NOTES:

RATE LAW USING INITIAL CONCENTRATIONS:

rate law: The dependence of the initial rate of a reaction on the concentrations of its reactant
can't
*
be determined from balanced equation, it must be determined from
experimental
data.
the greater reactants
exponent
the value of a

the more a change in the concentration of

(83 "[C]=
*

Rate = k [A]
that reactant will affect the rate of reaction

to find values of exponents

x, y, and
2, we need to find how changes
in the individual reactants affect the rate.
the easiest way to find the

exports is to see what happens to the rate when the concentration

oan individual reactant is doubled

RATE LAW USINO CONCENTRATION AND TIME:

rate laws will be different
depending on wether the reaction is first,
second, or zero order, but each rate law can be expressed
as graph that relates the rate
a
constant, the concentration of a reactant

and the elapsed time.

ZERO OROER RATE LAWS:

does not depend on the concentration of reactants at all, so it

will always be the same at

given temperature: Rate = k

FIRST ORDER RATE LANS:

the rate of the first order reaction depends on the concentration of a

single reactant raised to the first power. Rate = kCA]

First order rate law: In [A]t=-k++ InCAJO

CAT+= concentration of reactant A at time t #= rate constant

CAT0 = initial concentration of reactant A += time elapsed

SECONO-OROER RATE LAWS:

depends on the concentration of a single reactant raised to second power.

ate
*
= kCA]2
it uses the
*
inverses of the concentrations.

(A) 1
k
=
+ +
EATo
[ ]+= concentration of reactant A

CAJo = initial concentration

at time

of reactant
t

A
K = rate constant t =
time elapsed

HALF-LIFE:

The half-life of a reactant in a chemical reaction is the time it takes

for half of the substance to react

For order second order

reactants, half-life NOT
*

zero or is

constant. You cant use the half life equation for anything other

↓ han a first-order reactant

COLLISION THEORY:

According collision chemical

to
theory,
reactions occur because reactents

are constantly moving around and

colliding with one another

reaction
* rates increase with

increasing temperature because

increasing temperature means

that the molecules are

moving
faster, which means that the

molecules have
greater Kinetic energy. The higher the
average

temp, the greater the number of reactant molecules colliding with

each other with enough energy (Ea) to cause a reaction
* EER's LAW:

to measure the concentration of a solution over

time, a device
called a spectrophotometer can be used in some situations.

It measures the amount of light at a

given wavelength that
is absorbed by a solution. Absorbance can be calculated
using Geer's law: A ab <
=

A =
absorbance, a molar
absorptivity, b = bath length
c concentration of the solution

CATALYSTS:
catalysts increase the rate of a chemical
reaction without the
being consumed in

the
process; catalysts don't appear in
balanced
equation. Some times
they are

necessary in a reaction because in its

absence, the reaction
would be too slow to be useful,
 18
MCQs (313-318) 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13,15 FRQs(319-327)

cancel out.

1:a +
y
3: H: C+A 7P 5: D
C +* -> 0 half life of
A+ 8 + A58 (amount

8x -> y+E timetaken to dealers

2A + 8- 8
2A +C7E concentratious temperateene
⑳ *
Rate = k(A]([B] affect half life

7.the slowest matches 8: B

the overall rate
law
ENO)1 -> ENO+12
but instead all,
-

of 240 molecules that

2
every form,
it should be substituted NOCI dissappear.

by 2A.8

11.c because if you look at the two CA) (M) stays the
experiments,
same in the first and second experiment, while (B(M)
doubles from experiment. The rate
doubles
first to second

which means & affects rate law. In experiment and

3 the and A
it was
opposite, doubled while 8 stayed

the same. The rate didnt change when A wasdoubled.

t his means the rate law is c=k(8) because it
showed with more
impact in
quantity,
on rate

13: In the 1st and and experiment, when Only 8 is

doubled
the 3rd
rate doubles. In the end and experiments
when both A and B are doubled, the rate increases
*
4. This shows how both A and 8 are important
for the
rate,
which means the rate law is
xCA358]