enjoyable.
Coming to colour, it is the base of art, and art lacks a lot without it. Also, it has a strong
relationship too with science. For instance, when colours are get mixed, they do give
another new colour. In science language, this combination is called compound.
Also, colour is used to distinguish acid from base liquid, in science. We put litmus paper
in a given liquid, and check whether the liquid is acid or base. If the liquid is acid, the
litmus paper changes its colour to red. But, if it happens to be base liquid, the paper
turns to be blue in colour. Therefore, colours have a lot to do with science, and we do
many scientific experiments using colour.

Summary
Teaching other subjects through music is a better way to convey knowledge to the
students as it is much entertaining and unforgettable.
The objects we see and use in our daily activities are related to different geometrical
shapes we find in Mathematics.
Colours are also widely used in both Mathematics and Science. Mathematical formula
too is used to determine and describe the visible power of colours. Plus, they are the
fundamental of arts, and when we see them from science point of view, they have their
own measurement.
Shapes have their own characteristics that they express or represent.
Although art and science have different end goals, the way they work and are applied
are the same.
Visual arts help us develop interest in science education as it entertains and also eases
learning science.

Summative assessment
I. Fill the missing ones with the correct and meaningful answer
1. Green plants ________________________________________.
2. __________________ flowers, _________________ rivers, __________________

trees are very dangerous.
3. _______________water, cutting and burning trees affects nature.
4. How many half notes are there in a song called "የስነ ምግባር መዝሙር " ?
5. How many half notes are there in the song " ተፈጥሮን መንከባከብ"?
6. How many quarter note rests are there in the song “ትምህርት ይጣፍጣል " ?
II. Choose the best answer, and place the letter with the answer on the given space.
1. Which of the given is taken as a strong shape ?
A. Square B. Triangle C. Circle D. Line
2. Two-dimensional objects with their own bounding lines, edges, and surfaces are
known as _____________________
A. Colours B. Shapes C. Lines D. Art
3. Which of the following are mutually exclusive ? _____________
A. Lines B. Triangle C. Colours D. Square
4. Which of the following is different?
A. Square B. Triangle C. Circle D. Blue
5. Which of the following is the foundation of art ? _________________
A. Shape B. Colour C. Line D. Triangle

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Addis Ababa City Administration Education

Machine Translated by Google

Performing and Visual Arts Education

Addis Ababa City Administration Education Office

Performing and visual arts education i

Entoto Polytechnic College

Performing and visual arts education

The Head of the Education Bureau, Mr. Zelalem Mulatu, deserves

Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to the school

1. Chapter One /Artistic Understanding/ ......................................................................... 1

1.1.1 Hymns made from whole notes to quarter notes .................................................................... 2

1.1.2 Full note and rest mark: ....................................................................................................... 2

1.2.1 Understanding Voiceless Motion .......................................................................................... 11

1.3 Drama/Play ....................................................................................................................................... 12

1.3.1 About Monkey's Judgment .................................................................................................. 12

1.3.3 About one of the wealthy man ............................................................................................. 16

1.3.4 Voiceless movement / Mime .................................................................................................. 18

1.3.5 Activity ..............................................................................................................................................18

What did you see? .........................................................................................................................19

1.4 Study of various forms and colors ................................................................................................ 19

1.4.7 Portrait and landscape photography ............................................................................................. 25

1.4.8 Advantages of photography in brief ............................................................................................... 25

1.4.9 Portrait and landscape photography .............................................................................................. 26

Overall assessment .................................................................................................................................. 28

2. Chapter Two / Defining creativity /..........................................................................................29

2.1 Individual/group performance in terms of music ............................................................................ 29

2.1.2 Staff .................................................................................................................................................. 3

Performing and visual arts education

2.1.3 Clef ( Key of music)… ................................................................................................................... 33

2.2 Traditional dance…......................................................................................................................... 42

2.2.1 Ethiopian dance types in few........................................................................................................ 43

2.3 Voiceless drama and recitation....................................................................................... 44

2.3.1 Silent play / drama / .................................................................................................................... 44

2.4.1 Live Design ..................................................................................................................................... 49

2.4.2 Conceptual design ......................................................................................................................... 49

2.4.3 Form Version (Smoothness and Roughness) ................................................................................ 52

2.4.5 Smoothness and Roughness ........................................................................................................ 56

Summative Assessment .......................................................................................................................... 58

3. Chapter three /historical and cultural contexts / ............................................................................... 61

3.1 The importance of music in the society ............................................................................................. 62

3.1.1 War songs… ................................................................................................................................... 63

3.1.2 Crying tunes… ................................................................................................................................ 63

3.1.3 Children's Songs… .......................................................................................................................... 63

3.1.4 The role of music in society from a historical perspective… ......................................................... 67

3.3.1 From the point of view of faith ..................................................................................................... 70

3.3.2 From the point of culture… .............................................................................................................. 70

Performing and visual arts education

Summative Assessment: ................................................................................................................80

4.2 The Importance of Practicing the Art of Dance...........................................................................90

4.3 The Importance of Practicing the Art of Drama Significance ...................................................... 93

4.2.2 It is used to develop the body................................................................................................ 94

4.2.3 To develop the mind through knowledge ...............................................................................94

4.3 Indigenous games...................................................................................................................... 95

4.3.1 Foolish couple........................................................................................................................95

4.4 The Importance of Practicing Visual Arts .................................................................................. 96

4.4.1 From the point of view of aesthetics ...................................................................................... 97

4.4.2 In terms of expressing feelings ............................................................................................ 97

4.4.3 From a psychological point of view............................................................................................. 97

Summary ................................................................................................................................... 100

Summative Assessment.............................................................................................................. 101

5. Chapter Five / Correlation and Application / ........................................................................ 102

5.1 Relating Music to Other Subjects ........................................................................................... 103

5.1.1 Relating music to other subjects ................................................................................................. 104