The Amethyst Ring This fletiona story recounts fascinating episode In Brits history. parement $21 was in nice to meet you.” Will Stuart the darkest comer of was ail handsome man, an anciene and though now his thinning hair darkened hallway. | was white and he was bent with ‘was identified by a crested brass age. He still had an infections, plate with the name “Stuart” in musical laugh and his cobalt fancy old-fashioned lettering, __blue eyes stil sparkled, Will and Sarah listened for amoment, Sat talked for «time about the then knocked softy family. Finally, they got around ‘Avery elderly man opened tothe eason for Sarah's vist. the door and smiled warmly, “Uncle Will, want to find ‘Well... Sarah. Come in. Iv’ out more about the history of ay abel on he way he Tower fantom ater ape “ ur family —1 got interested in it sceidentlly. Twas searching the Internet fora school project on ‘goverment, and stumbled cross the Starts. know we ate related tothe royal tuats, but I don't know hove, and nobody seemed tobe able to tll me, ‘Then my grandmother told me to contact you. She said you knew as mich about the family as anybody."In this chapter, you will focus on the growth lof democracy in England during the Seventeenth century By the end ofthis chapter, you wil ‘explain how a conflict over the rights of parliament could develop into a gure 23 What ssogpeses tout te ocr of Ennead ton of ne ‘nin comperoa seh ea an esr of are of ttn sce? Me paling’ S| rated en undated iat cls aud oon may heb pad?1685. huge te whieh anes sears han Fang am decoy thet london Ta ned Iehesked or dou ponte dln theranue ttptguecarng mre Figure 2-5 Ascee at an, Ore pon sarang forvotesin froin parent elector Wat ethe other pron dong? trode rom Hoth “The poor lived mainly on bred and beet, and could occasionally aford some meat or cheese ‘The wealthy ae enoemous quantities of meat, ‘which was usually strongly flavoured to disguise the fac tat it wasn very fresh. Thee were few ‘ways to preserve food inthe seventeenth century Fruits and vegetables were not popular, and were ‘usually eaten cooked. Several courses were eaten ‘olf che same plate, with spoons and knives. Forks ‘were just beginning to come into fashion “The English det and socal customs were being greatly changed by foods and other products sariving from sround the world. The new foods included pineapples, maize, potatoes, colle, tea, and chocolate, Son 8 new social institution Sprang up-—the cofoe-house—where men ‘gathered to drink coffee, smoke the newly salable tobacco from North America, and indalge in gossip o polities! discussions Beaver skins fom North America Ie to ‘whole new style in hat fashions. figure 2-6 these stone Ioskng figures wre one sit ra slaues rere ee tee Hague dung he Seer a he Boca ware cnr ie Inet narra Would the plage sit Tawebesr mpsectng "HE RGHT FOR DEMOCRACY AND THE ENGUSH CIV WAR Using Statistics to Understand Social Structure sometimes cl to incerstand now past societies ‘tual Keectoned an Rothe opie those soles ed hie fh hes, You ean obtain aa of Information by reading tings hey wrote, or backing at pier they produced. Sometimes you can te statistics to fnd ut shot how sSceter vrked and how people cual ved the es, Stats are mer atta be jective tn over sours of information, but tan be elt ‘bel how acirate or eli thay fe, They canbe distorted bythe Pepi Who cect the data, or by the pupose for heh the data ser being collect, Nevertheless, ‘they provide yet another window onthe past. For example, you can use the data Table 2 fo dacoverhow ‘wean was dstibuted among the ‘atu Socal Gases of England Tables 2-2 and 2-3 give you some idea of how much money wa _alable o people o maet their needs Table 2-4 xpi alle about Engish money and wil help youto interpret the data Number of capation ‘aes 160 tle 26 igh chee ic 200 earnest, anc esque 1000 een 10000 Goverment fica 2000 Merchans and waders by sea 3.000 eser merchants ad ads by sea sco Fesonsio the on, era as, and scences 1ac00 Shopkeeper, wadesmen ard arsans 9000 Noval and itary fees 354.000 409000 24 CHAPTER 2 Conan slo an solders Labearng people and out Sra Cotagers and pauners 180 107Aajeutural bower 10d per day ‘eae ‘actual locuree Ape ay ‘emai q Stated cats 1s per ay raion open) Siesitn ator engrsing aap Sule mad 105 per ear Cook mages howe 2 peryeor = penny s=shiing = pound “hare were 20 pees nasil and "2 shiiags na pound TURN 1a) Using Table 2-1, const two pie graphs The first ple raph should shou he numberof amis meach of the tive socal dses. The second pe graph shoud shaw the average “amount of income per dass each of te three classes 1b) Tomake a pe graph, you need to comer the figures ita perentanes: 1 up the total rumber offs in each ‘sal Cass. or example, the upper class ‘conained 26 586 fais, the mile class fontained 154 000 fame, and thelower tls contained 849000 fais. «Add these tres figures together to find out the ot nner of families nal socal ‘ase, The total number ffs was 1029 586 ++ Caledate what percentage of the total each sca das repress. Use a caer: The first aclaion hasbeen dove fr you 26506 [=] 1 029 $86 [x] 100 [=] 2.6% + Non constct your Fis ple graph Hara CI oeedng * sat ‘epon Taper team acon appr 10d per Kogan (od cawse appro Be per Hear ‘ated ae per dozen a ‘re eos 55 Tioranges and demons 6d Feng azedancharlor 212 theaay (©) Repeat these tps to construct the second pe ‘anh, 2. What concusiane aout English soy can you reach on the basso the ple rps? 2. a) Tables 2-2 and 2-3 present very fragmented eta, For example, they donot tl you what housing costs were. Nevertheless, ceste an imaginary famiy of foa-—the parents re acuta aboues wrt two sl chen: ‘> Fgure utter week income (on the basis of asieday wee) + Cale hve much food they would be able to buy ding a week, asuing they spend 30 pecet of ther income on fod. 1) Repeat the ape abou, hic efor the imepnaryfoniy ofa sled craepeson with ‘a cre, whose wife works onlin the home 44, Whatcencusons can you raw about the fais sandr of lg onthe bas ofthese alcstons? 