Unit 10 - Commissions - English-1

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Constitutional/Statutory Bodies
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Election Commission of India ........................................................................................................ 3
2. State Election Commission ........................................................................................................... 11
3. Union Public Service Commission ............................................................................................... 14
4. Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission ............................................................................. 20
5. Comptroller and Auditor General ................................................................................................. 23
6. NITI Aayog ...................................................................................................................................... 27
7. Human Rights Commission .......................................................................................................... 32
State Human Rights Commission .................................................................................................................... 36
8. Women's Commission ................................................................................................................... 38
Madhya Pradesh State Commission for Women ............................................................................................. 41
9. Child Protection Commission ....................................................................................................... 43
Madhya Pradesh Commission for Protection of Child Rights ........................................................................... 45
10. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Commission ............................................................ 46
Madhya Pradesh State Scheduled Castes Commission .................................................................................. 48
National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) ........................................................................................ 48
Madhya Pradesh Scheduled Tribes Commission ............................................................................................ 49
11. Backward Classes Commission ................................................................................................. 50
Madhya Pradesh State Backward Classes Commission ................................................................................. 52
12. Information Commission ............................................................................................................. 54
Madhya Pradesh Information Commission ...................................................................................................... 57
13. Central Vigilance Commission.................................................................................................... 58
14. National Green Tribunal............................................................................................................... 61
15. Food Conservation Commission ................................................................................................ 66
Previous Year Question ..................................................................................................................... 69
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1. ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA
Background
Event Date
Establishment of Election Commission of India 25th January 1950
Enactment of The Representation of the People Act 12th May 1950.
Enactment of The Representation of the People Act 17th July 1951
First Election of India Between 25 October 1951

and 21 February 1952
First Election of Madhya Pradesh 26 March 1952
The Election Commission Act 25th January 1991
Constitutional Provisions
● The Election Commission is a constitutional Body. Part XV from Articles 324 to 329
of the Indian constitution deals with the Election Commission of India.
Appointment
● The chief election commissioner and other election commissioners are appointed by the
President of India as per the law made by the Parliament {Article 324 (2)}.
Anoop Baranwal v Union of India Case (2015)

● In March 2023, the Supreme Court held that a committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition,
and the Chief Justice of India will advise the President on appointments to the Election Commission of India until
Parliament enacts a law on the subject.
● Note: In case no leader of the Opposition is available, the leader of the largest opposition Party in the Lok Sabha shall
be a part of such committee.
● The president may also appoint after consultation with the election commission such regional commissioners as he may
consider necessary to assist the election commission {Article 324 (4)}.
Composition
● The Election Commission shall consist of the Chief Election Commissioner and such number of other Election
Commissioners as the President may from time to time fix {Article 324 (2)}.
● The Election Commission consists of a Chief Election Commissioner and his two other Election Commissioners.
● Initially Election Commission consisted of only one Election Commissioner.

● On 16 October 1989, In order to handle the increased workload of the election commission brought on by the decrease
of the voting age from 21 to 18 years old, the president nominated two additional election commissioners.
● But in January 1990, the two election commissioner positions were eliminated, returning the Election Commission to
its pre-abolition state. The president once more selected two election commissioners in October 1993. The Election
Commission has been operating as a multi-member body composed of three election commissioners ever since.
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One Chief One Chief

Election Election
Commissioner Commissioner
+ +
2 Election One Election 2 Election
One Election Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner
Commissioner
26 January 16 October January 1990 1 October 1993

1950 to 1989 to To 30 September to Present
15 October January 1990 1993
1989
● When any other Election Commissioner is so appointed the Chief Election Commissioner shall act as the Chairman of the
Election Commission {Article 324 (3)}.
Tenure
● The President of India determines the tenure of office of the election commissioners and regional Commissioners as per
such law made by the Parliament {Article 324 (5)}.
● Therefore, According to ‘Section 4 of the Election Commission Act 1991’ the term of office of Chief Election
Commissioner and other Election Commissioners is 6 years or 65 years of age, whichever is earlier.
Salary
● The President of India determines the salary and allowances of office of the election commissioners as per such law made
by the Parliament {Article 324 (5)}.
● Therefore, According to ‘Section 3 of the Election Commission Act 1991’ the Chief Election Commissioner and other
election commissioners are paid a salary equal to the salary of a Supreme Court judge.
● Currently, the salary of Election Commissioners is 2.5 lakh Rupees.
Removal
● The Chief Election Commissioner shall not be removed from his office except in like manner and on the like grounds as
a Judge of the Supreme Court.
● Therefore, the Chief Election Commissioner cannot be removed from office except by an order of the President passed
after an address in each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a
majority of not less than two-thirds of members present and voting, and presented to the President in the same Session
for such removal on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity.
● Other Election Commissioners and Regional Commissioners can be removed by the President on the recommendation of
the Chief Election Commissioner.
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Resignation
● The Election Commissioners can vacate their office through resignation addressed to the President of India.
Functions
No. Work
1 Conducting and examining the election of the President, Vice President, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative
Assemblies and Legislative Councils
2 Preparation of voter list before general elections and intermediate elections of Lok Sabha and Vidhansabha
3 Delimitation of constituencies
4 Recognition of political parties and allotment of symbols to them
5 Making codes of conduct of political parties and fixing the amount of their election expenses
6 To render opinion to the President on matter related to disqualification of Member of the Parliament {Article
103(2)}.
7 To render opinions to the Governor on matters related to disqualification of Member of Legislature {Article
192(2)}.
8 Cancellation of election on suspicion of election malpractices
9 Declaring the opening and closing of elections
List of Chief Election Commissioners

No. Name Term of office
1 Sukumar Sen 21 March 1950 19 December 1958
2 Kalyan Sundaram 20 December 1958 30 September 1967
3 S. P. Sen Verma 1 October 1967 30 September 1972
4 Nagendra Singh 1 October 1972 6 February 1973
5 T. Swaminathan 7 February 1973 17 June 1977
6 S. L. Shakdhar 18 June 1977 17 June 1982
7 R. K. Trivedi 18 June 1982 31 December 1985
8 R. V. S. Peri Sastri 1 January 1986 25 November 1990
9 V. S. Ramadevi 26 November 1990 11 December 1990
10 T. N. Seshan 12 December 1990 11 December 1996
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11 M. S. Gill 12 December 1996 13 June 2001
12 J. M. Lyngdoh 14 June 2001 7 February 2004
13 T. S. Krishnamurthy 8 February 2004 15 May 2005
14 B. B. Tandon 16 May 2005 29 June 2006
15 N. Gopalaswami 30 June 2006 20 April 2009
16 Navin Chawla 21 April 2009 29 July 2010
17 S. Y. Quraishi 30 July 2010 10 June 2012
18 V. S. Sampath 11 June 2012 15 January 2015
19 Harishankar Brahma 16 January 2015 18 April 2015
20 Nasim Zaidi 19 April 2015 5 July 2017
21 Achal Kumar Jyoti 6 July 2017 22 January 2018
22 Om Prakash Rawat 23 January 2018 1 December 2018
23 Sunil Arora 2 December 2018 12 April 2021
24 Sushil Chandra 13 April 202 14 May 2022
25 Rajiv Kumar 15 May 2022 Present

Current Election Commissioners
Committees Related to Electoral Reforms and Their Recommendations

Tar Kunde Committee, 1974 75
● Lowering the age of adult franchise from 21 to 18
● Setting bail amount
● Determining the amount of election expenses
Dinesh Goswami Committee, 1990-91
● The election commission should be three-tier.
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● Voter ID Card Preparation
● Vote by electronic voting machine
Indrajit Gupta Committee, 1998-99
● Determining the amount of election expenses
Other Committees
● Goswami Committee on Electoral Reforms (1990)
● Vohra Committee Report (1993)
● Indrajit Gupta Committee on State Funding of Elections (1998)
● Law Commission Report on Reform of the Electoral Laws (1999)
● National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (2001)
● Election Commission of India – Proposed Electoral Reforms (2004)
● The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2008)
Some Electoral Reforms
● Under the 61st Constitutional Amendment Act 1989, the age of adult franchise was reduced from 21 years to 18 years
● In 1989, by amending the Representation of the People Act, a provision was made for the use of electronic voting machines
in voting.
● The Election Commission was made a three-membered body in 1993
● In 1997, the number of proposers and seconders was increased from 10 to 50 to contest the presidential election and from
5 to 20 for the post of vice president.
● Military personnel were given the right to vote by proxy in elections by the Election Laws Amendment Act 2003.
● In 2013, a provision for the Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail was made in EVMs, in which slips emerge from the machine
after voting.
● 20 to 28 lakhs for the Vidhansabha and 54 to 70 lakhs for the Lok Sabha were fixed by the Election Commission for
election expenses on March 1, 2014.
● By amending the Representation of the People Act, 1951, as per the instructions of the Supreme Court, the person who
has been sentenced for more than 2 years has been disqualified from the election.
National Voters Day

