Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

University Town, Northern Samar

GE 6: ART APPRECIATION

Prepared and Compiled by:

RUTH L. SAYDE
PAULA MAE M. CAPARIC
DANISE ALLYSON PETATE
CAC, Part Time Lecturers

NAME OF STUDENT: _______________________________________________________

COURSE & YEAR: _________________________________________________________
 MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO ART APPRECIATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO ARTS APPRECIATION................................................. 3

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………… 3
Learning Outcomes…………………………………………………………………………… 3
Module 1: Introduction to Art Appreciation ………………………………..……………. 4
1. Importance of Art ………………………………..……………………………….…. 4
1.1 Why is Art Important? …………………………………………………...……… 4
1.2 Art as Form of Expression and Communication ……………………………… 5
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………… 5
Learning Exercise #1.1…………………………………………………………………… 6
2. Assumptions of Art ………………………………..……………………………..…. 7
2.1 Art is Universal ………………………………………………………………….. 7
2.2 Art is Not Nature ……………………………………………………………….. 9
2.3 Art Involves Experience ………………………………………………………… 11
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………… 11
Learning Exercise #1.2 …………………………………………………………………… 11
3. Functions of Art ………………………………..……………………………………. 12
3.1 Aesthetic Function ……………………………………………………………….. 13
3.2 Utilitarian Function ………………………………………………………………. 13
3.3 Social Function …………………………………………………………………… 13
3.4 Cultural Function ……………………………………………………………….. 13
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………… 14
Learning Exercise #1.3 …………………………………………………………………… 14
4. Subject and Content ………………………………..………………………………... 15
4.1 Kinds and Sources of Subject …………………………………………………… 16
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………… 17
Learning Exercise #1.4 …………………………………………………………………… 17
5. Artist and Artisans ………………………………..………………..…………….…… 18
5.1 Artists …………………………………………………………...…………………. 18
5.2 Artisans ……………………………………………………………………………. 18
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………… 19
5.3 Imagination ………………………………………………………………………. 19
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………… 20
5.4 Appropriation …………………………………………………………………….. 20
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………… 21
5.5 Art Making ………………………………………………………………………... 21
5.6 Medium and Technique ………………………………………………………… 23
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………… 24
Learning Exercise #1.5 …………………………………………………………………… 25
Rubrics ……………………………………………………………………………………......... 26
Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………..... 28
References …………………………………………………………………………………...... 29

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 MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO ART APPRECIATION

1: INTRODUCTION TO ART APPRECIATION

INTRODUCTION

Welcome to our first topic in Module 1!

I hope we get along as we discuss through all of the lessons.
Are you ready? Okay, let us get started!

This lesson will give a brief introduction to arts. It is the goal of this lesson to explain the
meaning of art from different perspectives. The various assumptions of arts will be also
tackled emphasizing on why art is not nature. The importance and function of arts in our lives
with regard to the contributions to the development of art will be given focus as well. Here,
you will learn about the different subjects of art and its content. We will also deal with the
difference between artist and artisan and their works.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

 Explain the meaning, assumptions, importance and function of art in our lives;
 Reflect on the function of art with regard to their personal contributions to the
development of art,
 Determine the subject of art and its content; and,
 Differentiate between artist and artisan.

Now, let us properly begin our discussion on the Introduction to Art Appreciation!

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 MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO ART APPRECIATION

Module 1: Introduction to Art Appreciation

I. IMPORTANCE OF ART
Art is an important aspect in our lives. It constitutes one of the oldest and most
important means of expression developed by man. It has been existent since men have lived
together.
The term art comes from the Italian word, artis, which means “craftsmanship, skill,
mastery of form, inventiveness, and the association that exist between form and ideas and
between material and techniques; “from the Aryan root ar which means “to join” or put
together”; from the Greek words “artizein,” which means to “prepare,” and arkiskein, meaning
to “put together.”

1.2 Why is Art Important?

Why do we keep on looking for something new? Why do we keep on watching film
or listen to music? Why do we love to read or write? To draw or paint? To sculpt or carve? To
act or play instruments? To sing or dance? To take photographs or make films? These are
forms of Art making that human beings can’t resist. Probably, because we want and enjoy
them, we need them to survive, and to prove our potentials. Whatever reasons we have, these
will always boil down to one essential ground, i.e. “man utilizes art because it serves human
fundamental needs, and likewise enjoys it” (Dudley, Faricy, and Rice, 1969).

Ariola said that “Art appreciation is the ability to interpret or understand man-made arts
and enjoy them either through actual and work experience with art tools and materials or
possession of these works for one's admiration and satisfaction. Art appreciation therefore
deals with learning or understanding and creating arts and enjoying them" (2008, 5).

The scope of Art expression is so immense that we could never tell how it would
influence and touch individual lives. Maybe, for one person, Art is just a hobby and leisure,
but for others, it is already their way of life—they feel the drive to burn candles, exhaust time
and shell out money or energy in producing their masterpieces. In whatever way, Art pats our
existence, it is an honest outlet of our creativity, sensitivity and sensibility.
Art endured so many centuries. It served mankind for shaping civilization and society. It
became the vehicle of communication and expression which unifies people despite different
languages, culture and tradition. Hence, Ward (2006) states that “art is an international form
of communication dealing with the natural world at an emotional level, a basic common skill
that passes beyond the barriers of culture, language, and creed”. This idea is supported by
Taylor (2010), who believes that Art will allow us to explore illuminating experience, thus,
affording us an extra understanding, prudence, and sensitivity towards cultural differences.
He stated that “art develops our ability to think critically with our environment. It opens our
senses and transforms us from a torpid to pro-active and progressive individuals”.

Despite the fact that Art unites people, it also divides and creates distinction of culture. It
documents and reveals the way of life—practices, values, customs, tradition, and beliefs of
people of a particular race that differ from other groups. Consequently, it speaks of how time

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evolved and how culture gradually transcended. Arts of any form such as music, dances,
literacy pieces, paintings, sculptures, clothing, furniture, jewelries, utensils, tools or weapons,
buildings and other structures would remind us of the kind of civilization that a particular
time has.

1.2 Art as Form of Expression and Communication

Art allows people to tap the unknown and the unexplored. No matter how time
changes, Art is there to accompany and enable us to survive. Besides, it can be utilized in any field
as a springboard in understanding the nature of every field. Humanities or Arts exploration
will allow the individuals to appreciate more the relevance of self-expression; it will allow
individuals to understand and value the art process. Specifically, it will teach us how to
determine and appreciate the value and beauty of any work of Art.

Osborne said that “good art is successful expression of emotion, and expression
consists in the finding of images by which the emotion is articulated and rendered
determinate for apprehension - a process which Croce called intuition” (1970, 233). Thus it is
associated as the Crocean theory. He further supported this theory by calling Art as ‘the
language of emotions’ in which he claimed that the works of Art imitate natural situations,
real, imagined or ideal, but imitating them inobjectively because the artist’s imitation is driven
with his/her own personal attitude towards the situation.

In addition, Osborne assumed that the work of Art is judged by its effectiveness in
producing a desired result through a particular emotional response in an audience. He stated
that “the artist must induce in himself the emotions he wishes to produce in his audience and thus by
expressing his own, implant similar feelings in the audience. Through Art, by sympathetic and
imaginative self identification, we enjoy, savor, or get the feel of emotions and attitudes which
otherwise we would not have known" (1970, 233).