5. How can the callecton of statistics be based? THE RGHT FOR DERGOCRACY AND THEENGUSH CME WAAN25)ey =e “ine Ee oust acne — "Spin dase ese cme seed ones ere theron bak THE ROLE OF RELIGION People were devout during the seventeenth century, and religion was sill important chem. Everyone went regulatly to church. Most of England ‘was Protestant although a nurmber of ‘Roman Cathnlis remained inthe ‘county. Within the Protestants, there ‘were many different congregations with different ways of worshipping and diffrent inerpreeations ofthe Bible. The oficial church was the (Church of England jor Anglican (Chueh withthe king a it head ‘The Church of England decided how church services were tobe conducted Figure 2-7 Covpare cating wo ye eis pole enratng How does er Wa ste vec rere ths, ood rrariws sot he risen eta aay ae? everywhere in the country, and fe was supported by taxes from the people. Its services and ceremonies were often ‘ery elaborate, and its buildings were richly decorated. ‘The Puritans were a very large and poweaful group among the dissenting Protestants. They were totally opposed tothe ceremonies and decoration of Anglican churches. The Puritans were Calvinists and believed that churches and church services should be simple and plain. They viewed religions are and decoration as aspects of religion associated withthe Roman Catholic Church, Puritans ‘wore dark clothes, and led very sober lives. They especially disapproved of ddinking, gambling, andthe theatre, believing that life should be devoted to God. The Puritans were suspicious ‘ofuman nature and believed that ster laws were needed to keep people from straying into sn Puritanism spread rapidly ehrough England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Ie was parscularly appealing 0 people in business and to the smaller landowners [At various times, there was a ‘certain amount of toleration for the dissenting Protestants. At these ‘times, Puritans could hold their own services as Tong as they occasionally attended the Church of England, At ther times, however, i was illegal for Puritans to hold theiv own church services, and many Puritans were fined and imprisoned for this belies ‘Some Puritans left the country in search of religious feedom. They ‘went fst to Holland, Later, one s10up of Puritans chartered ship, ‘The Mayflower, 1 take them to ‘America, where they founded a Puritan colony at Plymouth Rock in 1621. These were the frst of many Puritans who settled in what would later become New England. Other Puritans entored parliament, secing political power as another way topromote thei beliefs. The Stuart kings ended up fighting parliament on both religious and politial rounds ‘With the exodus of Puritans tothe United States, England's religious conflict was transported to the colonies. Religious values have played an imporeant ole a the history and culture of both Canada and the United States. Through the eentries, the Puritans were followed to North America by other religious minorities from many parts of Europe. Canada was an imporeane destination for many ‘ofthese people, including English Methodists, Seatish Presbyterians, ‘German Latherans, Seandinavian and ‘Dutch Calvinists, and Mennonites WITCHES “Armed with a Puritan sensitivity to evi," seventeenth-century people constantly sought out “witches,” the personification ofthe devil, Suspicion fell on anyone who did not seem 0 fit into society. Puritans were especially suspicious of women. According their beliefs, women were responsible for original sin, and wore lese able to resis temptation than men. During the seventeenth century, a with hunt hysteria tok place in England, and hundteds of people were persecuted and executed for ‘witchcraft. Wich-hunts also took Place in Scotland and inthe Puritan ‘colonics inthe United States, Most ofthe people persecuted for witcheraft were fmnacent of any crime, ‘They wore socdl "mists," suchas women who didnot mary o "wise women,” who were knowledgeable about medicinal plants and treatments forilness. They peatsed the traditional medicine ofthe countyside—as people had done for hhundteds, perhaps thousands, of yeas. Some people told fortunes a made love potions." Others were simply gure 2:8 The publeangng of wichesin Sclnd, 1678, Why ne man ging bel” What, ‘hese reba hl hehe han? rte eae ain ‘afar ie eae ced Air cee coe otra at ot THE GT FOR DEMOCRACY AND THE ENGUSH CVE WHRaoe ‘old women who lived alone, perhaps Seen so vom with a pet animal. For whatever seouogan reason, they came under sospicion ‘Witeh-hunting quickly became 3 profitable business, Some people aimed a special ability to find MDIDYOU KNOWRE wigches, and to know how to prove ‘option! ao) | tara pon was with Ps, oF Teresamga” example were wed oid the places enemies yon the body where a witch was ‘tons tmp nt to fel pain. eas considered quite legitimate to corure people suspected of witcheraf "Te most famous witel hunter ‘was Matthew Hopkins, who called himself the “Witeh-Finder General” Hopkins sentenced many people 0 eat Condemned witches were ducked in water, wie eheie thumbs ‘ied to thei ocs until they drowned ACTIVITIES (which proved thei innocence. Others were hanged, ume, or pressed 10 death crushed between tivo daors Toad with weights. The Wite- inde General was eventually exposed ‘sa fraud and was himself exeewted ‘Witcheraf ras were the result of peoples’ hysterical fears. Chief justices, who usually dubeed that accused witches were guilty, lacked the courage to overie the frightening mobs calling for ‘execution, They didnot believe in ‘witchcraft and were disturbed by trials that were used not to determine gui o innocence, but only 0 find ‘guilt. The witeh-hunts show us how ‘asl human emotion and ear ean ‘destroy the institutions society has ‘stablished to protect everyone 4. What factors mere responsible for the growing opi, much ke the witch cae did inthe wealth and prospety of England nthe Seventeenth centun. Find out about ame seventeenth cern? 2, The Pans he lng-asg fect on English sce and, to some extent, cur own. With a “witeh-hunt” and wre a summary of what happened. fain haw tevin and ther media «an contbte to peoples’ hysteria partner, bint aspects of society today that A. What aspects of Ife in sevententhcentuty Seer "Purtan” nig England would you fil the mest ferent om 13. We se the tem “witha now to desobe tuations in which many people react toa fein Spite of evidence and good sense Soret ths creates 9 “mab metaliy" tht destroys inacent Me tday, Select hee or fou concrete examples Of ife inthe seventeenth erty that seem \unusuf0 you, and expan wy yu fl them nus. Peeennn nnn nnnnmmnno semen ess ares The EARLY STUARTS ‘ames VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth Iwhen she died in 1603, He then became James I of England. James was a descendant of Mary, Queen of Scot a Stuart, who had been executed by Queen Elizabeth, As James Vi, the ruler of Scotland, James had important ies to France and other Roman Catholic ‘countries in Europe. The Stuarts Aisliked the democratic traditions of England. They prefered to rule asabsolute monarehs, much ike the not democracy as we know it, but 2 bylte monarchs tra flea of France and Spi. AS a Stage inthe develope of "penn emer rest the ise Stuart, James palismentary government, Most arene introduced th ide of the Divine people did not have the ight 0 vote Right of Kings into England, which __or sit in parliament. These rights oy proved tobe very unpopular there, would take years to