● On 25th January, National Voters Day is celebrated every year since 2011.
● 13th National Voters Day was celebrated on 25 January 2023.
● This year the theme was ‘Nothing Like Voting, I Vote for Sure’.
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Important Articles at Glance
Article Feature
324 The superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in the Election Commission
324(1) Constitution
324(2) Composition
324(3) Chief election commissioner
324(4) Regional commissioner
324(5) Removal process
324(6) The President and the Governor shall provide staff to the Election Commission on the
recommendation of the Election Commission.
325 No person to be ineligible for inclusion in the electoral roll on the basis of religion, race, caste
or gender.
326 Elections to Lok Sabha and State Assemblies to be on the basis of adult suffrage
327 Power of Parliament to make provisions with respect to elections to Legislatures.
328 Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature.
329 Prohibition of interference of court in electoral matters
329A Special provision regarding the election of the Prime Minister and the Speaker of the Lok Sabha
- (Repealed)
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2. STATE ELECTION COMMISSION
Background
Event Date
Implementation of 73rd Amendment Act, 1992 24th April 1993
Implementation of 74th Amendment Act, 1992 1st June 1993
Implementation of MP Panchayati Raj Evam Gram Swaraj 25th January 1994

Adhiniyam, 1993
Constitution of Madhya Pradesh Election Commission 1st February 1994
Appointment First State Election Commissioner of MP 15 February 1994
First Panchayat Election in MP 23 May 1994 to 7 June 1994
First Municipalities Election in MP 24 November 1994 to 27 November 1994
Nature of Commission: Constitutional

● As per the Article 243 K (1) and 243 ZA (1), the superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls
and the conduct of all elections to the Panchayats and Municipalities shall be vested in a State Election Commission.
Appointment
● The state election commissioner is appointed by the Governor of the state {Article 243K(1) and 243ZA (1)}.
Compositions
● The Madhya Pradesh Election Commission has only one Election Commissioner.
Note: Article 243 K provides for the appointment of only one state election commissioner i.e.
the Governor can not appoint other election commissioners.
Tenure and Salary
● The Governor of the State determines the tenure of office and Salary of the state
election commissioner as per such law made by the state legislature {Article 243 K
(2)}.
● Tenure of State Election Commissioner is 6 years or 65 years of age, whichever is
earlier.
Removal
● The Election Commissioner shall not be removed from his office except in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge
of the High Court {Article 243 K (2)}.
● Therefore, He can be removed by an order of the President passed after an address by each House of Parliament supported
by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that
House present and voting. The President can remove him in the same session on the ground of proven misbehavior or
incapacity.
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● Such a bill can be introduced in Lok Sabha only if it is signed by 100 members of Lok Sabha or in Rajya Sabha only if it
is signed by 50 members of Rajya Sabha.
Resignation
● The Election Commissioner can vacate their office through a resignation addressed to the Governor of the State.
Functions
S.N. Work
1 Conducting and examining the election of the Panchayat and Municipalities.
2 Decide boundaries and distribution of seats along with preparation of voters list for the local bodies
organisations like gram panchayat Taluka and district panchayat/municipality and municipal corporation of the
state and conducting general/mid-term/bye-elections and supervising them.
3 Declaring dates for panchayat and municipal elections.
4 Recognition of political parties and allotment of symbols.
5 Making codes of conduct of political parties and fixing the amount of their election expenses
6 Examination of nomination papers.
7 Cancellation of election on suspicion of election malpractices
8 Declaring the opening and closing of elections
List of State Election Commissioners

No. Name Term of office
1 N. B. Lohani 15.02.1994 16.02.2000
2 Gopal Sharan Shukl 16.02.2000 14.08.2006
3 Aditya Vijay Singh 14.08.2006 10.12.2010
4 Dr. Ajit Raizada 10.12.2010 30.09.2013
5 R. Parasuram 01.10.2013 31.12.2018
6 Basant Pratap Singh 01-01-2019 Present
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Important Articles at Glance
Article Feature
243 K (1) The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls of Panchayat elections to be
vested in the State Election Commission.
243 K (1) Appointment of State Election Commissioner.
243 K (2) Conditions and Term of the office of State Election Commissioner.
243 K (2) Removal
243 K (3) Staff: The Governor of a State shall make available to the State Election Commission such staff as may be
necessary for the discharge of the functions conferred on the State Election Commission.
243 K (4) The Legislature of a State can make provisions with respect to all matters relating to elections to the
Panchayats.
243 ZA (1) The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls of Municipalities elections are
to be vested in the State Election Commission.
243 ZA (2) The Legislature of a State can make provisions with respect to all matters relating to elections to the
Municipalities.
Important Sections of The M.P. Panchayat Raj Avam Gram Swaraj Adhiniyam, 1993
Section Subject Matter
42 Powers of the State Election Commission. - The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of
electoral rolls for and the conduct of all elections to the Panchayats shall be vested in the State Election
Commission.
42 A Power to appoint officers and staff and to assign duties and functions to them.
43 Power to make rules. - The State Government shall in consultation with the State Election Commission make
rules for the preparation of Electoral rolls and conduct of all Elections to the Panchayats.
Important Facts
● The State Election Commission of Madhya Pradesh has conducted 6 Panchayat and Municipalities elections so far.
● 1st Secretary of the Madhya Pradesh State Election Commission was Mr. Prakash Chand.
● 1st Female Secretary of the Madhya Pradesh State Election Commission was Mrs. Vijiya Srivastava.
● The Madhya Pradesh government has launched the “Chunav” mobile application.
● Official Motto- “Every vote priceless. Every local body significant” (हर वोट कीमती, हर निकाय महत्वपर्ू ण).
● The State Election Commission acts independently from the Election Commission of India (Kishan Singh Tomar vs
Municipal Corporation of Ahmedabad case).
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3. UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
INTRODUCTION
● The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is a constitutional body under
Article 324 of the Constitution.
● Part 14 of the Constitution deals with the UPSC.
● It is responsible for conducting examinations and selecting candidates for
various civil services and posts under the central government.
Background
Timeline Events
1793 Governor General Cornwallis made reforms in Civil Services. He is also known as the “Father of Civil
Services in India”.
1854 Macaulay’s Report of the Select Committee of British Parliament, the concept of a merit-based modern Civil
Service in India was introduced in 1854.
For this purpose, a Civil Service Commission was set up in 1854 in London.
1855 Competitive examinations were started in 1855.