Since Art is a form of expression and communication, it should therefore, not be in the
confines of the few-the elite, the art connoisseur, critics, leftists, philosophers, religious or
spiritual and even the artists themselves. It is for everybody who wants change and
transformation, who wants to convey thoughts, ideas, feelings and emotions towards things
and situations. Thus, Art making as means of preserving and revealing ancient stories, and
presenting experiences and future revelations should be accessible and open for all.

Conclusion

Art is part of our civilization. Thus, our civilization becomes alive and dynamic
because of it. Imagine if you take away music, dances, literacy pieces, paintings, sculptures,
clothing, furniture, jewelries, utensils, tools or weapons, buildings and other structures, which
are obviously dominating our life, what do you think would our society look like? Art is there
to serve us - either with our want or need; it is there to carry out its purpose.

In diversely dynamic ways, arts touch lives. Every individual perceives Art and its
importance in different levels. Some may regard it as a sort of fad and leisure while others
take it seriously that it becomes their primary means of self-expression and even source of
living.

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Art as a form of expression and communication is essential to share thoughts, ideas,

emotions opinions and beliefs that would help awaken consciousness and awareness of
audiences toward situations and issues.

Further, humanity needs to push the tide of development and human transformation.
With this, Art is there to accompany us in reaching our dreams towards the kind of society
we want to live in. Hence, we only need to express and communicate with each other by
continually creating and re-creating artworks that bridge connections among cultures sharing
practices, values, customs, traditions, and beliefs that would somehow define unity despite
our diversity.

LET’S TAKE A BREAK!

LEARNING EXERCISE 1.1

Are you ready to test what you have learned? It’s simple. Just answer the questions below.
LET’S DO THIS!

Can you consider Art as important in your life? If yes, how did it help and influence you
particularly during this COVID-19 pandemic?

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II. ASSUMPTIONS OF ART

“Art is universal, art is not nature and art involves experience.”
(Dudley and Faricy, 1969).

2.1. Art is Universal

Art knows no limit. It transcends cultures, races, and civilizations. It reaches the
farthest and the most isolated spots in the universe. As long as human beings exist, art is
feasible, alive and dynamic.

2.1.1Art as Means of Communication

Regardless of where people live, they share common means of

expressing their thoughts and feelings, i.e., through Arts, like music,
dances, literacy pieces, decorative Arts, paintings and drawings,
sculptures, etc. These forms of art are utilized to establish and
strengthen communication; they are a profound mode of unfolding
images and revealing depths of imagination. Hence, Arts in any
form communicate different feelings and emotions-happiness,
loneliness, pride, rage, revolt, etc.

On the other hand, Art is used to call for unity and

reconciliation. Our country’s anthem, for instance, is there to bind
us; to make us feel that we are one in our dreams and mission.
Monuments and other historical heritage remind us of our past, the struggles that each one
shared, and the unity we formed in the name of freedom. Further,
the art expressed through festivals depict each tribe’s culture that
needs to be communicated and expressed for common
understanding.

In contrast, Art can also be used to communicate mutiny and

rebellion. For instance, the work of Rizal in his book "Noli Me
Tangere" and “El Filibusterismo” extends his utmost disagreement
with the Spaniards’ control over Filipinos. The crusades with all the
plays, drama, songs, and dummies, which are taking place in parks
and squares, become the venue of people to express insurgence
against plans and actions of people in government service or even
private individuals.

2.1.2 Art is Timeless

Art is timeless because it goes beyond the time

of our own existence. It is present in every corner of
the world to serve basic needs of mankind, from
ancient time to modern world. Art started since
the birth of man’s life, thus, it would continue to
live in accord with man’s existence.

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Further, Art is timeless because it continually evolves. Aside from artists birthing new
artworks, they also never stop innovating, recreating, reinventing and reviving works of Art
in the past to establish new style and identity, and most of all, to capture audience’s interest
and attention in the recent world.

Indeed, Art is timeless. Classical music, for instance, never fades and goes out of style.
It continually invades our time - listened and appreciated by many. It remains strong because
it became a witness, a company, a reflection and a journal of our forefathers’ young lives.
Maybe, some artworks, particularly songs and stories are forgotten, but writers, directors, and
film makers unearthed, repackaged, and appropriated them in time. These masterpieces are
utilized to filter their worth to new audiences and generation.

Art defines time. For example, in watching film, even when you don’t have the idea of
when it is created, the style of directing and filming, (shots, angles and editing) the clothing
and bearing of the characters (hair styles and make-up), musical scoring (music and sound
effects), and the setting and plot of the story would make the viewer’s guess the period it was
produced. Some prose and poetry obviously describe the setting and characters that would
prompt readers to recognize the time/era they were written.

While Art defines time, time also defines Art. A lot of artworks immediately captures
the public interest the moment they are created. Michael Jackson maintained the popularity
of his Art from the time he started doing music and even after his death. Pablo Picasso
sustained the recognition of his artwork even to this present time. However, there are also
artworks that are deserted with credit and do not capture immediately audience's attention
but are on the limelight the next points in time. Consider the artworks (paintings) of Vincent
Van Gogh that caught the public interest only after his death. Many works of art today are not
instantly recognized but could probably capture spectators’ attention in the right time. Indeed,
time defines art. It identifies the artworks and art forms that would “click” in a particular time
for the particular audience.

2.1.3 Art Addresses Human Needs

Art is universal because it addresses needs of people from all over the world. “Art is there
to serve our human fundamental needs” (Ortiz, et.al., 1976, 6.)Through directly functional and
indirectly functional arts, we are provided with a variety of offerings - comfort, entertainment
and education, which would somehow lead us to self-fulfillment and satisfaction.

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2.2 Art is Not Nature

Art is not nature because art is man-made. It is a

creation of man that may reflect a profound skillfulness
and craftsmanship. It undergoes process and planning: a
result of study and research.

Art is artificial because it is just an imitation or

even appropriation of reality or nature. It is a
representation of ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions
that are communicated in creative and artistic ways. It
undergoes a transformation from its basic raw form into a
masterpiece. Further, arts are made by artists to adore and
acknowledge the wonders of life, the awe of God’s
creation and the commemoration of our experiences.

There’s always something in nature that we cannot get and transform into art. When
an artist attempts to paint a mountain, still, he/she cannot make a real one. We can paint a
real-like flower but we cannot produce a real flower. We might be able to produce a fake
diamond out of a broken glass but we cannot create a real diamond because it takes a
collaboration of minerals and energy to form one, which in art is unfeasible.
Art can never be natural because nature is evanescent in constant transformation of
change, and yet art is permanent: it does not change by itself, unless manipulated by its
creator, man.

Further, Art is not nature because it is limited. Unlike the infinite offerings of nature,
an artwork can only feature few ideas and thoughts that are surely derived from the natural
world. It is never possible that one can see an artwork communicating a package of what an
entire life is all about. It can only capture a limited point that can be conveyed to the audiences.

To adore nature is innate in us for we came from nature itself. We cannot compare Art
with nature because it is something mysterious and it is made by the Divine persona whose
depth and mystery is beyond human understanding.

Artists could make an artwork but they could not

surely form nature. From experiences, we could not even
regard nature as the highest form of art because it is not art at
all. We could not even say that God is an artist because God is
God - He is divine.