win. However, ene satis Tngland had hada parliament the seventeenthcentury parliament tomes da hah since Anglo‘Sexon times, The king jealously guarded its rights and was eco Poe used parliament asa way to consult not prepared to sutenderits powers tet rate uy» with the powerful people ofthe land. to the monarch eo ee By 1215, Magna Cara had fored King John to grant concessions to parliament. The Charer sated that the king must rule awfully. Theking JA MAES | ‘ould not introduce new taxes ‘without the consent of parliament, James was an intelligent man, but he Farthermore, any person accused of also had a talent for doing the wrong ‘rime was guaranteed the ght toa thing: He was also impressed with his trial by jury of his peers. By 1295, own wit. Some people alle James parliament had taken on its present “the wisest ool in Christendom.” form, with aHouseof Lordsanda James had been king of Scotland for House of Commons, Lords inherited twenty years before he became king thei places in the House of Lords, of England, and he spoke with a heavy ‘The Flouse of Lords also inchided ‘Scots accent. His habits were bishops and other high officials of che slovenly, and his tongue st was ‘Anglican Church, The House of ‘sal was too large for is mouth. He ‘Commons, on the otherhand, was didnot make a good impression on made up of wealthy landowners and his new subjects, especially when he ownspeople, who were cleeted 9 tied to introduce the Divine Right of represent poople of property. This wes Kings. ToDo ary Te vaSy Jereenrain te Due 2 “Kings are justly called Gods, for they exercise 3 “are meas nigese, || oye smart Gos pow upon earth Po youl a fon a ‘neler the abuts 6 God, ou wl see ow they ene {gestae person of king. God has pero create or ter came det tom God, }) ty tomate andunmat, ats Henri: 9 ge or Send Tecan oncarh Sng |) death ue all and mo to be jd oraceourtabl to any one: erent eeorGodsns || tora low tings igh and emake igh ings fw a His decors og nt ve Fear: King ave the sane power. They make and unmake thet lezen by ondary peop |) subjects they have te power of rang ad casting down, of ie ‘Ses tlyinterded toteep. |) and death jae over all the subject, yet accountable 10 none But Psocgven hs ‘Sod. hey hve the power a exalt lw things and dbase igh Specie patiamen hema || things, and make er subjects Ie men af chess thereto, Nive abot eae Hing ave abeolte power: ‘THE FIGHT FOR DEMOCRACY AND THE ENGUSH CIIL WAR 28)ngunaprot what The stage was set fora confrontion between James and paliament James did some wacfl things durin his reign—his King James version of the bible is considered a great work of English Titerture—but he acted too rauch like a tyrant to eam the love of his subjects. He selected incompetent people as advisory and gave them files, sch asthe Duke of Buckingham. In doing so, he insulted many of the other able i the land Always short of money, James tried ta find new sources af money without consulting paliament, the proper course of ation, When he called parliament, icresisted him, promising him mare tax money only in exchange for more powers for parliament, James ws allied with the Church ‘of Englan, and disliked the Parseans He delighted in angering chem. Knowing that Partans were ut and opposed to entertainment on Sunday, he Iublished a Book of Sports, which ‘encouraged people to play games and Ihave fam on Sunday-—after going to church, ofcourse! ‘When James died of stomach problems, i 1625, he lft behind a ttivided nation with many powerful and dissatisfied people, His sn, Charles Iwas co reap the harvest that James had planted exeremely dev CHARLES | Like his father, Charles belie the Divine Right of Kings and was ps Aiguiied and charming, Charles was also loot. He kept apart from people and wae very narrow-minded. People omplained about his extravagance, harles loved ar and enjoyed owning fine possessions. Like his father, he ‘was always looking for more money He continued to rely on his father’s favourite, the Duke of Buckingham, for advice. Buckingham was greatly despised and led the king into one disaster after another, including wars with France and Spain. Within afew short years of his acession to the hone, Charles had alienated many people wito might otherwise have supporeed him, iament.Alshough he was very Figure 2-9 Al atenton cued or anes | yes th a pgACTIVITIES 44 withaparne, do some research on James 3 Re-yit James's speech on gage29 mn mode Wit acharaiersetch of ames What recions Engish What analogy, or comparson, dd ie se ou ou dive to an actor asked to potay toexpresshis pant of vw? Daes tha king prove James tin afl? his pent? Expan the reasons fr your opinion, 2, Prepare a defence for he proposition thatthe Dive ight of Kings meesary to good government Tue FiGHt WITH PARLIAMENT defi ouladioaiee ens mati bo weet (ERE retest Te | es ‘constantly needed maney to the deal. ‘wasetuiness C ie a fe geridtewaptonis reams wee iamdeges et etter pete a emin oteee ck eben Saab gotegan Shige otra foun a si6 Heese ve turer ha oe blae What te eects arte the "THE FIGHT FOR DEMOCRACY ANO THE ENGUSH CMMLWAR 34‘avy. Charles raised the ship money, could he rsed through ship money “Suerediyere” — burused most of efor himeel Heiko and other means In 128; Choice SEEAD25 forced people tomakeloans tothe _realledpariament, hoping that this Seroinarbowy Crown, moraged yal rperies, time it would be more spect. ie oer ardcolected moms fees known 2s hapes were immediatly dete setet ce {snageandpoundae Hc billed his Taament wld the fing would isuTeasere* soldiers with homeowners, increased grant no money until the king ceased oa feesfor goverment series a anld— hing activites and unt be {leramespregs nobles anyone who would. signed snew charter called the ore Suppor him orld him mney. He "Pein Right? The ise Fearne C2! sNaoused the ycret Chum ofStr—— dasved yunnen nn ad (gemcorefy Chamber to convict, imprison, and enolwed tora withoe i Faixker"es°P” fine his enemies. People tried by this When the Duke of Buckingham, courte cout ha orightsunderthelnw. the kings favour, wa snstnte, conetearmeeeet — Chalerssitengs la Carle mowed, br the pbc Tomcat” England without parament were eee. Charen aed erst help serait peri socenl buthesoon found him achisre bs pale Ingo eneeded ever mote monty than he eked bv Sato and eeenmonetten ody, we ae freedom ot e was branes on both sides of Speech for arte. We would fis fae withthe ltrs “S* and be shocked if people were town "L." and than none inp for citing ourlescars But” Even there punches coud Ieedom ofspeech sarghtin rot prevent people framn Canes today only because others expressing the views. Thousands fought fort Inmany paces inthe of people attended such ‘wold ths bac freedom sll does punshmers and hed an booed Noveust. charles