The maximum age was 23 years and the minimum age was 18 years.
1864 The first Indian, Shri Satyendranath Tagore brother of Shri Rabindranath Tagore succeeded.
1919 Montagu Chelmsford reforms: Provisions for establishment of public service commission.
1922 From 1922 onwards the Indian Civil Service Examination began to be held in India, first in Allahabad and
later in Delhi with the setting up of the Federal Public Service Commission. The Examination in London
continued to be conducted by the Civil Service Commission.
1924 Lee Commission
1926 Establishment of the Public Service Commission on 1 October 1926.
1935 Provisions for the establishment of Federal and Provincial public service commissions.
1947 Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel is known as the Father of Civil Services of Independent India.
1976 Kothari Commission: Recommended for the Three tier exam.
1989 Satish Chandra Commission: Recommended for the Essay Paper.
2004 Hota Committee: Recommended for the Aptitude Paper (CSAT) at Preliminary level.
2006 21 April was announced as Civil Services Day.
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Public Service Commissions
● Part 14 of the Indian constitution from articles 315 to 323 deals with the Public Service Commission for Union and States.
● Article 315 of the Indian constitution deals with the establishment of three kinds of Commissions:
Appointment
● UPSC and state PSCs consist of Chairman and other members appointed by {Article 316 (1)}
o President - UPSC and Joint State PSC.
o Governor - State PSC
● Acting Chairman Article {316 (1 A)}: If the office of the Chairman of the Commission becomes vacant an Acting
Chairman can be appointed by:
Qualification
● One-half of the members of the commission should be such members who have held office for {Article 316 (1)}:
o At least 10 years under the Government of India or
o At least 10 years under the Government of state.
Tenure
● Tenure of the Chairman and members is mentioned in Article 316 (2):
o UPSC: Members and the chairman of the UPSC shall remain in their office for 6 years or till the age of 65.
o State PSC & Joint State PSC: Members and the chairman of the State PSC & Joint State PSC shall remain in their
office for 6 years or till the age of 62.
Resignation
● Members and chairman of the commissions can Resign by writing a resignation addressed to {Article 316 (2)}:
Removal and Suspension
● The chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission (UPSC, State PSC & Joint State PSC) can only be
removed from his office by order of the President {Article 317 (1)}:
● On the ground of misbehaviour after the Supreme Court's inquiry (The president has to refer the matter to the Supreme
Court for this).
o The advice tender by the Supreme Court in this regard is binding on the president.
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● Suspension {Article 317 (2)}:
o During the course of an inquiry by the Supreme Court, the president can suspend the chairman or the member of UPSC
& Joint State PSC.
o During the course of an inquiry by the supreme court, the Governor can suspend the chairman or the member of State
PSC.
Other Provision of Removal {Article 317 (3)}:
● The President can remove the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service from their office if the Chairman or other
member:
o He is adjudged an insolvent; or
o He engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office; or
o He is unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body, in the opinion of the President.
● Guilty of misbehavior {Article 317 (4)}:
Power to make regulations (Article 318)
● UPSC: The President has the power to make rules and regulations for the conditions of service of members and staff of
the Commission.
o UPSC (Members) Regulations 1969.
✓ It is mentioned in the regulation that there shall be 10 members and 1 Chairman of the Commission.
● State PSC: The Governor of the state has the power to make rules and regulations for the conditions of service of members
and staff of the Commission.
o The Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission (Condition of Service) Regulations, 1973.
✓ Number of Members: The Commission shall consist of not more than 7 members. The Governor may appoint
one of the members to be the Chairman (Rule No.3).
Independence
● The Constitution has made the following provision to safeguard and ensure the independent and impartial functioning of
the public service commissions:
● Condition: The conditions of service of a member of a Public Service Commission shall not be varied to his disadvantage
after his appointment (Article 318).
● Salary (Article 322): The salary, allowances, pension etc. of the Chairman and members of Union public service
commissions are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India and the salaries of State public service commissions are
charged upon the Consolidated Fund of that state.
● Reappointment (Article 319):
o UPSC:
✓ Chairman- Can not be reappointed.
✓ Members- Not eligible for reappointment as a member of the commission but a member of UPSC can become
chairman of the commission or Chairman of State public service commissions.
o State PSC:
✓ Chairman- Not eligible for the reappointment as a chairman of the public service commission of the same state
but can become chairman of other State Public Service Commissions as well as the member or chairman of the
Union Public Service Commission.
✓ Members- Not eligible for reappointment as a member of the commission but eligible for appointment as
chairman of the public service commissions or member of the Union Public Service Commission.
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● Removal (Article 317): The chairman and the members of the public service commissions can be removed from their
office only by the president in the manner and on the grounds mentioned in the constitution. Therefore, they enjoy the
security of their tenure.
Functions
● The functions of a Public Service Commission (PSC) in India, whether at the central or state level, are mentioned in Article
320.
● Recruitment and Selection: UPSCs are responsible for conducting recruitment examinations for All India Service such
as Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS) and Indian Forest Service (IFoS), and other allied central
services.
● Annual Report (Article 323):
o UPSC {(Article 323 (1)}: Union Commission presents an annual report of work done by the Commission to the
President and on receipt of such report the President shall lay the report before each House of Parliament.
o State PSC {(Article 323 ()}: State Commission presents an annual report of work done by the Commission to the
Governor and on receipt of such report the Governor shall lay the report before the state legislature.
● Advisory Role: PSCs provide expert advice to the government on matters related to personnel management, recruitment
policies, and administrative procedures. They may be consulted on issues such as changes in recruitment rules,
qualifications for specific posts, and improvements in the selection process.
● Conducting Examinations: PSCs design and conduct examinations for different levels of civil services, ensuring fairness,
transparency, and merit-based selection. These examinations include preliminary tests, main written exams, and
interviews.
● Syllabus Design: PSCs develop syllabi for various competitive examinations to ensure that candidates are well-prepared
for the assessment process. Syllabi are regularly updated to reflect the evolving demands of the roles and changing
administrative requirements.
● Issue of Advertisements: PSCs release advertisements notifying
● candidates about upcoming job vacancies, eligibility criteria, application procedures, and examination schedules.
● Promotions and Transfers: PSCs may be involved in the promotion and transfer processes of civil servants, ensuring
that these processes are conducted fairly and in accordance with established rules and guidelines.
● Departmental Inquiries: In cases of disciplinary matters or misconduct involving civil servants, PSCs may conduct
inquiries to determine appropriate actions in compliance with the established procedures.
● Rule Making: PSCs may suggest changes to recruitment rules, examination procedures, and other aspects of civil service
administration to keep up with evolving needs and best practices.
Chairmans
First Chairman of UPSC Ross Baker
First Indian Chairman of UPSC H.K. Kripalani
First Woman Chairman of UPSC Rose Millian Bathew
Present Chairman Manoj Soni
First Chairman of MPPSC D.V. Rege
Present Chairman Rajesh Lal Mehra
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Article Related to Public Service Commission
Article Subject Matter
315. Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.
316. Appointment and term of office of members.
317. Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission.
318. Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission.
319. Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of the Commission on ceasing to be such members.
320. Functions of Public Service Commissions.
321. Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions.
322. Expenses of Public Service Commissions.
323. Reports of Public Service Commissions.
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4. MADHYA PRADESH PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
INTRODUCTION
● The Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission (MPPSC) is a constitutional body under Article 315 of the Constitution.
● It is responsible for conducting examinations and selecting candidates for various civil services and posts under the State
government.
Background
● The new Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission was constituted under section 118 (3) of the
States Reorganization Act by the order of the President, via notification of the Ministry of the
Home Affairs of GOI on 27 October 1956.
● Head Quater of MPPSC- Indore
● Symbol: Banyan Tree, Wheat and Peddy, 24 Stoops at the boundary.
Appointment
● MPPSCs consist of the Chairman and other members appointed by {Article 316 (1)} the Governor of the State.
● Acting Chairman Article {316 (1 A)}: If the office of the Chairman of the Commission becomes vacant an Acting
Chairman can be appointed by the Governor of the State.
Qualification
● One-half of the members of the commission should be such members who have held office for {Article 316 (1)}:
o At least 10 years under the Government of India or
o At least 10 years under the Government of state.
Tenure
● Tenure of the Chairman and members is mentioned in Article 316 (2):
o Members and the chairman of the State PSC & Joint State PSC shall remain in their office for 6 years or till the age
of 62.
Resignation
● Members and chairman of the commissions can Resign by writing a resignation addressed to the Governor{Article 316
(2)}:
Removal and Suspension
● The chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission can only be removed from his office by order of the
President {Article 317 (1)}:
● On the ground of misbehaviour after the Supreme Court's inquiry (The president has to refer the matter to the Supreme
Court for this).
o The advice tender by the Supreme Court in this regard is binding on the president.
● Suspension {Article 317 (2)}:
o During the course of an enquiry by the supreme court, the Governor can suspend the chairman or the member of State
PSC.
Other Provision of Removal {Article 317 (3)}:
● The President can remove the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service from office if the Chairman or other
member:
o He is adjudged an insolvent; or
o He engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office; or
o He is unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body, in the opinion of the President.
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● Guilty of misbehaviour {Article 317 (4)}:
Power to make regulations (Article 318)
● The Governor of the state has the power to make rules and regulations for the conditions of service of members and staff
of the Commission.
○ The Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission (Condition of Service) Regulations, 1973.
✓ Number of Members: The Commission shall consist of not more than 7 members. The Governor may appoint