Nature is too big, too grand, too mysterious, and too

beautiful to be grasped in a pigment, in a frame of
choreography and in words. It is an extension of the
consciousness that owns us, that provides us with life. While
art is refined and processed, nature is raw and organic. It has
life on its own that is much older than us.

Consequently, nature can provide the model of the elements such as line, color,
texture, form as we craft our own artwork. Nature’s value and perspective are real, actual,
tangible, felt and experienced by us. For instance, various characteristics of lines are present

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in the stillness of water, the rolling landscape, shorelines, streams, etc. In addition, principles
of design are also prevalent and actual in nature such as balance, form, harmony, rhythm,
variation, proportion, emphasis, and subordination that could help artists organize and
compose a work of Art.

Balance in nature is reflected in different terrains where mountains sit with authority
and greatness. Their silhouettes reflect a varied rhythm of flowing flora and fauna where
stones are naturally crafted to appeal us. The biomorphic, angular forms and texture of trees
show harmony of shades and reflections. Proportions are manifested in the human anatomy;
the stature itself is pulled into its balance. Even when you alter the body, it will stand with
balance and can stand in harmony with climate and weather. Mountains, hills, and plateaus
are, as if sculpted, pushing their peaks to be emphasized as symbols of power and life source.

The shorelines, riverbanks, splashes of waves and rain produce sound which creates
fleeting memories that unceasingly dance for thousands of years. Nothing can supplement
the raw sound of nature; however, time and place may not allow us to experience it all the
time, but man’s inventions, records and documentations are available and accessible.

Art can never compete with nature. Hence, it could not withstand nature’s conflicts
such as earthquakes, flash floods, and other calamities. However, these forces that are
interacting, claiming, and asserting can be captured in film and photographs-contain them in
a miniature weapon, i.e., camera. Man’s skill and science are readily available to capture
nature as far as human eyes could see but never the mystery behind it.

Despite nature’s providence of beauty and wonder, man

still alters nature’s arrangement-turning paradise into resorts,
agricultural, residential and industrial spots to satisfy our needs
and wants.

The beauty of nature is innate and silent. It is given. It

doesn’t ask tor attention since it is naturally part of it, while it is
true that beauty in Art demands human attention for it leads us to
its valuation.

2.2.1 In what way are nature and art related and associated?

While it is true that art is not nature, it is, however, related with nature. Art and nature
are related in the sense that they have mutual “give and take" relationship. Nature provides
medium, resources, and models to create an artwork, while art confers recognition and
appreciation that would facilitate mankind to the call for responsible stewardship of nature.

The natural creation and man-made creation are both perceived through the senses.
Both inspired us, provided us fuel and work, life and hope, materials and medium. They have
their own sense of audience and belongingness-man’s home. Eventually, they, too, became
the source of study and research.

Art and nature are too slick and witty. They provide us a view point of looking at
things. Artists and artisans use nature to assist us to be more humane in order to serve
humanity, to be sensitive enough in doing our works as stewards of the creation. What makes
us appreciative and needing towards nature is the fleeting moment of wonder, of happiness,

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joy, awe, of the time when we are stressed, under pressure, and when we are lost.
Unconsciously, we always go back to where we came from - nature.

2.3. Art Involves Experience

Art is a representation of our experiences. It demands involvement. The only way to

find conviction and affirmation in Art is through immersion to the Arts. We can only
appreciate art if we spend time to look at it, listen to it, touch it, and feel its presence.

The meaning of Art waits to be unfolded; its rawness triggers perception, wit, and
spirituality of the audiences. Making art is not a contest or a competition; it may be utilized to
strengthen one’s identity, not just to showcase talents, to share stories and unfurl mysteries.
Further, Art is utilized either to influence or convince, or to destroy and unshaped one’s belief.

Conclusion

Art is universal because it serves human basic needs. It is not nature because art is a
human expression. It involves experience and demands involvement.

The above three assumptions set the boundary on the responsibility and obligation of
man in fulfilling what he/she is capable of doing. Man has to communicate, man has to utilize
Art to bridge understanding and let society advance its growth. Henceforth, Art is a constant
reaction to the world around us. It caters both our differences and uniqueness.

Assumptions of arts are the principles and bases in arts appreciation because, in art,
human beings can communicate one’s individuality and existence. It is only in action that we
live continually, so thus Art.

LET’S TAKE A BREAK!

LEARNING EXERCISE 1.2

Are you ready to test what you have learned? It’s simple. Just discuss and/or explain the
sentence below. LET’S DO THIS!

Art is universal because it is popular. Art is good because it is universal.

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III. FUNCTIONS OF ART

Art can be generally classified into two: the directly functional and indirectly
functional art.

 Functional art refers to art that we use in our daily lives such as tools,
architectural structures, roads, bridges, buildings, furniture, kitchen
utensils, coins, bills, dress, weapons, etc.

 Indirectly functional art refers to the arts that are “perceived through the
senses" such as fine arts, painting, music, sculpture, dance, literary piece,
theatrical performances, music and the like. We do not use these arts
literally to live and survive, but they accompany us in expressing ourselves.
We have utilized indirectly functional art not just to communicate but to
advance our society, to preserve and document relevant events and details
of our culture. This art is basically used to inform, educate and entertain
people. It is there to transform us into better human beings.

Both directly functional art and indirectly functional art cross each path and tend to
change roles or fuse purposes. There are also functional artworks that the sole purpose is for
function, either decorative or for a specific purpose, but the designs incorporated made the
decorative art transcends from its basic form to a highly artistic form of art.

The example on the right illustrates how the directly

functional and indirectly-functional arts cross boundaries. A chair
was used by the artist as a canvass. The artist transforms the function
of a chair into a symbolic object, a representation of something which
eventually becomes a medium to symbolize sea of power,
knowledge, education, statuses, etc.

A collection of different kinds of chair can be utilized as a

representation of a concept. A chair can be an artifact or a historical
documentation and a societal presentation of people in a particular
time or era. It can even be elevated to comment for political issues
aside from its basic form which is to seat upon, a place where one can
rest, reflect and re-collect. A comfortable and durable chair could be
a witness of our dreams and history.

Another an example shown is of bottles that are

transformed from their basic function to a significant one.
A bottle is one of the important inventions of man to store
food or any stuff to preserve and sustain its freshness for
better use. However, the bottles here are used as
alternatives for creating musical sound-designed to be
used as wind instrument or percussion.

What made Art relevant is its grasp towards the needs of the humankind. Art “serves
basic human needs”. To fully understand this, we will look into the purpose of Art. According
to Ariola artistic functions can be classified into four: aesthetic, utilitarian, social and cultural.

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3.1 Aesthetic function

An artwork functions aesthetically when it

becomes instrumental for man to be cognizant of
the beauty of nature and where the real feelings of
joy and appreciation to nature’s beauty are
manifested through appreciation and enjoyment
when in contact with the artwork.

3.2 Utilitarian function

Art is serving this function when it is

utilized to give comfort, convenience, and
happiness to human beings. It is used to serve
basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing,
medicine, comfortable environment;
transportation, entertainment, communication,
and expression, and other important things
that make man live with happiness and ease.