rand advisors the erectionas a they cut of Aid not beeen eed of peoples eas Pyne had hi ear speech. When Purtars wrote [ite ce and each te haa Sates and panies atacng them seamback on, Exh time he ‘hegoverment the witersand ced aut "Cut me ear me fee printers were arrested and thee tea he fe of Hal, but punished novthae The punishment fr seditious Ina tempt to tap protest libel was severe Alonyernamed from sean, Chaves ose ta Water Pyne, nho wrote steal crime to rng forean books ito ays aout the goverment was thecounty, eto pentanfhng found guy of is charge He was without govenmant persion. Ferien to practise law, deprived No books of region redicne, ‘offs university degres and forced poet, or teratue ould be 1a pay feof fvethousan Prime, Sl, or ead ures they ound te equiralentperaps, ere icesed bythe Church of foamiion dofarstoday).Hs. England. Chater alowed ony books were bured in rot of his teins to workin the faceby he hangman He they had! county, ad hese coud ony have {standin thellory into {wo arenes enh, The Cou diferent laesin Lordon, ard Star Chamber was we past one ear was cutoff atch pace, anyone who broke these new a¥5, igure 2-41 an atenrin clonhis saletion fom the Petion of Right spas out ‘one of parents maior fomplats agamst King Chas. To what document does vter What acy is the complaint? Archbishop Laud to bring the country under royal contro. He still needed ‘money desperately. Stzaffrd found 50 ‘many ingenious ways of obtaining ‘money for the king, that his methods became known as “Strafford’s Fonk”—a reference tothe king who was "fooding off the country." ‘Laud vas also very unpopular. At time when Pusitans were protesting [an whereas ye san cle a chro ‘Recs and” ap Cal idee at po freeman may be imprisoned, relieved of is andor lberes, or be oawel and exe, except by awa |udgement ois pers, or by the a of the land yet many of your Subjects have Been imprisoned without any cause shown. They were ‘etaned by your Majesty’: special command in deflance of writs of Ihahetcenrpue and were retuned to prison, witout beng charged ‘hth anything to which they might ansvr according Ln against ll decoration and ritual Inthe aaa warn ‘chuteh as "Papist" Laud insisted on “'whcheoraran tore ofthese things. Asa result, Sip ln Puritans violently attacked churches, ean ona destroying priceless carvings, books, yout ba oo sand paintings. Even the eared rails rican ers round the altar were broken up and as emer shen waonts ‘bored. Enormous stained glass windows, hundeeds of years od, were smashed to bits {i rans seen ote wt bec (batten Seep iereons Figure 22 Wht prs of Nechach ae beng dsvOOH? “TE FIGHT FOR DEMOCRACY AND THE ENGLISH CWILWAR 331Stine eb! Alar tee eee THE LONG PARLIAMENT By 1637, Charles was in real trouble, He had alienated the English people ‘on religious as wel as political srounds. Now, a king of Scotland, he sot shout alienating the Seotish people. In 1637 he attempted eo force the Soots to worship in the gle of the Church of England, The Scots ‘otally humiliated him. Thousands of Scots who were Presbyterians, signed 4 covenant to resist cis demand and rose in revolt. Charles desperately needed money to pay for saiers to ‘quell the revolt, and he had t all parliament to got it, Called in 1640, the "Shore Perhamsent” sympathized with the Scots, and Charles angrily shut it down within three weeks. fut (Charles still had not solved his money problems, He called anew patliament, Dlinaly hoping thats would give him ‘what he wanted. However, the new Long Parliament socalled because it sat for ehirteen years) was even more unfiendly to Charles. The leaders of parliament demanded that both Strafford and Laud be removed from power and punished Byentually, Charles gave in to their demands and tumed Laud and Strafford over 1 parliament, which prompdy executed both. When the king wroce Stralford that he a had tosign his death warrant fr politieal reasons, Strafford sounded a now. famous warning when he said "Put not Your trast in princes, nor in the sons of men, for in them there ix no salvation." The execution af his ‘rusted advisors dieressed the king, but parliament went farther. It was Aecermined chat the king should never again have absolute power. kt planned to puss the Grand Remonstrance, ‘which proposed to change the role of ‘the king in government, and eo remove many of his powers, Parliament had sdilemana, however Just how much power did the monarch have by right! How far could parliament goin taking wa, rights from the king! Magna Carta had left a number of issues about the king’ rights up in the ar. The king, for example, had the right to conduct foveign policy. He also had aright Known as the “royal prerogative,” which allowed him to act outside the Tay or even against the law in cass of ‘emergency. No one knew exactly ‘what the limitations of the royal prerogative were. Interestingly, in the Seventeenth century, probaly more people supported the king's rights over perliament’s rights This became evident when parliament was debating the Grand Remonstrance. Charles leamed that the Commons was baly divided, Radical members wanted to take sway most of his powers but many ‘others just wanted guarantees that the king would male the country in accordance with law and tradition, Figure 2-13 chats dees at on fore at Nota hatte Covad tower nevenert ns. How et wate? Whats tae igen byt Upmann? What ec ‘Sg ha is mary ocasen?Because ofthis split in opinion, che Grand Remonstrance had barely passe parliament, Charles believed that if he could acest the radical parliamentary leaders, and punish them as traitors, he could regain contro Lacing $00 soldiers in person, (Charles invaded the House of ‘Commons Which was against the law—and tied to arrest che leaders. Forewamed, the radicals escaped, and Parliament called foran amy.This “Weneecendbyte = ‘lta tvas open rebellion, Charles let Westminster and went north (0 [Nottingham where he knew he had support The queen, Henrietta Maria, took the Crown Jewels to Europe 10 ‘ev thes for money to pay for an fry. Ke was clear to everyone that the king was preparing to make war on patliament, Boaenaresct ACTIVITIES 4. Make a ft ofthe measures tat Chaves used to vod cling paament Beside each ety, explain ‘hich cases of Socety would be te angtest 44 yu nein the seventeenth contr, would you have supported the kina’ ihis oF paament's right? Explain the easans for your ansoe out these measures and wy. 2. te the kind of pamehiet agaist the ‘goverment of Charl |thatyou macine Waiter Prynme might have writen, 13 Prepare asctigtn which you expan why you ‘should nat be prosecuted nthe Cour of Star Chamber 5. Read the selection fem the Pettion of Rah. With «pare, ead the sectors fromthe Canadian ‘Chana of Rights and Freecers on page 