one of the members to be the Chairman (Rule No.3).
Independence
● The Constitution has made the following provision to safeguard and ensure the independent and impartial functioning of
the public service commissions:
● Condition: The conditions of service of a member of a Public Service Commission shall not be varied to his disadvantage
after his appointment (Article 318).
● Salary (Article 322): The salaries of State public service commissions are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of that
state.
● Reappointment (Article 319):
○ State PSC:
✓ Chairman- Not eligible for the reappointment as a chairman of the public service commission of the same state
but can become chairman of other State Public Service Commissions as well as the member or chairman of the
Union Public Service Commission.
✓ Members- Not eligible for reappointment as a member of the commission but eligible for appointment as
chairman of the public service commissions or member of the Union Public Service Commission.
● Removal (Article 317): The chairman and the members of the public service commissions can be removed from their
office only by the president in the manner and on the grounds mentioned in the constitution. Therefore they enjoy the
security of their tenure.
Functions
● The functions of a Public Service Commission (PSC) in India, whether at the central or state level, are mentioned in Article
320.
• Annual Report (Article 323):
○ State PSC {(Article 323 (2)}: State Commission presents an annual report of work done by the Commission to the
Governor and on receipt of such report the Governor shall lay the report before the state legislature.
● Advisory Role: PSCs provide expert advice to the government on matters related to personnel management, recruitment
policies, and administrative procedures. They may be consulted on issues such as changes in recruitment rules,
qualifications for specific posts, and improvements in the selection process.
● Conducting Examinations: PSCs design and conduct examinations for different levels of civil services, ensuring fairness,
transparency, and merit-based selection. These examinations include preliminary tests, main written exams, and
interviews.
Chairman
Tenure
Chairman
From To
Shri D. V. Rege 01-11-1956 17-09-1957
Shri H.C. Seth 23-10-1957 11-10-1960
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Shri S.P Mushran 07-11-1960 08-05-1963
Shri R Radhakrishnan 03-06-1963 02-03-1969
Shri M.P Shrivastava 18-11-1969 03-06-1972
Shri K. C. Tiwari 08-07-1972 11-02-1974
Shri K.N. Sinha 11-02-1974 17-07-1978
Shri N. Sundaram 01-08-1978 21-06-1984
Shri M.B. Peter 16-01-1986 01-11-1986
Shri S.L. Sharma 02-11-1986 11-06-1991
Shri J.N. KAUL 16-01-1992 01-01-1996
Shri Om Prakash Mehra 01-01-1996 15-12-1999
Shri Vinay Shankar Dubey 17-04-2000 16-04-2006
Prof. (Dr.) Pradeep Kumar Joshi 13-06-2006 28-09-2011
Shri Ashok Kumar Pandey 10-01-2012 01-07-2015
Shri (Dr.) Bipin Beohar 04-07-2015 14-11-2017
Shri (Prof.) Bhaskar Choubey 13-02-2018 31-12-2020
Present Chairman and Members
Chairman
Members
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5. COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL
INTRODUCTION
● Article 148 of the Constitution provides for an independent office of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG).
● He is the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department.
● He is the guardian of the public purse and controls the entire financial system of the country at both the central level and
the state level.
● Dr. B.R. Ambedkar said that the CAG shall be the most important Office under the Constitution of India.
Background
Timeline Events
1858 Establishment of office of the Accountant General.
1860 Sir Edward Drummond was appointed as the first Auditor General.
1866 The position was renamed Comptroller General of Accounts.
1884 Re-designated as Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
1919 Under the Government of India Act 1919, the Auditor General became independent of the government.
1935 The Government of India Act 1935 provided for Provincial Auditors General in a federal set-up.
1936 The Accounts and Audits Order of 1936 (detailed accounting and auditing functions of the auditor general)
1948 First CAG of India: V. Narahari Rao
1971 The Comptroller and Auditor General (Duties, Powers, and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971.
● Article 148 to 151 of the Constitution deals with the office of the CAG of India.
Appointment
● CAG is appointed by the President of India {Article 148(1)}.
Salary
● Article 148(3): The salary and other conditions of service of the Comptroller and Auditor-General shall be such as may
be determined by Parliament by law.
● Section 3: As per Section 3 of the Comptroller and Auditor General (Duties, Powers, and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971
the Salary of CAG is equal to the salary of Judges of the Supreme Court.
● The salaries of CAG are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India.
Tenure
● Section 4: As per Section 4 of the Act the term of office of CAG of India is 6 years or 65 years of his age, whichever is
earlier.
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Resignation
● The CAG can vacate their office through a resignation addressed to the President of India.
Functions
● Chapter 3 of the Comptroller and Auditor General (Duties, Powers, and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971 deals with the
duties and powers of the CAG.
● The duties and functions of the CAG as laid down by the Parliament and the Constitution are
○ He audits the accounts related to all expenditures from all the Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds, and Public
Accounts of India and States.
○ He audits the receipts and expenditures of the Centre and each state.
○ He audits the receipts and expenditures of the following:
(a) All bodies and authorities who are taking finance from the Central or state revenues;
(b) Government companies; and
(c) Other corporations and bodies when so required by related laws.
● He audits the accounts of any other authority when requested by the President or Governor. For example, the audit of
Panchayats, Municipalities.
● He advises the President with regard to the prescription of the form in which the accounts of the Centre and the states shall
be kept (Article 150).
● He submits his audit reports relating to the accounts (Article 151).
● He certifies the net proceeds of any tax or duty (Article 279).
● He acts as a guide, friend and philosopher of the Public Accounts Committee of the Parliament.
Report
● Article 151 (1): The reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India relating to the accounts of the Union shall
be submitted to the President and the President shall lay the report before each House of Parliament.
● Article 151 (2): The reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India relating to the accounts of a State shall be
submitted to the Governor of the State and the Governor shall lay the report before the Legislature of the State.
● Three CAG reports i.e. audit report on appropriation accounts, audit report on finance accounts, and audit report on public
sector undertakings are examined by the Public Account Committee (PAC).
Chairmans
Auditor-General of India (1860-1950)
No. Auditor General of India To From
1 Edmund Drummond 1860 1862
2 Sir Bertie Monro Staig 1945 1948
3 V. Narahari Rao 1948 1950
Comptroller and Auditor General of India (1950–present)
No. Comptroller and Auditor General of India To From
1 V. Narahari Rao 1950 1954
2 Anil Kumar Chanda 1954 1960
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3 A. K. Roy 1960 1966
4 S. Ranganathan 1966 1972
5 A. Baksi 1972 1978
6 Gyan Prakash 1978 1984
7 Tirlok Nath Chaturvedi 1984 1990
8 C. G. Somiah 1990 1996
9 V. K. Shunglu 1996 2002
10 Vijayendra Nath Kaul 2002 2008
11 Vinod Rai 2008 2013
12 Shashi Kant Sharma 2013 2017
13 Rajiv Mehrishi 2017 2020
14 Girish Chandra Murmu 2020 Present
Articles at Glance
Article Feature
148 (1) Appointment of CAG
148 (2) Oath
148 (3) Salary and other conditions
148 (4) Re-appointment (Not eligible for re-appointment)
148 (5) Power of the parliament to make law
148 (6) Salary and other other expenses shall be charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India.
149 Duties of CAG
150 Form of accounts of the Union and of the States
151 Audit reports
279 ● Calculation of "net proceeds" is ascertained and certified by the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India,
whose certificate is final.
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6. NITI AAYOG
INTRODUCTION
● NITI Aayog, short for the National Institution for Transforming India Aayog, is a policy think tank and government
institution in India.
● It was established on January 1, 2015, to serve as a replacement for the erstwhile Planning Commission of India.
● NITI Aayog's role is to provide strategic and policy advice to the Government of India, focusing on long-term development
and economic growth.
● Headquarters- New Delhi
Background
● In 1928, Joseph Stalin started the Five Year Plans in Russia.
● On March 15, 1951, the Planning Commission was started by the executive order on the basis of Article 39 of the Indian
Constitution.
● On August 15, 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the formation of NITI Aayog, abolishing the Planning
Commission at the Red Fort, and after the cabinet resolution was passed, the NITI Aayog was formed on January 1, 2015.
Nature of Commission
● Extra-constitutional or Non-statutory bodies
Objectives
● Promote dialogue with states through structured cooperation initiatives and mechanisms on an ongoing basis.
● To develop mechanisms for credible planning at the village level.
● Strategic and long-term policy and program framework.
● Advise and encourage partnerships between like-minded national and international think tanks and academic and policy
research institutions.
● To provide a forum for the resolution of intra-regional and international issues in order to accelerate the implementation
of the development agenda.
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Compositions
Chairman Prime Minister (Shri Narendra Modi)
Vice Chairman Appointed by the Prime Minister, having the status of a cabinet minister (First- Arvind Panagariya,
Present- Suman Bery)
Chief Executive officer Secretary to the Government of India, who is appointed by the Prime Minister for a fixed term
(First- Sindhushree Khullar, Present- BVR Subramaniam)
Full-time member 4 Member Appointed by the Prime Minister, Status of Minister of State, Government of India (Dr.
Vinod Paul, Vijay Kumar Saraswat, Ramesh Chand, Arvind Virmani)
Ex officio member 4 Union Council of Ministers (Amit Shah, Rajnath Singh, Nirmala Sitharaman, Narendra Singh
Tomar)
Part time member 2 (from leading universities, research organizations and other relevant institutions in ex-officio
capacity)
Note: All the members are appointed by the Prime Minister
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Governing Council
● It is the nodal body for developing a joint vision of national priorities and strategies with the active participation of States
and Union Territories
● It is a major forum for discussing inter-departmental, inter-regional and federal issues.
● Member-
1. Prime Minister
2. Chief Ministers of States and Union Territories
3. Lieutenant Governors of Union Territories
4. Ex-Officio Member and Vice President of NITI Aayog
5. Full-time members and special invitees of NITI Aayog
● Chaired by Prime Minister of India.
Regional Council
● Group of regional states.
● A provision has also been made for the constitution of a regional council to solve any problem related to a contingency or
a specific issue.
● The meetings of the Regional Councils are organized on the instructions of the Prime Minister of India, in which the Chief
Ministers of the States and the Lieutenant Governors of the Union Territories participate.
● Generally they are headed by the Vice Chairman of NITI Aayog.
Functions
● Policymaking and program design
● Promote cooperative federalism
● Monitoring and Evaluation
● Think Tanks and Creating Knowledge and Innovation
Guiding principles of NITI Aayog
Antyodaya
Good governance
Inclusivity
Demographic dividend
Gram
Transparency
Maintainability
Importance of NITI Aayog