3.3 Social function

When the art bridges connection among

people, it serves a social function. Art here
encourages good relationship-unity and
cooperation are being facilitated and established.
With this, people become more understanding
and sympathetic that would somehow create a
better society.

3.4 Cultural function

Art serves as an aperture towards skills, knowledge,

attitudes, customs, and traditions of different groups of
people. The Art helps, preserves, share, and transmits
culture of people from one generation to another. Through
printed matter, art transmits and preserves skills and
knowledge from one generation to another. It makes man
aware of his/her cultural background, making him/her
more knowledgeable and his/her life more enduring and
satisfying.

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Conclusion

Art is both directly and indirectly functional. Functional arts provide us with ease and
comfort in living with our everyday lives. This form of arts directly serves human basic needs
such as tools, architectural structures, furniture, kitchen utensils, clothes, weapons, etc. While,
non-functional arts are basically used to inform, educate, and entertain people. These are
perceived through the senses such as painting, sculpture, music, literary pieces, dance,
theatrical performance, etc.

Art serves several functions. In terms of functions it is differentiated by the degree of

our exposure towards these arts. We utilize Art for personal purposes. We utilize Art to go
beyond from the comfort space, and to affect and persuade other individuals. We utilize Art
for physical purposes such us tools - these tools define man. Thus, Art is utilized to improve
our way of life.

LET’S TAKE A BREAK!

LEARNING EXERCISE 1.3

Are you ready to test what you have learned? It’s simple. Just provide the answers on each
activity below. LET’S DO THIS!

1. Give an example of a simple object or art which can be classified as functional and
indirectly functional art. Explain how it changed/fused roles and cross boundaries.
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2. Enumerate five examples in each function or purpose of art.

FUNCTIONS OF ART
Aesthetic Utilitarian Social Cultural
1. 1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5. 5.

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IV. SUBJECT AND CONTENT

In any art form – painting, music, sculpture, architecture, or dance – there is always a
subject that serves as a foundation of the creation of the work of art. The subject of art can
varied. A subject of art is usually that is represented in the artwork. It is varied – it may be a
person, object, scene, animal, event, etc.
Subject in art generally refers to the thing, the object, the person, the event, the
landscape, etc. depicted by the artist in his/her artwork. Through the subject, the audience
will be informed of what the artwork is all about.
Not only concrete objects in the real world but also anything in the realms of
imagination can be used as a subject in art. The river or stream of consciousness will never
run dry. The light may be too fast the moment may be so brief but still artists are able to
capture them in their very own ways and styles. Experience is the strong drive for artist in
choosing a subject.
There are two classifications of subject in an artwork:
1. An artwork that has a subject is classified as a representational art. It is also
known as objective art because you can easily objectify the subject. Paintings,
sculptures, photography, graphic arts, dance, theater, literature are generally
classified as representational arts.
2. Artworks that have no resemblance to any real subject are called non-
representational art. On the other hand, it is also known as non-objective art
because it doesn't represent anything and they are what they are. theu rather
appeal directly to the senses primarily because of the satisfying organization
of their elements.

Though sometimes paintings and sculptures do not have subjects, more so with dance,
theater and literature, which do not depict clear subjects/representations but have themes,
would help the audience clarify their meanings and intentions.
Some contemporary painters have shifted their interest to the work of art as an object
itself, an exciting combination of shapes and colors that fulfills the aesthetic need without
having to represent images or tell a story. Many modern paintings have a purely visual
appeal;so odifficult that literal-oriented spectators cannot appreciate them.
On the contrary, traditional sculptures and paintings have subjects. When looking at
a traditional painting or a statue, one expects to recognize the subject – a man, a dog, a
landscape.

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4.1 Kinds and Sources of Subject

The kinds of subject enumerated below are explored and prevalent in any form of art
expression, either in visual, auditory or combined arts. Nature (landscapes, seascapes, and
other parts of nature), still life, animals, portraits/human figures, history and legends,
religion and mythology, and dreams and fantasies.
1. Nature. This subject deals with the physical environment-the natural world.
a. Landscapes are parts of nature. They include mountains, plateaus, valleys, islands,
etc. It can be natural or artificial.
i. A natural landscape is a land formation that is never modified and distorted.
ii. It becomes artificial landscape when there is human intervention-when man
tends to alter the natural land formation (with rocks and plants) through
"landscaping" such as that of the hotel entrance, inland resorts, parks, and
even in backyards. Cityscapes refer to anything that composes the scene of
the city. Such as buildings, roads. etc., and are not directly part of nature
though situated in land by human beings to serve their purpose.
b. On the other hand, seascapes include lakes, rivers, ocean, stream, brook and other
watercourses.
i. Natural seascapes are waterscapes mentioned above.
ii. Tthere are also artificial seascapes/water formations such as dams, man-made
lakes, and waterfalls.
2. Animals. This is another kind of subject that is commonly used in any art forms, not
only it is prevalent today but also during the Medieval period when early Christians
used animal symbols such as peacock and fish to identify themselves as Christian
believers.
3. Portrait or Human Figures. A whole human figure or just a part of it can represent
the self in using this kind of subject, the angle, the distance, and the subject or modes
composure are considered. Portraits and human figures have the same intentions to
capture human expression. The human body is known as "the measure of all things".
It reflects proportion, balance coordination, order, and unity. In addition, studying
human anatomy is considered though it is tedious and challenging.
4. History and Legends. This is a kind of subject that is inspired by history or legends.
Historical events are real stories while legends are just imaginary accounts. Whether
history or legends, these stories are used in any art form to share and transmit the
values that are attached with them. McIntyre says "telling of stories has a key part in
educating us into the virtues". This claim was elaborated by Egan which states that
"the powerful stories of the world do not simply describe a range of human qualities". That
similar point was further supported by Benjamin when he stated that the story is "the
ability to share experiences".
5. Still Life. Still life refers to in-animating objects either in a form of a drawing, painting
or photograph. It allows us to look into the beauty of a certain object and be able to
play in its presentation. Still life painting or drawing is one way for studying color,
compositions, tones and shadows. The three-dimensional approach adheres order and
balance. It is done usually indoors so light source is controlled. In still life, it features
the ability of the artist to play with the characteristics such as highlights, middle tones,
dark tones, shadow and reflection.
6. Religion and Mythology. Religious and mythological themes are subject that are
practiced by religious and tribal groups. Religious or mythological art as a kind of

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subject is usually cone by an insider artist or a devoted member of a religious group.

If not, they are artisans who followed a traditional practice, belief and customs which
are learned from their forefathers and handed down from generation to generation.
Religious and tribal symbols can be utilized but neither should be exaggerated nor
distorted for aesthetic purposes.
7. Dreams and Fantasies. To dream and to imagine are for free. Dreams and Fantasies
refer to subjects that are inspired by the subconscious mind as discovered by Sigmund
Freud. Artworks that are inspired by dreams and fantasies are called surrealism.
Dreams and Fantasies can be presented in any style or form. Some subjects are
presented in realistic manner, however, the imagery is distorted, and the setting
becomes a dream world. Art had been an effective tool to assist the human being to
explore imagination. It even assists us to escape from reality.