78. What ‘acto ates recto the selection rm the Petion of ight your pinion, what ae the ‘hee most important causes nthe Chater? wy Tue Civit WAR ivi war isa terrible kind of war because people within a ‘country fight each other, and even family members may take different sides, When ‘Charles raised is standard on a windy moor near Nostngham in 1642, he began a conflict tha, for seven years would teat hi country part He probably hoped for quick victory. There was no English amy 3s such, and both sides had to create a fighting foree. Many of Charles's supporters, called "Royalists" or "Cavalier "came from noble families and wore sed to fighting and siding, Parliament's troops were local ‘militia—farmers and townspeople ‘with almost no military experience. ‘Charles also had experienced twnmanders, soch as his dashing nephew Prince Rupert, who could Insite the troops. However, parliament contolled the navy, and the richest part ofthe eountny—the south and London. Unless Charles the wari the sey Sages, he ‘was doomed ‘Charles was succesful a fist and ‘won a number of small bateles, but he could never gin decisive victory Parliament made an alliance with the Scots, who attacked from the north, and began to build a more modern fami. The leader ofthis “New Model ‘Anny, was Oliver Cromwell, THE RGHT FOR DEMOCRACY AND THE ENGLISH CMIEWAR 3awe cu a PPritan who believed absolutely in parliament's cause. The new soldiers, called “Roundheads” (because they cut their hair short—many Cavaliers wore long eure, were highly disciplined usually very religious, and well equipped. With thei steel body-armour and lobsteril helmets, they were a formidable free. The New Model Army defeated the Royalists at ewo important battles, Marston Moor and Naseby, Chazles was forced toflee to Scotland, where he was made prisoner and handed over to paliament THE RUMP PARLIAMENT 11642, when the Civil War began, many of the members af parliament ‘whoa voted against the Grand Remonstrance ment to fight for the king. This lfepariament inthe hands of Presbyterians and Pian, who aso disagzeed on meny important matters. The Puritans, for exam; ‘wanted churches tbe completely Independent of ane another, hile the Presbyterians wanted churches tobe cexganized so that people worshipped the sume way everywhere. ‘The Presbyterian had no ‘objection to the rem of Charles, he agreed to limited powers, The Puritans, on the other hand, were republican. They wanted to end the ‘monarch. Charles himself tried 1 play one side agains the other, and was very dishonest in his dealings With everybody. When rebellions Droke out in suppor ofthe king, the parliamentary army sent Colonel Pride tw drive dhe 143 Presbyterian members cut of parliament, The “Rump Prlarsent” leit by "Pride's Purge” charged the king with treason and ‘with making war on his own peopl, and put hi on tril fr hie life,Figure 2-15 The fate of Maen Moor, 1644 THE TRIAL OF THE KING “The charge of teason against the king was revolutionary In 1619, reason was, by definition, the act of eying to overehow the king—s0 (Charles wa on ral for trying to overthrow Fimsell. Charles was well aware ofthis absurdity "Atone point inthe arguments, Charles rapped the oor with his walking sick, and the {gl head fell of Both he and che spectators believed they had seen an evilomen, tera ‘utnuleuous trial, he was found guilty and sentenced to death, ‘On the January day of his execution, Charles ‘woke early and asked fr his finest clothes, He vas determined to die with dignity. He put on {bro shines and ate some food. He was afraid that ihe shivered or looked faint his enemies might think he was aaid, Atone o'clock, he was le ‘onto a seal, and, aftera shore speech, was ‘xeented Figure 216 Chores! dung hist in Wess in 1688, (her Cotes sting? Wa denen he ture une {hat tneccome might gp oat Chae DID YOU KNOW? usp the re rd were Cesnons| Pigecinare, ces {euro sphanets her ay aaa hana et {pCa aa Ae taped rea ng trees co ecu ord ot ‘deg ieseaneh [TE cir Fo DEMOCRACY AND THE ENGLISH CAL WAR 37Charles I versus Parliament Charles's argument ‘When atest pled cul not ity, Chas refused todo ether He said hat he di ot acep the leg ofthe cour, an eranded a know By hat autor a here? mea oh authory, forthe {are many nlanfl authors nthe woetssheee and ober by the hignuays, Remember, am your leet king et me know by what LGotulautbory lam sated here st you shal Pes mar em ie Furthermore, Caves maitared that twas impose for him tobe ted by hs equals (qucarteed by lw) because he had no equals, He coud rot commit weasan bea he could potbe a watorto ims, gue 2-17 Te eect of Cals Tse acaured wooden 2 ‘nrpeay ld hse ea the ‘ad ereserna—the ings YOUR TURN 1 Chares set cutis defence against paiarent’s charges very lay and parlament' vert printed above, Reve the atealin te chapter {on Chats actions nd onthe ations of England, and then vit an autre of prion’ «ase agaist Chars in response tohis agument, fe suet refer o “Tha Elements of a Good Argument” on he page 2. Which side do you think had the bas eg argument? Give reasons fr your opinion 3. Explain the erence between 2 king rug with absolute poner ara one rung within patlamentary estas, Parliament's Verdict "That he court bee sstied that he, Chaves Start, was ally of the mes of which he ad Been accused, id dae him grant traitor, murderer, and Dubie enemy ta the good people ot ne ation, tobe ut to death by the severing of his ead fom his, body The ements of a Good Argument Proper constructed arguments st aid ristxasin lege Hoe etree alt ok for 1, yp contr o faethe gure Sars tha premise astmpbon) hat ey sot be tue For example, “God has gen power to ser uly dlrma—ng top» choice, ighomo other ponies For example“ we owt hivea ston, abst alr soci falapan™ Fab aatogy—compaing things tht ely ‘nitbecorpered foreungls “ian geod athe, so she wi be good sceCanada’s Parliament—A Civil War Heritage Cresent eon ones ton ‘The Reluctant Speaker Englund Some of et npn vations Miaests conten er ean core ean te pared of he gin il Wor buses thai te seater. Wen he king loved the Hose of Cnmonsin 1640, he ‘rd the Spee to eae the House Narberth Speake nicht “Today, want Speker eect, rerbers Of parament pretend to dap the Speaker to the cam a emer fee purine Une Speaker Figure 2-18 TheSpetors ak How canoe he The Doors Are Barred ‘tthe opening of partaent, the menbers of the House of Commons are summoned toe Senate Chamber a hear the Speech om the Tone. The mesenger rm the Senate, lack fod, alas fesse dors othe Conrrans tarred. Black od must nackte tines fr tnt, This edion began around 1640, when Cares ried at pariament ith S00 sbdies fi the doors were ose against him ‘The Mace The maces the spb ofthe authori of parlament King Charles demanded thet the mace be srrendered 1640, bur the Commons refed Today, the maces ‘played nthe House of Comenons while its i a Fie 219 WHAT DO YOU THINK? 