● Cooperative federalism
● Competitive federalism
● Knowledge and innovation
● Development
● Financial improvement
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7. HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
INTRODUCTION
● The National Human Rights Commission is a statutory body constituted on 12 October 1993. Under the protection of the
Human Rights Act 1993 (PHRA).
● This act was amended in 2006 and 2019.
● Headquarter of the National Human Rights Commission is in New Delhi.
● Section 2 (1d) defines human rights: "Human rights’’ means the rights relating to life, liberty, equality, and dignity of the
individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India.
Background
Basis History of Human Rights
Timeline Events
1215 The Magna Carta was issued in 1215 during the reign of King John of England.
1524 The Twelve Articles of the Black Forest were published in 1524, and they expressed the concerns
and aspirations of the rural population, who were often subjected to economic exploitation and
social injustice.
1926 Abolition of Slavery Convention signed by League of Nations.
February 1946 United Nations Commission on Human Rights
10 December 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights
10 December 1950 10 December announced as Human Rights Day
1991 Paris Declaration on human rights, which was adopted in 1993
28 September 1993 Protection of Human Rights Ordinance 1993 was passed by the President of India Shankar Dayal
Sharma.
12 October 1993 Establishment of Human Rights Commission.
8 January 1994 Protection of Human Rights Act 1993, Passed by the Parliament.
● The National Human Rights Commission is a Statutory Body.
Motto
● "Sarve Bhavantu Sukhina"
Ministry
● Ministry of Home Affairs
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Appointment
● Central Government constitutes the National Human Rights Commission under section 3(1) of the Protection of Human
Rights Commission 1993.
● Appointment of Chairman and other members (Section 4)
o The Chairman shall be appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of a committee consisting:
o Prime Minister (Chairman), Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Union Home Minister, Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha,
Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha and Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
Note: No appointment of a Chairperson or a Member shall be invalid merely by reason of any vacancy of any member in the
Committee {Section 4(2)}.
Compositions {Section 3 (2)}
● NHRC comprises a Chairperson, five full-time Members, and seven ex-officio Members.
● The Commission shall consist of—
(a) a Chairperson who has been a Chief Justice of India or a Judge of the Supreme Court;
(b) one Member who is, or has been, a Judge of the Supreme Court;
(c) one Member who is, or has been the Chief Justice of a High Court;
(d) Three Members, out of which at least one shall be a woman, having knowledge of, or practical experience in, matters
relating to human rights.
● Ex-Officio Members
The Chairperson of the following Commissions:
1. the National Commission for Backward Classes,
2. the National Commission for Minorities,
3. the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights
4. the National Commission for the Scheduled Castes
5. the National Commission for the Scheduled Tribes
6. the National Commission for Women and
7. the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities
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Resignation {Section 5(1)}
● The Chairperson or any Member may resign his office by notice in writing under his hand addressed to the President of
India.
Removal
● Section 5(2): The Chairperson or any Member shall only be removed from his office by order of the President of India on
the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity after the Supreme Court’s inquiry.
● Section 5(3): The President of India may remove the Chairperson or any Member if the Chairperson or such Member, as
the case may be,-
(a) is adjudged an insolvent; or
(b) engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office, or
(c) is unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body; or
(d) is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court;
(e) is convicted and sentenced to imprisonment of an offense which in the opinion of the President involves moral
turpitude.
Tenure
● The Chairperson shall hold office for a term of 3 years from the date on which he enters upon his office or until he attains
the age of seventy years, whichever is earlier {Section 6(1)}.
Note: The Chairman shall be eligible for re-appointment (2019 Amendment).
● Members shall hold office for a term of 3 years from the date on which he enters upon his office or until he attains the age
of seventy years, whichever is earlier {Section 6(2)}.
● On ceasing to hold office, a Chairperson or a Member shall be ineligible for further employment under the Government
of India or under the Government of any State {Section 6(3)}
Functions (Section 12)
The Commission shall perform all or any of the following functions, namely:-
(a) inquire, suo motu or on a petition presented to it by a victim into complaint of- (i) violation of human rights or (ii)
negligence in the prevention of such violation, by a public servant;
(b) intervene in any proceeding involving any allegation of violation of human rights pending before a Court with the
approval of such Court;
(c) Visit any jail or other institution under the control of the State Government, for the study of the living conditions of the
inmates and make recommendations to the Government;
(d) review the safeguards provided by or under the Constitution or any law for the time being in force for the protection of
human rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation;
(e) review the factors, including acts of terrorism, that inhibit the enjoyment of human rights and recommend appropriate
remedial measures;
(f) study treaties and other international instruments on human rights and make recommendations for their effective
implementation;
(g) undertake and promote research in the field of human rights;
(h) spread human rights literacy among various sections of society and promote awareness.
(i) encourage the efforts of non-governmental organizations and institutions working in the field of human rights;
(j) such other functions as it may consider necessary for the promotion of human rights.
Report (Section 20)
● The Commission shall submit an annual report to the Central Government and to the State Government concerned.
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● The Central Government and the State Government shall cause the annual and special reports of the Commission to be
laid before each House of Parliament or the State Legislature respectively alongwith a memorandum of action taken or
proposed to be taken on the recommendations of the Commission and the reasons for non-acceptance of the
recommendations, if any.
Chairmans
Former Chairpersons and Members
S.No. Name Designation Tenure
From To
1 Justice Shri Ranganath Misra Chairperson 12.10.1993 24.11.1996
2 Justice Shri M.N. Venkatachalliah Chairperson 26.11.1996 24.10.1999
3 Justice Shri J.S. Verma Chairperson 04.11.1999 17.1.2003
4 Dr. Justice A.S. Anand Chairperson 17.2.2003 31.10.2006
5 Justice Dr. Shivaraj V. Patil Acting Chairperson 01.11.2006 01.04.2007
6 Shri Justice S. Rajendra Babu Chairperson 02.04.2007 31.05.2009
7 Shri Justice Govind Prasad Mathur Acting Chairperson 01.06.2009 06.06.2010
8 Justice Shri K.G. Balakrishnan Chairperson 07.06.2010 11/05/2015
9 Shri Justice H. L. Dattu Chairperson 29.02.2016 02.12.2020
10 Shri Justice Arun Kumar Mishra Chairperson 02/06/2021 Present
Present (2023) Chairperson and Members of the Commission
S.N Name Designation Date of Assumption Post held before joining the Commission
o.
1 Shri Justice Arun Kumar Mishra Chairperson 02/06/2021 Judge, Supreme Court of India
2 Dr. Dnyaneshwar Manohar Mulay Member 25.04.2019 Secretary (CPV & OIA).
Ministry of External Affairs, Govt. of India
3 Shri Rajiv Jain Member 02/06/2021 Director of Intelligence Bureau
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State Human Rights Commission
INTRODUCTION
● Chapter 5 of the Protection of the Human Rights Act 1993 (PHRA) provides for the State Human
Rights Commission.
● Headquarter of the Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission is in Bhopal (Section 21(4)}.
● Foundation: 13 September 1995
● The M.P. Human Rights Commission Chairman and Members (Salaries, Allowances and Other
Conditions of Service) Rules came into force in 1995.
● Current Acting Chairman: Shri Manohar Mamtani.
● Motto: हम सब बराबर, बराबर हमारे अनिकार
● The State Human Rights Commission is a Statutory Body.
Appointment
● The State Government constitutes the State Human Rights Commission under section 21(1) of the Protection of Human
Rights Commission 1993.
● Appointment of Chairman and other members (Section 22)
o The Chairman shall be appointed by the Governor of the state on the recommendation of a committee consisting:
o Chief Minister (Chairman), Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, State Home Minister, Leader of Opposition in
Legislative Assembly, (Note* If a state has legislative council than Leader of Opposition in Legislative Council and
Chairman of legislative council would also be part of this committee).
● No appointment of a Chairperson or a Member shall be invalid merely by reason of any vacancy of any member in the
Committee {Section 22(2)}.
Compositions {Section 21 (2)}
● The Commission shall consist of—
(a) a Chairperson who has been a Chief Justice or a Judge of a High Court;
(b) one Member who is, or has been, a Judge of a High Court or District Judge in the State with a minimum of seven
years experience as District Judge;
(c) one Member to be appointed from among persons having knowledge of or practical experience in matters relating to
human rights.
Resignation {Section 23(1)}
● The Chairperson or any Member may resign his office by notice in writing under his hand addressed to the Governor of
the State.
Removal
● Section 23(1A): The Chairperson or any Member shall only be removed from his office by order of the President of India
on the ground of proven misbehaviour or incapacity after the Supreme Court’s inquiry.
• Section 23(2): The President of India may remove the Chairperson or any Member if the Chairperson or such Member, as
the case may be,-
(a) is adjudged an insolvent; or
(b) engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office, or
(c) is unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body; or
(d) is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court;
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(e) is convicted and sentenced to imprisonment of an offense which in the opinion of the President involves moral
turpitude.
Tenure
● The Chairperson shall hold office for a term of 3 years from the date on which he enters upon his office or until he attains
the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier {Section 24(1)}.
Note: The Chairman shall be eligible for re-appointment (2019 Amendment).
● Members shall hold office for a term of 3 years from the date on which he enters upon his office or until he attains the age
of seventy years, whichever is earlier {Section 24(2)}.