Conclusion
Subject in Art is as dynamic with culture and imagination. It never runs out and is
never fully exhausted: from the simple concept to the complex artistic creation. However, the
challenge for artists is on his/her storytelling and retelling of a story, of a reality. Hence, the
artist's subject presentation must be clear and well-organized in order not to confuse
audiences.
Clarity of one's choice of a subject is imperative because the content of the artwork
itself is the soul of each artistic creation. Every subject reveals the conviction of the artist; thus,
it also serves as the extension of what he/she believes in. To carry out effectively this objective
of bringing clarity and precision to one's subject, personal preferences and biases of the artist
must be taken into account, as well as the artist's background and ideological perspective
because, consciously or unconsciously, they could be transmitted and revealed in their
Artwork.
After all, Art itself is storytelling, and at times, conveys powerful and inspiring stories.
And we may never know how our work may evoke a sense of curiosity, wonder, meaning, or
inspiration to our readers.

LET’S TAKE A BREAK!

LEARNING EXERCISE 1.4

Are you ready to test what you have learned? It’s simple. Just provide the answers on each
activity below. LET’S DO THIS!

When do we say an art is representational or non-representational? Attach a work of art

(with the name of the artist and when was it made) and identify its classification of subject
and what kind of subject is depicted in the artwork. Discuss your answer clearly.

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V. ARTIST AND ARTISANS

An artist is generally defined as an art practitioner such as a painter, sculptor,
choreographer, dancer, writer, poet, musicians etc. who produces or creates indirectly-
functional Arts with aesthetic value using imagination. Thus, they provide us paintings,
sculptures, dances, music, literary pieces, etc. as the means of provoking our thoughts, ideas,
and emotions that are necessary to discover ourselves and our being.
On the other hand, an artisan is a craftsman such as carpenter, carver, plumber,
blacksmith, weaver, embroiderer, etc. who produces directly functional and/or decorative
arts. They help us in meeting our basic needs such as food, clothing, dwelling, furniture,
kitchen utensils, and everything that makes our life easy are crafted by artisans.

5.1 Artist
A formal Art study would be a n advantage but it is not a requirement to practice art.
Acquiring or learning skills in Art is not just laugh and learned in a formal art school but also
acquired informally. You may learn to play the guitar not from a formal workshop but from
the neighborhood. Yet, an artist may learn not entirely from a schooled perspective but can be
developed later in life through curiosity, hobby, or experiences.
Most artists feel free in making their art. They
have the real drive to develop a particular artwork, most
often, regardless of potential market end of how people
would respond to its message-they may love, like,
embrace or the other way around. Burton supported this
claim when he said that "an artist will do whatever it takes
to make work right”. The result may not be pretty; it may
even be painful, but it will be honest". He added that
indeed, real Art moves people. Hence, Stillmunks said
that "the real artist touches the heart and soul of the
viewer.....an artist takes something out of his or her heart and
soul and places it on that page, canvas, song, or whatever.”

5.2 Artisan
People have different perceptions on the importance
of artists and artisans in our society. They are the same in the
sense that they both develop works of Art; hence, they are
also different since they address different needs of human
beings.
Like the artists, artisans' works are also noticed and
valued – only in different ways and levels. The relevance and
usefulness of the artisans' works make them essential in our
everyday living. A great part of our survival greatly depends
on the works that the artisans produce. The utilitarian
function of artisans' works give us comfort, convenience,
ease and happiness in living everyday lives. From our basic
needs to our wants, artisans are there to facilitate easy living.

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Conclusion
Artists and Artisans are the pillars of our society. We need artists as much as we need
artisans. They both serve people far a long time by providing us directly functional and
indirectly functional Arts. Being an artist and an artisan both require skills and technical
competence. It is not important to distinguish which of them we need the most because they
serve society in different ways. The sharing and preservation of our culture's dynamism
greatly depend on them.

5.3 Imagination
While human beings are unique and no two individuals are exactly the same,
imagination, too differ from one person to another. It is affected by experiences-by what our
senses received. The direct exposure of the artist to the environment will eventually affect the
way the artist looks upon the subject and the story of his/her own work. It is important that
the artist would submit himself/herself to what he/she doing (art making) to allow deep
imagination in creating forms of Art. Same with inspiration, imagination plays a significant
role in an production. Imagination is useless if a person does not transform an idea into a real
form or object. The Artwork eventually concretizes an experience.
Eight Different Modes of Imagination:
1. Effectuative Imagination combines information together to synergize new concepts and
ideas. Effectuative imagination can be either guided or triggered by random thoughts,
usually stimulated by what a person experiences within the framework of their past
experience. It may also incubate from pondering over a specific problem within the
occasional attention of a person.
2. Intellectual (or Constructive) Imagination is utilized when considering and developing
hypotheses from different pieces of information or pondering over various issues of
meaning, like in the areas of philosophy, management, or politics, etc. Intellectual
imagination originates from a definite idea or plan and thus is guided imagination as it
has a distinct purpose which in the end must be articulated after a period of painstaking
and sometimes meticulous endeavor.
3. Imaginative Fantasy creates and develops stories, pictures, poems, stage-plays, and the
building of the esoteric, etc. This form of imagination may be based upon the inspiration
of some fact or semi-autobiographical experiences, extrapolated or analogized into new
persona and events, supernatural mythology and folklore, and structural with mythical
people in real word settings.
4. Empathy is a capacity we have to connect to others and feel what they are feeling. It helps
a person know emotionally what others are experiencing from their frame and reference.
It allows our mind to detach itself from one's self and see the world from someone else’s
feelings, emotions, pain, and reasoning. It can assist us in seeing other realities,
alternative meanings of situations, which may consist of many layers. It shows us that
here are no absolutes, just alternative meanings to situations. It links us to the lager
community and thus important to human survival in enabling us to understand what is
required to socially coexist with others.
5. Strategic Imagination is concerned about vision of what could be, the ability to recognize
and evaluate opportunities by turning them into mental scenarios, seeing the benefits,
identifying the types and quantities of resources required for taking particular actions,
and the ability to weigh up all the issues in a strategic manner.

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6. Emotional Imagination is concerned with manifesting emotional dispositions and

extending them into emotional scenarios. Without any imagination, emotion would not
be able to emerge from our psyche and manifest as feelings, moods, and dispositions.
Fear requires the imagination of what is fearful, hate requires imagination about what is
repulsive, and worry requires the imaginative generation of scenarios that make one
anxious. Through emotional imagination, beliefs are developed through giving weight
to imaginative scenarios that generate further sets of higher order emotions.
7. Dreams are unconscious forms of imagination made up of images, ideas, emotions, and
sensations that occur during certain stages of sleep. Dreams show that every concept in
our mind has its own psychic associations and the ideas we deal with in everyday life are
by no means as precise as we think. Our experiences become sublimed into our memory
passing into the unconscious where the factual characteristics can change, and can be
reacquired at any time.
8. Memory Reconstruction is the process of retrieving our memory of people, objects, and
events. Our memory is made up of prior knowledge consisting of a mix of truth and
belief, influenced by emotion. Recurring memory therefore carries attitudes, values, and
identity as most of our memory is within the "I" or "me” paradigm. Memory is also
reconstructed to fit into our current view of the world, so is very selective. The process of
memory reconstruction occurs within our subconscious emerging into our consciousness
without us being really being aware of the soul elements, i.e., what is fact and what is
belief.