4. Are the symbols of democracy important? Shouks 3. The Speaker's charin the House of Commons is the gprernment make more effort 2 maintain nd ‘lager ingosing, much ike ahve. Why elon these symbol? right this beth asa? Why sk importan that 2 How imporantis radon? Does your school have __" Sesker beimpartal ny altars? Make up ist of things in you runt or choc that could Bacar adios nd expe wy they sou be valued THE GHT FOR DEMOCRACY AND THEENGLSH CIILWAR 38)seo kta ast for decoration bt mary ass CATALOGUB CARD MiareaPttoeatca peer tte corpuer tr cemuy bape twit Aiea akiviee whuuCrseed dee oeemmineec ns make a pot no made? Conner ms pent mal tres at : pa jsoon tara ‘vents. This scaled "propogan,” a te practice continues ody, Figure 2-20 tas ns een Ira erates oso hee pponenicn the wos poste Hg Th sae on oat wou the Rourheacs pisuh resis? st ee they sng Sout thence The Broadside Broadsides wee the newspapes They were nted quickly and cai arent news, They were so heavy base, sce they were designed 1 influence pubic opinion. Broadsides were printed on ‘one side ofthe page and "hose printed dng the Engl Co War abrost Nays supported ether the ing o pariement. re2-21Thsdroatie sows kan pro on ei of Wat ys tee Whale eect Wat hw phan manne caboee ear eee BESRa See cop onan Se eemcesea minen Commer segura tes Lt ornare i area Chamcupeemaesn roe ee tae oe aca rauieer ieee om src ees ta Cetsrearset Bb eae eee aon ate History and Fantasy YOUR TURN 1. Create abraadein suppor of ether the Royal or Rundhese sce nthe Enlish Ci ‘War shoul be cleat hich ie your trond supports. Us the font pape of & rode nawepape ae a template, oF example To add interes and io atvact attention acd ‘the ens ters and features. Remeber hat taadsdes were printed on one ie on Figure 2-24 hussain rows Chas! bea fatto ener by angele hares came othe then, Royals began pore) Cras aa an {aly murdered ts exc, mar pose ha ‘oaeed niet hs Dod and weed them 3 ails iy wuld mary eel on eve ttottnemonneh Rapes panes? [HE FcHT FOR DEMOCRACY ANO THE ENGUSH COILACTIVITIES 4. Chares'ssupport came rom the narthand west 3, Da you think he Civ War was eli war 3 ‘of Engjand, while priamert' came fromthe poli war, or both? Write two shot notes South an eis Refer tothe map on page 21 the ing. nthe fst, exon why, asa Panta, you what inflenes de economic eanators hae on think ci war prbable or relious reason. n ‘the outcome of the Ci War? the second, exh why Cul war ely or poltical reasons. Share the notes wth other meribers of te ass. Were ether the rlgous reasons or the paltical reasons more important? Wire both reasor important? Explain the eons forthe encusion you reach 2 Tohelp arses the question °Did Charles force cul ar on patlanent?” make a fore apahst ‘organizer with the question asthe te. List the mts that suppor a Yes answer, with examples, ‘none column Ust the point fora No sraner, ‘sth examples another corm, Wie your cencsios atthe botom ofthe cart. Toe TRIUMPH OF PARLIAMENT republic isa country problems. Both counsres were strong A= monarch, bt the Supporters of Charles Id the fxecution of Chaos did Royalist cate Paramnentdapatched ot make England an army under Oliver Cromwell to ‘epublie. By aneienc right, Charles's end the Royalist chest in these wo son would sil antomatially become counties Charles IL The English republic, Cromwell was a master solder, called the “Commonwealth bce had tele sympatiy for ether sctually came into being when the the Presbyterians or the Catholies he Rump Parliament voted to abolish the conquered, He defeated the Scots in| monarchy and the House of Lords. to masjor battles, and ended their ‘Many people disagreed with the resistance. In Ieland, Cromwell decision ofthe Rump Parliament and pursued a hrutl campaign against the ‘questioned its sight to make any Irish, who had sebelied against the decisions at all With only sey English in 1681, When the ciy of ‘members, iceould hardly claim to ‘Drogheda essted, for example, represent the people of Figland, Half Cromwell's soldiers massacted its the members ofthe Loog Parliament entire garrison. All Catholic Inad joined the Royalist cause, and landowners inthe norch of Teland Pride's Purge had expelled 143 ‘were fozebly moved fom their Presbyterians. However in politics, lands. The Catholic landlords were often "might makes right.” The resettled in the southem and western Rump was supported by the parts of che island, Northen Ireland victorious Roundhead army. The ‘was resettled with English and anmy attacked anyone who refused 19 Seottish Protestant, making i the support the Commonwealth land stronghold of the Protestants in and Scotland were particular Irelandoc eld is si desing tn the stuaton crested by Crome For many yes, Northern etna has ben died int too separate commu — Catholes and Paestans. Violent ‘confit bebueen the two CUPS hasbeen a common occurence, tate te stuaton loka Ie nore promising, “he Engi had tempted to anqutr land for cents, 50 that confi between the Whar English vas thing new when Comal conquared the ihn 1649, What was decisive about his ston, however, as that England ‘aned convo ver tla forthe frst, Subsequent Enlsh ‘governments maintained ane eeended his cova ‘ter 1645, rand was ides into twohostle toups—the lish Cathal, who wanted thei county back, and a sal foun of Enon Potent who ‘dominates tre country. Cabo Shoals and rests were outaves, Shoals nd rests Welt OutSYES, gyre 2-25 During cease in est ny 1957, young boy looks rough follow vader pofesions twas EEE AN Asal wsspon tot unt 1828 that eer Catron Karta ortelard coud hold centuries after Cromelsvtoy, attempts to bring peae tothe potal oe in 1949, the Repub of feand = Wwartng ids n Al 1998, anew “here were numerous became an ndependet stat Proposal was pu forth. eu pens by the ish ver the Northrniand remained pat of ie the ish Repub a govering| eos alll them ureuccessl, Great Britain. The confit n ‘olen Northen teland, eu However, the colon of 1819 Norther teland todays between abo dsarm the waring factors, ded wi tue, Flowing ths, sh Catholis, who want an esas 8 priamt for fandwas died, n 1922, into, independence rom Bain, and Northern ireland, The agement fo ofeent areas the ish vee theBrlshProtestans, who want hasbeen hale as “Wistoc" Ina Stead Norver lend, which tomaainthe tewih etal 1998 referer, te agreement ‘vars theEngithstonehold “here have ben may was approved by a ge mary, WHAT DO YOU THINK? 