● On ceasing to hold office, a Chairperson or a Member shall be ineligible for further employment under the Government
of India or under the Government of any State {Section 24(3)}
Salary
● The salaries and allowances payable to, and other terms and conditions of service of, the Chairperson and Members shall
be such as may be prescribed by the State Government.
● As per rule number 3 of the M.P. Human Rights Commission Chairman and Members (Salaries, Allowances and Other
Conditions of Service) Rules, 1995
(a) the Chairman will get a salary and allowances which are equal to the salary and allowances of the Chief Justice of the
High Court of Madhya Pradesh;
(b) a Member will get a salary and allowances which is equal to the salary and allowances of the Judge of the High Court
of Madhya Pradesh
Report (Section 28)
● The State Commission shall submit an annual report to the State Government.
● The State Government shall cause the annual and special reports of the Commission to be laid before the State Legislature
along with a memorandum of action taken or proposed to be taken on the recommendations of the Commission and the
reasons for non-acceptance of the recommendations, if any.
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8. WOMEN'S COMMISSION
INTRODUCTION
● The National Commission for Women (NCW) is a statutory body constituted by the Government of India under the
National Commission for Women Act, 1990. The NCW was set up to protect the rights of women and to ensure their
empowerment.
Background
● The National Commission for Women was set up as a statutory body in January 1992 under the National Commission for
Women Act, 1990 (Act No. 20 of 1990 of Govt.of India)
● The Committee on the Status of Women in India (CSWI) recommended nearly two decades ago, the setting up of a National
Commission for women to fulfill the surveillance functions to facilitate redressal of grievances and to accelerate the socio-
economic development of women.
● In May 1990, the Bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha.
● In July 1990, the HRD Ministry organized a National Level Conference to elicit suggestions regarding the Bill.
● In August 1990 the government moved several amendments and introduced new provisions to vest the commission with
the power of a civil court.
● The Bill was passed and received the assent of the President on 30th August 1990.
● The National Commission for Women (NCW) is an autonomous and statutory body established on 31 January 1992 under
the National Commission for Women Act, 1990, to protect and promote women's rights in India.
Nature of Commission- statutory body
Ministry
● Ministry of Women and Child Development
Basis
● National Commission for Women Act, 1990
Appointment
● Everyone is appointed by central government
Compositions (Section 3)
● The Commission must consist of a minimum number of members which includes a chairperson, a member secretary, and
the other five members.
• Chairperson
o The central government should nominate the chairperson.
● Five members
o The five members are also to be nominated by the central government from amongst the person of ability, integrity,
and standing. (at least 1 from SC and 1 from ST)
o They should possess experience in various fields like law or legislation, trade unionism, management of industry
potential of women, women’s voluntary organization, education, administration, economic development, and social
good-being.
● Member Secretary
● The Central Government also nominates member secretaries.
o He/ she should be either an expert in the field of management, an organization, or an officer who is a member.
Tenure
● Chairperson and every Member shall hold office for a period of three years.
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Removal (section 4)
● The Central Government may by order remove the Chairperson or any other Member from office if the Chairperson or
any other member
Resignation (section 4)
● They can vacate their office through a resignation addressed to the central government
Functions
● It is responsible for reviewing and addressing issues related to the rights of women and for making recommendations for
the protection and promotion of these rights.
● The NCW has a number of functions, including:
1. Reviewing the constitutional and legal safeguards for women
2. Recommending remedial legislative measures
3. Facilitating redressal of grievances of women
4. Undertaking research and studies on issues affecting women
5. Promoting awareness of women's rights
6. Ensuring that women's voices are heard in policy-making
Importance
• The NCW has played a significant role in promoting the rights of women in India.
• It has helped to bring about a number of positive changes, such as the enactment of the Protection of Women from
Domestic Violence Act, 2005, and the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal)
Act, 2013.
Report
● They submit an annual report to the central government
Chairman
1. Jayanti Patnaik
2. (Mrs.) Mohini Giri
3. Mrs. Vibha Parthasarathy
4. Dr. Poornima Advani
5. Dr. Girija Vyas (twice)
6. Mrs. Mamta Sharma
7. Ms. Lalitha Kumaramanglam
8. Rekha Sharma (twice) (8th) (2023)
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Madhya Pradesh State Commission for Women
Establishment:- 23 March 1998 by state government
Basis - Section 3 of MP Women
Nature:-Statuary
Composition
● It consists of one chairman 5 members and 1 secretary
o The MPSCW is headed by a Chairperson who is assisted by a number of Members.
● The Chairperson and the Members are appointed by the Governor of Madhya Pradesh on the recommendation of a
committee consisting of the Chief Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly as a
member, and a Cabinet Minister nominated by the Chief Minister.
Headquartered in Bhopal, the capital of Madhya Pradesh.
• It has regional offices located at Gwalior, Indore, Jabalpur, Raipur, and Sagar.
Tenure - 3 years
Resignation
● They can vacate their office through a resignation addressed to the state government.
Chairman
• The first chairperson was Hemwant Porte
• Current Chairperson-Shobha Ojha (2023)
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9. CHILD PROTECTION COMMISSION
INTRODUCTION
● The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) emphasizes the principle of universality and
inviolability of child rights and recognizes the tone of urgency in all the child-related policies of the country.
● Child Definition: Defines a child as a person in the age group of 0 to 18 years.
● The commission was established on 5 March 2007 by the central government.
Background
● The Commission is further mandated to monitor the proper and effective implementation of
o Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012.
o Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015.
o Right to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009.
● The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) has been constituted by the Government of India,
under the Commission for Protection of Child Rights (CPCR) Act,2005 to exercise and perform the powers and functions
assigned to it under CPCR Act,2005.
Nature of Commission - statutory organization
Ministry - Ministry of Women and Child Development.
Basis - section 3 of Child Rights Protection Act 2005
Appointment (section 4)
● The Chairperson and Members of the Commission are appointed by the Central government.
● The Chairperson shall be appointed on the recommendation of the three-member committee constituted by the Central
government under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education.
Compositions (section 3)
● The commission consists of the following members namely:-
o A chairperson who, is a person of eminence and has done outstanding work for promoting the welfare of children; and
o Six members, out of which at least two are woman, from the following fields, is appointed by the Central Government
from amongst person of eminence, ability, integrity, standing and experience in,-
✓ Education
✓ Child health, care, welfare or child development;
✓ Juvenile justice or care of neglected or marginalized children or children with disabilities;
✓ Elimination of child labor or children in distress;
✓ Child psychology or sociology; and
✓ Laws relating to children.
Tenure (section 5)
● All of them are appointed by the Central Government for 3 years.
● The maximum age to serve in the commission is 65 years for the Chairman and 60 years for members.
Removal
● The Central Government may by order remove the Chairperson or any other Member from office if the Chairperson other
Member:
o Is adjudged insolvent.
o Engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office.
o Refuses to act or becomes incapable of acting.
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o Is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court.
o Has so abused his office as to render his continuance in office detrimental to the public interest.
o Is convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for an offense, which in the opinion of the Central Government, involves
moral turpitude.
Functions
● Policies define priority actions for the most vulnerable children.
○ This includes focus on regions that are backward or on communities or children under certain circumstances, and so
on.
● It is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Women and Child Development.
● It aims to ensure that all Laws, Policies, Programmes, and Administrative Mechanisms are in harmony with the Child
Rights perspective as enshrined in the Constitution of India and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
● The Commission shall not enquire into any matter pending before a State Commission or any other Commission duly
constituted under any law for the time being in force.
● The Commission, while investigating, shall have all the powers of a Civil court in respect of the following matters:
o Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from any part of India and examining him/her on oath.
o Requiring the discovery and production of any document.
o Receiving evidence on affidavits.
o Requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office.
o Issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses and documents.
Report
● Annual report to the Central
Government and at such other
intervals as the Commission may
deem fit.
Chairman
● Shanta Sinha (2007–2013)
● Kushal Singh (2013–14)
● Stuti Narain Kacker (2015–2018)
● Current - Priyank Kanoongo
(2023)
State Commission for Protection of
Child Rights
● The state Government constitutes
the State Commission for
Protection of Child Rights to
exercise the powers and to
perform the functions assigned
under the Commission for
Protection of Child Rights
(CPCR) Act, 2005.
● It is established by the central
government.
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Appointment
● The Chairperson and Members of the Commission are appointed by the State government.
● Provided that the Chairperson shall be appointed on the recommendation of a three-member Selection Committee
constituted by the State Government under the Chairmanship of the Minister in charge of the Department dealing with
children.
● The eligibility and terms of the Chairperson and Members of the State Commission are similar to that of NCPCR.
Madhya Pradesh Commission for Protection of Child Rights