Conclusion
Imagination is an important tool in developing an artwork. It is where the substance
and the meaning of the artwork are formed. Hence, imaginations differ from one person to
another since everyone is dealing with different experiences-with what are received by the
senses. Imaginations are still dependent on action for they remain imaginations unless the
artist transforms these thoughts and ideas into form. An individual has to submit
himself/herself in the process of Art making in order to create a new form out of the thoughts
and ideas founded on the experiences.

5.4 Appropriation
To appropriate does not mean stealing or
plagiarizing. It is not owning a particular work but just
using the artwork in the artist’s raw context.
Appropriation artists do not prohibit the viewers to
bring the original message and intention of the original
artwork; rather, they sill establish them in the new
context. Appropriation can but not exactly, revive a
particular work of Art. Thus, it can also be a vehicle to
comment on its original meaning and purpose. Most
Art forms can be appropriated. Paintings, sculptures,
music dances, literary pieces, and even functional arts
are appropriated to get in touch, to serve and to provoke ideas of particular audiences.
“Owning narratives” is an example of appropriation that is common way of sharing stories
and in whatever purpose it may serve. Every artist is a storyteller, sometimes visionaries. An
artist is a witness and a documentator of time.

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As what we, human beings, always do, we embellish things. We are creating a new
form of myth or a story. This story can be a potent source of truth, but sometimes turns in
between truth and lie. Basically, narration or story, legend or myth, are there to be utilized as
vehicle of our everyday experiences because we, ourselves, in the journey of the character of
the story, or our lives per se is a journey that seeks a character of identity and originality.
So, even when stories or works are borrowed but are offered and shared to the public,
it is now then open for ownership as it would appropriate the identity of the reader or artist.
The artist would somehow emulate this good story and becomes part of the journey of e-
creating stories to appropriate with the time he/she lives in.

Five Sorts of Appropriation:

1. Object Appropriation occurs when the possession of a tangible work of Art is
transferred from members of one culture to members of another culture.
2. Content Appropriation occurs when an artist reuses an idea first expressed in the
work of an artist from another culture.
3. Style Appropriation occurs when an artist produces works with stylistic elements
which are common with the works of another culture.
4. Motif Appropriation occurs when artists are influenced by the art of a culture other
than their own without creating works in the same style. Basic forms are appropriated.
5. Subject Appropriation occurs when outsiders represent a subject matter that is
intended by insiders to be secret.

Furthermore, Art making is as dynamic as culture. Changes owning, borrowing and

appropriating is inevitable. Songs are revived; novels and short stories are filmed and coming
alive; old films are re-filmed and even the characters are repackaged; painting subjects are
appropriated; old functional tools designs are innovated and improved; and legends and
myths are animated to appeal to new audiences.

Conclusion
Appropriation is retaining the original associations of the Artwork while bringing the
audience to a new context. Appropriating is acknowledging. If an artist learns to acknowledge
source, the more an artist develops honesty and sincerity and the more he/she knows his/her
boundaries and limitations. In appropriation, artists or even the audience develops respect
and instills valuing of a certain thing.

5.5 Art Making

Art making can be associated with art exploration, concept development,
experimentation, and Art production. In Art making, the artist undergoes three stages of
experience which are popularly known as pre-production or subject development, production
or medium manipulation and post-production or exhibition. An expressions such as painting,
sculpture, dance, drama, music, etc. vary in approaches in terms of subject interpretation and
medium used. Hence, target audience, size and scope of the work, time frame, budget,
availability of materials are considered.
1. Pre-Production, in theatre or performing arts involves the following:
conceptualization of the theme, writing the script, making auditions for cast selection,

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casting or assigning of roles and workshops. The following should also be considered
during the practice: spacing, staging, lights, music. Set rehearsals and press releases
should also be given priority during pre-production phase to ensure quality of
performance and to reach all potential target audience.
2. Production refers to the proper presentation of performing arts. When more than one
production is set, director’s music observe and evaluate the production to improve the
performance of the casts in the next set. Acknowledging the sponsors and people
involved in the production is also vital.
3. In Post-Production, evaluation, critiquing, success press release, sending thank you
messages and letters are done. Schedules for possible re-staging can also be
accommodated.

Performing or combined Arts such as dance, theater and fi are collaborative in nature.
These Art forms need various skills and expertise to run a show or project. In particular,
choreographer, lights director, costume designer, production manager, finance officer,
logistics, tickets, in charge, etc. are needed to make production.
Art making can be done collaboratively or individually. Basically, painters, sculptors,
writers and poets work alone just like carpenters, carvers, etc. However, if they are involved
in a bulk and big projects, they need a hand from other artists or artisans. Since most artisans'
outputs are generally for commercial use, they follow a standard time frame of work from
eight (8:00) a.m. to five (5) p.m. with two (2) breaks for snacks in the morning and in the
afternoon, However, most artists work with open time which is primarily dependent upon
artists' mood and drive to create an artwork. Sometimes they sacrifice not to take break just to
sustain the fluidity of ideas and to hold the momentum. For them. Art process is a ritual of
accommodating overflowing ideas that are accessible in the imagination. An artist's approach
is so special that skills is not the only thing offered but everything-emotion, effort and
resources even without expecting any return of investment.
Concept development is sometimes interactive and consultative. Some artists
collaborate with other artists, especially when the project is huge enough for an artist to handy
alone. This is called pro-active interaction. In this case, the hired artist follows the dictates of
the one contracting the project For example: if the painter is commissioned to do big
backdrops or murals and given only few weeks to get the work done, he/she has no other
way but to hire artists to work with him/her.
On the other hand, when an artist does the concept development alone and would hire
artists or artisans to actually develop manipulate and execute the concept, this is called a
passive interaction. Here, the hired artists and artisans have to strictly adhere with the ideas
and thoughts of the one who developed the Art concepts.
As the artist starts to conceptualize or manipulate the medium, they are like shamans
and hermits, they detach themselves from the real world, creating a world of their own,
sulking in their studios. They hibernate until they finish their work. They tend to create a
distance and gap from their own world to the real world.
In Art making, artists detached from their ordinary routine. Somehow, Art making
needs concentration and focus, they need not to be disturbed. Well, just like any profession,
they need private time for concept development, they need to interact and collaborate with
other individuals, and artist finds space of their own. An artist needs a working space a formal
space, an alternative space or even virtual space to be able to work properly. This is not to
create a gap between audiences and artists, not to create stereotyping that artist is different

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and weird, but an artist is just like an ordinary human being, they, have mood swings,
temperament, insecurities fixations and weaknesses.