44 Find out more abut the confictin Nerthem 2. Howtong shuld events that happened inthe past Irland today. Write one account f the stuaton be allowed to contol evens toy? Ean the ‘rom anh Cato pont of view, are another reason or your ane. ‘rom an English Protestant pit oF vw "HEIGHT FOR DEMOCRACY AND THEENGUSH CILAWAR 43)gure 2-26 vie havesue (incu soc tay. Tres ao oe Teac te eats, or ‘ara ht oer Bae ean outro THE LORD PROTECTOR Eventually, Cromuell lost patience with the Rump Parliament, which seemed unable to govern effectively ‘Thearmy wanted more influence and also wanted to be paid. When the Rump members zefused te hold an ‘lection unless they could be guaranteed thei eats, Cromwell ‘marched in with a uoop of soldiers and drove the members out, He then. Tocked the doors of paliament and put che key in his pocket, Soom alter, Senior army officets named Oliver Cromwell the Lord Protector—or siltary ditator—of England (Cromwell divided the countey up {nto districts and raed through major: ‘generals ach responsible fr le, wer, and eoleting taxes intheit district. Calvinist Blue Laws outlawed “pagan” ceremonies, such as ‘Chsmas, and forhade dancing, ‘sambling sports nd the theatre. ‘Cromwell's military dctatoeship was very uapopolar, but he was too strong, tobe resisted. However, Cromwell reganded himself os failure, He had ‘opposed the dictator lke powers ofthe ‘king and had ended up becoming iat himself. When he ded in 1658, his son Richard nicknamed “Tumble- down Dick"| proved incapable of roling the nation, and resigned as Protector. “The republican experiment was over THE RESTORATION Aiter Cromwell's death, General ‘Monk, the commander of the army in the north, returned 19 Westminster and recalled the Long Parliament. ‘Monk knew that parliamentary ‘government had tobe restored or civil ‘war would break out once again. He ‘ordered the old parliament 20 dissolve itso and co call an election fora new ‘one. The new parliament decided t0 restore the monarchy and the House (of Lords, and in 1660, i invited (Charles i to became king of England—a very popular decision. ‘The people of England wanted no more todo with mileary Sictatorships. They were concemed about the lac of parliament, which protected their nights. In addition, only Puritans were pleased with the Blue Laws-—the rest ofthe people resented the grim and joyless lifestyle they imposed, Asa result, there was reat rejoicing when the monarehy‘was restored and Charles I retumed to England as king However, parliament insisted that the king ule as a constitutional ‘monarch, with his powers set out by parliament. Charles outwardly accepted the limitations an his power, alvhough he secretly planned to regain the power his father had lost. He fntrigued with various European rations to bring this abou, although nothing ever came a his schemes. (Charles tried to make sure that he ‘would have a majority of supporters in patiament by influencing who was ‘lected He dd this Unrough persuasion, bribery, and blackmal ‘The oya syontrscame oe Toon Toad we te fegninge! ganda jolat Seey Parpoeneeta vette acy cee be tw amine Su aes funloin enon wow ile aon ston, Wetraule te Bc veo Prk ie ely oreered Endndean seen the {Btn aloteretencnmnent ed mac cnsleeete ne nany apr erumedte he ay chad Satie ie Gummewealie — {ryiieaprente swear nes emer ae THE RGHT FOR OBMOCRACY AND THE ENGUSH CKILWAR "48iteanceomactoatieg Rump Parament wer ange Sipreecegemmriee drawn, and quartered a horible HiChros@'Eard punishment, They were hanged, but Sitecrerattate taken down before death occured 30 ote that they were tl alive while the entails were removed. Following death, their bodies were cut ito four sections and displayed around the ‘country asa warning to others. The bodies of Cromwell and other Roundheads were dug up and hanged outside Westminster Abbey. ‘When Charles eed to protect the religions freedom of Catholis, the nev Parliament passed the Test Aet. ‘This act made the Church of England ‘supreme. Cathalies were not allowed to hol political eee 9 join the professions. Charles's own brother, Noiey os ueieeem penn Aiirsen, neat ners. rteresing werven in Sterature 198 a spy for Chai I Marne at eighteen oa Dutch merchant, she dames t have Shee bom inthe South Armen cory of Suen, By nineteen, her inlet ond accomplishes had aey ened er the ck name "te comparable” Asa widow during the Dutch War, she traveled to Europe ard sie fr Engand, Chars was avays, intrested in what was happening fn the continent of Europe, because part of his dese was to return Enoland tothe continental Loven fantastic iomph at, ‘mode of absoutegoverrrent. 09 her return to England she was sercbnilyto debtors prison. With {an aost photographic meron, ‘Apr soon ound that she could mak aliving writing about her ‘eventures, She was probe ‘he at worn to make a |ning asa author. She wrote poems, nove, and Ate plays. Te exert below, 2 ng called “love Armed” strom her lay Ablaze. on the subject of ve Suman the passage Inyour own wor. ‘Whi bleeding hears around him owed, For whom rsh pins he di create, ‘Ani strange tyransick power he showed From thy bright eves he took his ir, Which rund about, in sport he hue, But tae from mine he took dese. James, who was a Catholic, had to sive up his job as Fgh Admizal Ieesuse ofthe Test Act Parkament Inad made it clear to Charles that, snot he, made che laws, Chases I ied in 1685 and was succeeded by ls CCatholie brother, James I THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION ‘The death of Charles tin 1685 czcated a problem for parliament. His secessor, ames I, was openly Catholi. Anti-Cathole feeling in England was very high. Only few years ealier, in 1678, aman masved and spy, “ale ie nothing ‘butextenes” Aah oe gure 2-28 Ara Ben“Titus Oates had caused a country ‘wide punie in England when he oncocted a story about a Catholic plot eo take aver the nation. From the ‘ery begining of his reign, James {nfuiated parliament by giving igh offices vo Catholics, inspite of the ‘Test Act, He elealy intended to requin England to the Catholic fl. Tames also made it wery clear that bre believed inthe Divine Right of ‘King, and meane co take power away from paviament. Lok at hs portrait atthe beginning of the chapter ipage 1s), Wha impression of James willingness to compromise do you get? Rebellions soon broke out, and support fr James quickly evaporate Following a rebellion in support of ‘Charles's illegitimate son, the Deke of ‘Monmouth, James instituted reign ‘of tert. Judge fells conducted ‘cuts that ordered the execution of so ‘many people aspected of being rebels Pireasenema soften acu to inetd te Enalch sed in egal document, “partir they were ttn nthe seventeenth Century. As you rea he Biot Rhee 1689, ‘concerrate onthe Srportantrouns and ver a5 you ty 2 Understand what tis ‘yng. te te par ye “the Lees and Commons, fee, declare” Section 1 States hat "suspending iow oe making tur ‘thu the consnt of parkorent legal.” ‘nat ote ther sects sate? tha they became known as the "Bloody