Established:- 22 -December 2007
Headquarter:-Bhopal
State Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005
Composition :- 1 Chairperson, 6 Members
Current President:-Devendra Morey
Tenure- Chairman (3 years or 65 years of age), Member (3 years or 60 years of age)
Resignation
● They can vacate their office through a resignation addressed to the state government.
Annual Report
● They submit annual report to the State Government
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10. SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES COMMISSION
INTRODUCTION
● The National Commission for Scheduled Castes is an Indian constitutional body established with a view to provide
safeguards against the exploitation of Scheduled Castes and Anglo Indian communities to promote and protect their social,
educational, economic and cultural interests, special provisions were made in the Constitution.
● Article 338 of the Indian constitution deals with National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
Background
● Initially, Article 338 of the constitution allowed for the appointment of a Special Officer.
● The Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was given to the special officer.
● The National Commission for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) was replaced with a multi-member system
by the 65th Amendment Act of 1990, which amended Article 338 of the Constitution.
● The 89th Amendment Act of 2003 amended Article 338, replacing the former National Commission for SC and ST with
the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) and National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) in 2004.
National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) and National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)
● On 19 February 2004 National Commission for Scheduled Castes was formed
● Article 46-The Slate shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the
people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice
and all forms of exploitation.
● Article 335- The claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration,
consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of appointments to services and posts in
connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.
● Article 16 - “Reservation in terms of promotion to any class or classes of posts in the State services in favor of SCs/STs
who are not adequately represented in the State services” (4A).
Nature of Commission - constitutional body
Ministry -Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
Recommendation - National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 1978
Appointment Article 338 (3)- by the President.
Compositions
● The NCSC comprises a Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson, and three additional Members.
Tenure
● Their conditions of service and tenure of office are determined by the President.
● Generally, it is 3 years (can be reappointed a maximum twice)
Removal
● They are removed by the President.
Resignation
● They can vacate their office through a resignation addressed to the President.
Functions Article 338(5)
● Look into, keep an eye on, and assess any issues with the SCs' legal protections under the Constitution and other laws.
● Look into specific complaints regarding the infringement of the SCs' rights and protections;
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● Evaluate the progress of the SCs' development under the Union or a state, as well as to Participate in and provide advice
on the planning process for their socioeconomic development.
● Taking part in and advising the central or state governments with respect to the planning of socio-economic development
of the SCs.
● Provide reports on the operation of those safeguards to the President on an annual basis and at other times as it may deem
appropriate;
Report Article 338 (6 and 7)
● Commission present report to the President.
● Additionally, the president forwarded the commission's report on the state government. The state governor presents it to
the state legislature and the governor.
Chairman
1. Suraj Bhan
2. Buta Singh
3. P. L. Punia
4. R. S. Katheria
5. Vijay Sampla
Current members
● Shri Vijay Sampla-Chairperson
● Shri Arun Halder-Vice-Chairman
● Shri Subhash Ramnath Pardhi-Member
● Dr. Anju Bala-Member
Important articles
● 366 (24) - "Scheduled Castes" means such castes deemed under article 341 to be Scheduled Castes for the purposes of this
Constitution
● 366 (25) - "Scheduled Tribes" means such castes deemed under article 342 to be Scheduled Castes for the purposes of this
Constitution
● 366 (26C) socially and educationally backward classes" means such backward classes as are so deemed under article 342A
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Madhya Pradesh State Scheduled Castes Commission
Established - 29 June 1995
Headquarter- Bhopal
Grounds:- Madhya Pradesh State Scheduled Castes Act, 1995
Composition:- 1 Chairman, 2 non-official members
Tenure:- 3
Appointment: By State Government
Resignation or removal - By State Government
Annual Report - State Government
National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)
Background
● The first National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) was constituted in March, 2004.
Constitutional Provisions: Established by amending Article 338 and inserting a new Article 338A in the Constitution through the
89th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003
● The Constitution of India does not define the criteria for recognition of STs.
● As per Census-1931, STs are termed as "backward tribes” living in the "Excluded" and "Partially Excluded" areas.
● The Government of India Act of 1935 called for the first time for representatives of "backward tribes" in provincial
assemblies.
Nature of Commission-Constituonal Body
Ministry -Tribal welfare ministry
Basis - Article 338 A Part 16
Appointment Article 338 (A3) - By the president
Compositions Article 338 (A2)
● It consists of a Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson and 3 other Members who are appointed by the President
o At least one member should be a woman.
● The Chairperson has been given the rank of Union Cabinet Minister, the Vice Chairperson has the rank of a Minister of
State and other Members have the rank of Secretary to the Government of India.
● Qualification
o The Chairman should be a member of schedule tribes as well as a political and social activist and at least two people
from among the Vice Chairman and other members from the schedule tribe + at least one woman
Tenure
● The term of office of Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and each member is three years from the date of assumption of
charge.
● The members are not eligible for appointments for more than two terms.
Removal - The President is responsible for the removal of the chairman and members.
Resignation - They can vacate their office through a resignation addressed to the President
Functions
● To investigate and monitor matters relating to Safeguards provided for STs under the Constitution
● To inquire into specific complaints relating to the Rights and safeguards of STs
● To participate and Advise in the Planning Process relating to Socio-economic development of STs, and to Evaluate the
progress of their development under the Union and any State;
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● Measures required for effective implementation of Programmers/ Schemes relating to Welfare and Socio-economic
development of STs.
Report
● The report is submitted to the President.
Chairman
1. Kunwar Singh Tekam
2. Urmila Singh
3. Rameshwar Oraon
4. Nand Kumar Sai
5. Harsh Chouhan
Important Facts
● Madhya Pradesh has the highest ST population.
● Article 366(25) provides a process to define STs.
Madhya Pradesh Scheduled Tribes Commission
Establishment - 29 -June-11995
Grounds -Madhya Pradesh State Scheduled Tribes Act, 1995 (Notify by the governor - 24 May 1995)
Nature -statutory
Structure:-One chairman and Two non-official members
Appointment of a secretary by the state government
● The commissioner of Madhya Pradesh Tribal Development Commission is the ex-officio member of this commission.
● It is mandatory to have at least 2 members of the Scheduled Tribes in the commission.
Headquarters - Bhopal
Tenure - 3 Years
Report - State Government
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11. BACKWARD CLASSES COMMISSION
INTRODUCTION
● National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) was initially constituted by the Central Govt by the National
Commission for Backward Classes Act, 1993
● and so far the Commission has been reconstituted 7 times up to 2016.
● The National Commission for Backward Classes Act, of 1993 has been repealed through the National Commission for
Backward Classes Act, 2018.
● The present Commission (8th) has been accorded Constitutional Status and constituted through “The Constitution 102 Act,
2018” Act
● Article 338B has been inserted, forming a Commission for the socially and educationally backward classes to be known
as the National Commission for Backward Classes.
● The commission was established in 14th August 1993
Background
● Under Kaka Kalelkar and B.P. Mandal, two Backward Class Commissions were appointed in the 1950s and one in the
1970s.
● The First Backward Classes Commission is another name for the Kaka Kalelkar Commission.
● The government was ordered to establish a permanent body to consider, examine, and recommend the inclusion and
exclusion of various Backward Classes for the purpose of benefits and protection by the Supreme Court in the Indra
Sawhney case of 1992.
● The National Commission for Backward Classes Act, passed by parliament in 1993 in accordance with these directives,
established the NCBC.
● To better protect the interests of underprivileged groups, the 123rd Constitution Amendment Bill of 2017 was introduced
in Parliament.
● The National Commission for Backward Classes Act, 1993, was repealed by a separate bill that was approved by
Parliament, making the 1993 Act obsolete.
● In August 2018, the President signed the bill, giving NCBC constitutional status.
Nature of Commission- Constitutional Body
Ministry - Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment,
Appointment (Article 338 B3) - President
Compositions (Article 338 B2)
● The Commission consists of a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, and three other Members in the rank & pay of Secretary to
the Govt of India.
Qualification
● The Chairman should be a member of the backward class as well as a political and social activist and at least two people
from among the Vice Chairman and other members from the Backward Class + at least one woman.
Tenure- 3 Years
Removal
● They are removed by the President.
Resignation
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Functions
● Actively participate in and provide advice regarding the socioeconomic development of the socially disadvantaged classes,
as well as assess the level of that development.
● It provides the President with reports on the operation of the safeguards on an annual basis.
● A copy of each report is sent to the State Government if it deals with any issues that the State Government is interested in.
● The protection, welfare, development, and advancement of the socially and educationally underprivileged classes fall
under the purview of NCBC.
Report
● They submit annual reports to the President.
Chairmans
1. R.N.Prasad
2. Shyam Sundar
3. B.l.Yadav
4. Ramsuraj Singh
5. Ratnavel Pandeyan
6. M.N.Rao
7. V.Aishwariya
8. Bhgwanlal Sahni
● Current Shri Hansraj Gangaram Ahir (2023).
● Shri Rajeev Ranjan, IAS was assumed as Secretary, NCBC on 31st December, 2021.
Important Facts
● 102nd Constitution Amendment Act inserted new Articles 338 B and 342 A.
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Madhya Pradesh State Backward Classes Commission
Formation-13 March 993
Act -Madhya Pradesh State Backward Classes Commission Act,1995 7)
Headquarter -
Structure One Chairman, One Vice Chairman and 3 Members One member should be women)- Chairman & Two Member should
be from backward class
Tenure-3 Years
Resignation/ Removal -state Government
Current chairman - Gaurishankar Bisen
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12. INFORMATION COMMISSION
INTRODUCTION
● The Central Information Commission has been constituted with effect from 12-10-2005.
● The jurisdiction of the Commission extends over all Central Public Authorities.
Nature of Commission - Statutory Body
Ministry - Ministry of personnel
Recommendation - Right to Information Act, 2005.
Appointment (section 12 {3})
They are appointed on the recommendation of the selection committee by the president.
I. The Prime Minister, who shall be the Chairperson of the committee;
II. The Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha; and
III. A Union Cabinet Minister is to be nominated by the Prime Minister.
● Section 12(5) of the RTI Act 2005 provides that the Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners
shall be persons of eminence in public life with wide knowledge and experience in law, science and technology, social
service, management, journalism, mass media, or administration and governance.
● Section 12(6) of the RTI Act 2005 provides that the Chief Information Commissioner or an Information Commissioner
shall not be a Member of Parliament or Member of the Legislature of any State or Union Territory as the case may be, or
hold any other office of profit or connected with any political party or carrying on any business or pursuing any profession.
Compositions section 12 {2}
● The Central Information Commission shall consist of the Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) and such number of
Central Information Commissioners not exceeding 10 as may be deemed necessary.
Tenure section 13 (1)(2)
● The members shall hold office for such term as prescribed by the Central Government or until they attain the age of 65
years, whichever is earlier.
Removal section 14 {1}
● The President can remove the members of CIC and the Governor can remove the members of SIC from office under the
following circumstances:
o If the member is adjudged as insolvent
o If the Central government(for CIC) /Governor(for SIC) holds him responsible for an offense involving moral turpitude/
or he is convicted for such an offense.
o If he engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office
o If he is declared unfit by reason of infirmity of mind or body, by the President (for CIC)/Governor (for SIC).
● The President/Governor can also remove the members on the grounds of proven misbehavior or incapacity.
● In such cases, the President(for CIC)/Governor (for SIC) has to refer the matter to the Supreme Court for an inquiry.
● After the inquiry, if the Supreme Court upholds the cause of removal and advises so, then the President(for CIC)
/Governor(for SIC) can remove him.
● During the inquiry by the Supreme Court the President (for CIC)/Governor(for SIC) may suspend the member from office
or prohibit him from attending the office.
Resignation section 13 {4} - They resign by writing a letter to the President.
● Chief Information Commissioner is not eligible for reappointment.
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Functions
● The Commission has certain powers and functions mentioned in sections 18, 19, 20, and 25 of the RTI Act, 2005.
● These broadly relate to adjudication in the second appeal for giving information; direction for record keeping, suo motu
disclosures receiving and enquiring into a complaint on inability to file RTI, etc.; imposition of penalties and Monitoring
and Reporting including preparation of an Annual Report. The decisions of the Commission are final and binding.
● While inquiring, the Commission has the powers of a civil court in respect of summoning, requiring documents, etc.
Report
● CIC submits an annual report to the Central Government.The central government places this report before the Parliament.
● The SIC submits an annual report to the State Government. The State Government places this report before the State
Legislature.
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Chief IC/IC Profile
State Chief Information Commissioner