5.6 Medium and Technique

Medium refers to the material used by the artist. It is the thing that objectifies an idea.
Without the medium, an idea remains a concept or it would just reside in the walls of your
imagination. It is challenging to manipulate median and transform it from its raw state. The
different media that are sold in the market, such us paint, metal, etc. would remain raw, unless
the artists manipulate and transform them into something else-an image, a metaphor, a
representation, a masterpiece.
Manipulation of Medium requires a technique. Technique refers to the artist's ability
and knowledge or technical know-how in manipulating the medium. According to Arriola,
the technique is the manner in which the artist controls the medium to achieve desired effect.
So, it is in the technique that artists differ from one another.
Making an Artwork requires technical competence. The ability to manipulate is the
driving force in the birthing a new form or idea. The artist has to undergo a certain moment
of reflection and understanding of the chemistry and physical properties of the object until
he/she finds her/himself commune with the medium. Manipulating a medium is somehow
a trial and error. It requires patience, resourcefulness, thrift, and industry.
In literature, aside from the writer's medium which is words, the basic tools are also
needed such as pen and paper or a small notebook for cataloguing of words, journaling of
brief moments and recording punch lines and metaphors. Writers should have the belly for
developing a plot, should have the ability to play with words, enough bag of vocabularies,
and knowledge towards do's and don'ts in writing
The poet's medium is also words but poets employ different approaches in
manipulating words. A poet should have the ability in creating metaphors or figures of
speech, the ability to present clear ideas with the use of appropriate words.
A painter's medium is a pigment in oil or water color. Aside from this key medium, a
painter should know how to draw, compose, organize subject, mix colors, capture and
produce good images. It is important that the painter knows the characteristics of a medium.
For example, an oil paint must be mixed with a linseed oil for better manipulation and toning.
In water color, a paper should be used and must be acid-free for better absorption and
preservation.
A sculptor, on the other hand, uses wood, metal, plastic, clay, cement, and paper to
produce a sculpture. Each medium has its own characteristics that a sculptor should
understand. He must consider durability and stability of base and the structure itself. A
sculpture can be approached through subtractive and additive technique. In subtractive, it is
taking away unnecessary parts from the medium while in additive, it is adding or
incorporating parts with the medium. For instance, in wood, glass, ice, and marble sculpting,
taking away the negative spaces/parts would result to the desired form or subject. Adding or
incorporating part to the metal or cement to form the desired subject or form is additive.
However, there are media that can be both subtractive and additive. For example, clay can be
molded and carved out while it is still soft. You can also add/integrate a part to form the
desired subject.

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An architect needs basic drawing materials and special tools to come up with
meticulous designs in a blue print. An architect should acquire a technical know-how in,
making and appropriating designs on various geographical locations. Aside from aesthetic
knowledge an architect should be knowledgeable also in landscaping, interior designing, and
structural building.
A musician is not only bound to organize notes and manipulate instruments but should
also learn how to play, tune, and take good care of the musical instruments. There are two
kinds of musicians. There are those who can compose and arrange musical notations while
others could just play instruments based on chords and sounds through improvisation.
Performance artists, usually visual artists, utilize a fusion of sound, image, object, body
movement, and technology to produce a live performance.
Nevertheless, there is no easy play of medium. Either an artist or an artisan requires
technical competence and they all undergo a process to master their craft. There is no shortcut;
it is always a journey and an adventure. Sometimes, an artist develops his own mixture and
tools for personal convenience and to get the desired effect of the artwork.

Conclusion
Medium refers to the materials used by the artist to objectify his/her idea or concept.
The technique applied by the artist in the medium is the profound influence in defining and
identifying artist's work, name, and originality, it is where the control of medium is observed.
In Art making, the artist not only studies the characteristics of a particular medium but
develops a relationship that will define both skill, passion, and work itself.
Mastering a medium takes time: it would not happen overnight. An artist can even
learn this from a workshop or from a mentor. However, the artist, along the way, meets
possibilities in a thorough immersion to the medium and sometimes produces an accidental
art. An artist must choose a medium wherein an artist has control over it. Medium
manipulation is physically and, at the same time, emotionally and psychologically exhausting.
Handling medium is a balance between technical competence and aesthetics. Aside from the
technical know-how, an artist must bear in mind that aesthetic or creative approach towards
the medium is relevant.
The more an artist spends time with the medium and also the tools, the more an artist
finds and develops technique in handling it. Somehow, the artist unconsciously develops a
trademark in handling the medium, then it becomes his style. So, it is only through immersion
towards the medium that defines his mastery over it. And to conclude, it is only through
involvement, participation, and action that an Art emerged.

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LET’S TAKE A BREAK!

LEARNING EXERCISE 1.5

Are you ready to test what you have learned? It’s simple. Just provide the answers on each
activity below. Discuss clearly your answers. LET’S DO THIS!

1. In what ways artists serve society? How about artisans?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.

2. Explain your idea of the concept of imagination in art making. Then, select one mode
of imagination and its importance in art making.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.

3. What is appropriation? In what way can artist appropriate his/her artwork without
issues of copyright or plagiarism of art?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.

4. What is Art Making? What is the three stages involved in Art Production?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.

5. Engage yourself in a deep silence and imagine how a simple paper clip can be utilized
in ways other than its basic purpose, which is to clip and bind paper. Take a photo of
your creation and attach it in your answer sheet. Explain its new usage and
functionality. Be creative and enjoy the process. 

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Rubrics for Essay Learning Exercises:

CRITERIA 4 3 2 1
Information is Information is Information is The information
very organized in slightly organized but appears to be
a well- organized in a paragraph(s) are disorganized.
Organization
constructed well-constructed not well-
paragraph or paragraph or constructed.
paragraphs. paragraphs.
Information Information Information Information has
relates to the relates to the partially relates to little or nothing to
topic. It provides topic. It provides the topic. No do with the topic.
Content a lot of few supporting details and/or
supporting details and/or examples are
details and/or examples. given.
examples.
Main points well Main points well Main points are Main points lack
developed with developed with present with detailed
high quality and quality limited detail and development.
quantity support. supporting development. Ideas are vague
Development Reveals high details and Some critical with little
degree of critical quantity. Critical thinking is evidence of
thinking. thinking is present. critical thinking.
weaved into
points.
Essay is free of Essay has few Most spelling, Spelling,
distracting punctuation and punctuation, and punctuation, and
spelling, grammatical grammar correct grammatical
punctuation, and errors allowing allowing reader errors create
grammatical reader to follow to progress distraction,
Grammar errors; absent of ideas clearly. through essay. making reading
& Mechanics fragments, Very few Some errors difficult;
comma splices, fragments or run- remain. fragments,
and run-ons. ons. comma splices,
run-ons evident.
Errors are
frequent.
Meets all formal Meets format and Meets format and Fails to follow
and assignment assignment assignment format and
requirements and requirements; requirements; assignment
evidences margins, spacing, generally correct requirement;
attention to and indentations margins, spacing, cover format,
detail; all are correct; essay and indentations; incorrect
Format margins, spacing is neat and essay is neat but indentations;
and indentations correctly may have some neatness of essay
are correct; essay assembled. assembly errors. needs attention.
is neat and
correctly
assembled with
professional look.