Assizes.” Parliamentary leaders were extremely distressed by the king's factions and intentions: In 1688, parliament invited James's Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband ‘William of Orange, to beeome queen sand king of England, They agrecd co Go so. James's supporters began to flee the country, and eventually James Ihimself left England, abdicating bis throne. This pardeular event ls ‘become known asthe "Glorious Revolution.” For the first time, the ‘monarch was chosen by parliament, rot hereditary right, Divine Right was dead, Mary and William agred tothe terms ofa new Bill of Rights. This Alocument made it lear that parliament was the real government fof the country. These rights are the Inasis forthe rights we enjoy today as Canadians, (@BID You KNOW? na 6 ea ‘haope ee (Shr rc ‘eta aad foce tumour eso ‘st ty ‘ten eon at od ‘eranbggi the Broce crmeg Toabdiate 090 up 01 or Ue aan en wean bgt be Sitdeawcrtors | oeitetatnt mene Selections from The Bill of Rights 1689 ‘ssiemblod inl an ree representation ofthis rato ‘inleatng and asserting thelr ancient rights, destare: 9, That freedom of pooch, andl debates or proceedings of the Lords, Sptual and Temporal, and Cornmens now ‘That the pretended power of suspending of laws, orth exeution of laws by regal autonty without the consent of Pariament is ileal ‘That its the right ofthe subjects to petition the King, and all Commitments and prosections for suc petoning ae legal ‘That tho sacton of Memos of Parliament ough tobe fee. bught not tobe impeached x questioned n any curt or place out of Dariament ‘That excessive ball ought not o be required, nor excessive fines Impose, nor eruel and unusual punishments nfte, “And that parliaments cught ob held frequent. “THE RT FOR DEMOCRACY AND THE ENGHEH CNILWAR AT)omnes nn Locke was the son ofa Purtan county layer sth Tough iy fr the Roundeads ‘hung the Cl Wit Locke became mote in polis during ‘he Restoration, and fed to Holand 1685, staid tat is ie trae a ik for his nt oye bolle. During the 1690s he wrote 2 numberof books outlining hie polticlpesophy, after the Glorious Revision, he hurried home to England and published hs boots. He became etree popular or infoenal Hi potcal ‘losophy reflected the ant- Diine-ight theo ofthe Goious evolsion and had a great rpc ‘on the thought that ed othe Bmercanfevohtion andthe French Ravel. although Locke’ pola phtosephy i quite romps, essence canbe summarized in afew base concests 1. toeke aged na al humans possess "natura human ights tole, Ibery, and propery “We old these truths to be secede that al ‘men are created equal that hey are endowed by | {hel Creator with ceria nallenabe rights, that among these ae Life, Liberty andthe pursuit of Happiness. That to secure thse rights, Governments ae Instuted among Men dering the jst powers fom the ‘onset of the governed, That wheneer any Frm of Government becomes destructive of hese en, isthe ight ofthe people to ae ot abolish and instute new ‘Government 2. People should surender tele natural ight te goverment ony creer to protect those fights rom he tbl of thers 3. Wa government fale o protect te natural igh fis ftizens then te people were Justied in evoting ara ‘verthroning he golem. ‘Te American Deelxation of Independence. qusted above, "ley eet Lacks ppt. Inanabe lobe oer rar Figure 229 John ace ACTIVITIES 1 Why i th epubican experiment an 4. "Without the Enaish Cl Wa, democracy would Enolnd? Give razon for your anawer never have developed" Make 9 case fr or against 2, “The Sars leaned nating rom the a War. * Frepae obit poston pape in which you agree or dsogre witht taterent. xin your reasons. 3. Winy do you thnk this pad in Engish storys ‘ale the "Glorious Revluton"? Explain your answer in a ett a nd ho es na county ruled by an absolute king a8 charren2 thisstatement. Gi evidence to support your ase. 5. Make an organize o compare goverment under 2 republe ie cormmanweath), an absolute ‘monarchy, anda consttutonl monarchy, Use the folowing heasngs the er, the eo nw, an the rights ofthe peoplehe long fight for democratic rights, which ame toa exsis with the Civil War, didnot fend with the Bil of Rights in 1689. The Civil War had, however, ended the concept ofthe Divine Right of Kings and the practice of shyolute monarchy in England forever. It would {ake time before this happened in England's North "American colonies or in other European countries But in England, never again would the ruler Ihave more power than the elected representatives tf the people. Canada’s courts and government feflet these principles, formolated centuries ago in England, Out constitution restates the principles of the 1689 Bill of Rights—almost word for word in ‘The English Revolution was alarge step toward political reform, bu social reform was still to ‘come, Political reform happens when government is mai beter social reform happens When society is made better. The lower elasses were not much better off by the end ofthe Glorious Revolution of 1688 than they had been at che beginning ofthe Civil War in 1642. Women had failed to gin equal rights, Although the rulerhad become a ‘onsticutional monarch, and parliament had ssserted its power, the structure of society, with is ‘deeply imbedded social classes, had not realy ‘changed asa whole. Making a more equitable Society would be the task of future generations. ET SS 1. Wea pay about the lof a Royals suerte of Chas Your dalogue shou hight the ses that both ses considered important. 2. Prepare a parol that dear shows Royalist oF Rounchead bias. Your pargtet should focus on sues ofthe Dine Right of Kings. may nce cerizemens and stores that vl hep you tdemonstoe yout knoledge ofthe Ife and events of the petod 3 Draw wpa petition on behalf ofthe women of England to be presented othe Long Parliament. Elin vy the women wer seeking more gh 4. Create a drama, model or picture of scene trom the Restoration, Your project shoul show concrete tramples of your knowledge af the "Toak” ofthe Restoration 5. What dos "therule ofa” mean? EE 4. Rezarch the inclents ofthe Engh Chi War and prepare a reaisic comic book ofthe events. Your omic book should exlain why the Roylsslos the 2. Research the beginnings of colonials. Why did Europe rains ative that they hod the eh 9 Cclonze ferent ares of he wold? 2. Inaletert the tng of Eran expan why you ‘jet othe stlerent of Europeansin you ln 4. one Evopean nation attempted to establish setterens in inde of another European nation, what ‘would he probable esl have been?tn the sca conomi and poll uses ofthe French Revolution “© describe the course of the French "Revolution a “© compare and contrast the views of t Dhiosophes ‘+e primary sources oer view and editorial purpose at ict rules for etal iron cures ‘assess the importa evolution