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SUMMARY
Art is part of our civilization. Thus, our civilization becomes alive and dynamic
because of it. Imagine if you take away music, dances, literacy pieces, paintings, sculptures,
clothing, furniture, jewelries, utensils, tools or weapons, buildings and other structures, which
are obviously dominating our life, what do you think would our society look like? Art is there
to serve us - either with our want or need; it is there to carry out its purpose.
In diversely dynamic ways, arts touch lives. Every individual perceives Art and its
importance in different levels. Some may regard it as a sort of fad and leisure while others
take it seriously that it becomes their primary means of self-expression and even source of
living.
Art as a form of expression and communication is essential to share thoughts, ideas,
emotions opinions and beliefs that would help awaken consciousness and awareness of
audiences toward situations and issues.
Further, humanity needs to push the tide of development and human transformation.
With this, Art is there to accompany us in reaching our dreams towards the kind of society
we want to live in. Hence, we only need to express and communicate with each other by
continually creating and re-creating artworks that bridge connections among cultures sharing
practices, values, customs, traditions, and beliefs that would somehow define unity despite
our diversity.
Art is universal because it serves human basic needs. It is not nature because art is a
human expression. It involves experience and demands involvement.
The above three assumptions set the boundary on the responsibility and obligation of
man in fulfilling what he/she is capable of doing. Man has to communicate, man has to utilize
Art to bridge understanding and let society advance its growth. Henceforth, Art is a constant
reaction to the world around us. It caters both our differences and uniqueness.
Assumptions of arts are the principles and bases in arts appreciation because, in art,
human beings can communicate one’s individuality and existence. It is only in action that we
live continually, so thus Art.
Art is both directly and indirectly functional. Functional arts provide us with ease and
comfort in living with our everyday lives. This form of arts directly serves human basic needs
such as tools, architectural structures, furniture, kitchen utensils, clothes, weapons, etc. While,
non-functional arts are basically used to inform, educate, and entertain people. These are
perceived through the senses such as painting, sculpture, music, literary pieces, dance,
theatrical performance, etc.
Art serves several functions. In terms of functions it is differentiated by the degree of
our exposure towards these arts. We utilize Art for personal purposes. We utilize Art to go
beyond from the comfort space, and to affect and persuade other individuals. We utilize Art
for physical purposes such us tools - these tools define man. Thus, Art is utilized to improve
our way of life.
Subject in Art is as dynamic with culture and imagination. It never runs out and is
never fully exhausted: from the simple concept to the complex artistic creation. However, the
challenge for artists is on his/her storytelling and retelling of a story, of a reality. Hence, the
artist's subject presentation must be clear and well-organized in order not to confuse
audiences.
Clarity of one's choice of a subject is imperative because the content of the artwork
itself is the soul of each artistic creation. Every subject reveals the conviction of the artist; thus,
it also serves as the extension of what he/she believes in. To carry out effectively this objective
of bringing clarity and precision to one's subject, personal preferences and biases of the artist

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 MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO ART APPRECIATION

must be taken into account, as well as the artist's background and ideological perspective
because, consciously or unconsciously, they could be transmitted and revealed in their
Artwork.
After all, Art itself is storytelling, and at times, conveys powerful and inspiring stories.
And we may never know how our work may evoke a sense of curiosity, wonder, meaning, or
inspiration to our readers.
Artists and Artisans are the pillars of our society. We need artists as much as we need
artisans. They both serve people far a long time by providing us directly functional and
indirectly functional Arts. Being an artist and an artisan both require skills and technical
competence. It is not important to distinguish which of them we need the most because they
serve society in different ways. The sharing and preservation of our culture's dynamism
greatly depend on them.
Imagination is an important tool in developing an artwork. It is where the substance
and the meaning of the artwork are formed. Hence, imaginations differ from one person to
another since everyone is dealing with different experiences-with what are received by the
senses. Imaginations are still dependent on action for they remain imaginations unless the
artist transforms these thoughts and ideas into form. An individual has to submit
himself/herself in the process of Art making in order to create a new form out of the thoughts
and ideas founded on the experiences.
Appropriation is retaining the original associations of the Artwork while bringing the
audience to a new context. Appropriating is acknowledging. If an artist learns to acknowledge
source, the more an artist develops honesty and sincerity and the more he/she knows his/her
boundaries and limitations. In appropriation, artists or even the audience develops respect
and instills valuing of a certain thing.
Medium refers to the materials used by the artist to objectify his/her idea or concept.
The technique applied by the artist in the medium is the profound influence in defining and
identifying artist's work, name, and originality, it is where the control of medium is observed.
In Art making, the artist not only studies the characteristics of a particular medium but
develops a relationship that will define both skill, passion, and work itself.
Mastering a medium takes time: it would not happen overnight. An artist can even
learn this from a workshop or from a mentor. However, the artist, along the way, meets
possibilities in a thorough immersion to the medium and sometimes produces an accidental
art. An artist must choose a medium wherein an artist has control over it. Medium
manipulation is physically and, at the same time, emotionally and psychologically exhausting.
Handling medium is a balance between technical competence and aesthetics. Aside from the
technical know-how, an artist must bear in mind that aesthetic or creative approach towards
the medium is relevant.
The more an artist spends time with the medium and also the tools, the more an artist
finds and develops technique in handling it. Somehow, the artist unconsciously develops a
trademark in handling the medium, then it becomes his style. So, it is only through immersion
towards the medium that defines his mastery over it. And to conclude, it is only through
involvement, participation, and action that an Art emerged.

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 MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO ART APPRECIATION

REFERENCES

Books:
 Perez, T., Cayas, R. & Narciso, N. Alampat: An Introduction to Arts Appreciation. Blue
Patriach Publishing House. Davao City. 2013
 Ariola, Mariano. Introduction to Art Appreciation. 2nd Ed. C&E Publishing, Inc. Quezon
City. 2014
 Leano, R., Agtani, J.M., Papel, R. O. Art Appreciation for College Students. Mindshapers
Co., Inc. Manila. 2017
 Pagaty, J. & Gutierrez, M. Fundamentals of Art Appreciation. St. Andrew Publishing
House. Bulacan. 2018

Images and Artworks used in this Module:

• https://www.kobo.com/ca/en/ebook/el-filibusterismo-comics
• https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/33628727-noli-me-tangere-comics
• https://www.google.com/search?q=carpenters+songs.html
• https://mymodernmet.com/starry-night-van-gogh/
• https://mymodernmet.com/contemporary-landscape-painting/
• https://mymodernmet.com/elena-efremova/
• https://www.pinterest.ph/janer57/peacock-painted-chairs/
• https://spy.com/articles/hacks/home-hacks/best-wind-chimes-1202715966/
• https://www.google.com/search?q=art+with+aesthetic+function&tbm=isch&chips
=q:art+with+aesthetic+function,online_chips:examples
• https://lakansining.wordpress.com/2018/11/29/aurora-boulevard-quezon-city-
the-history-of-the-jeepney-and-jeepney-art/
• https://www.tripzilla.ph/festivals-and-fiestas-in-the-philippines/21784
• https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/167125836147474136/
• https://www.art-is-fun.com/subjects-in-art
• https://nowbali.co.id/artists-and-artisans-what-s-the-difference-between-an-
artisan-and-an-artist/
 https://learn.saylor.org/mod/page/view.php?id=21566#:~:text=Representational%
20art%20or%20figurative%20art,world%2C%20usually%20looking%20easily%20reco
gnizable.&text=Nonrepresentational%20art%20may%20simply%20depict,emotions%
20or%20feelings%20for%20example.
• https://www.art-is-fun.com/nature-in-
art#:~:text=Many%20forms%20of%20nature%20in%20art&text=But%20abstract%20p
aintings%20can%20also,natural%20phenomena%20and%20natural%20forms.&text=
My%20painting%20below%2C%20Fulgent%20Life,example%20of%20nature%20in%
20art.
• https://www.artyfactory.com/art_appreciation/animals_in_art/animals_in_art.htm
• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait
• http://blog.flametreepublishing.com/fantasy-gothic/bid/78353/Dreams-in-Art-
and-Blurred-Realities-Gothic-Fantasy
• https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/appropriation

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