● State Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten State Information Commissioners.
Appointment
● They are appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee consisting of the Prime Minister as
Chairperson, the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.
● They are appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of a committee consisting of the Chief Minister as
Chairperson, the Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly, and a State Cabinet Minister nominated by the
Chief Minister.
Important Fact
● The First women commissioner was Deepak Sandhu
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Madhya Pradesh Information Commission
● According to Section 15 of the Right to Information Act, 2005, the State Information Commission was constituted by the
Madhya Pradesh Government dated August 22, 2005.
Current Chief Information Commissioner / Information Commissioner
● State Chief Information Commissioner- Shri A.K Shukla (5th)
● State Information Commissioner- Mr. Vijay Manohar Tiwari
● State Information Commissioner- Mr. Rahul Singh
Retired Chief Information Commissioner of Madhya Pradesh State Information Commission
1. Shri T.N. Srivastava
2. Mr. Padmapani Tiwari
3. Mr. Iqbal Ahmed
4. Shri K. D. Khan
Tenure
● The term of State Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioner shall also be prescribed by the Central
Government.
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13. CENTRAL VIGILANCE COMMISSION
INTRODUCTION
● The Central Vigilance Commission is the leading vigilance organization and is independent of all executive authorities.
● It is responsible for supervising all vigilance activity conducted by the Central Government and providing guidance to
various authorities within Central Government organizations on how to plan, carry out, evaluate, and reform their vigilance
work.
● As a lack of vigilance tends to waste, losses, and economic decline, vigilance means to ensure clear and prompt
administrative action towards achieving efficiency and effectiveness of the employees in particular and the organization
in general.
Background
● The Indian government established the Special Police Establishment (SPE) in 1941.
● The SPE's duties at the time included looking into instances of bribery and corruption in dealings with the Indian War &
Supply Department during World War II.
● The need for a Central Government agency to look into allegations of bribery and corruption by Central Government
employees persisted even after the War was over.
● Thus, in 1946, the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act became operative.
● After the Act was enacted, control of SPE was given to the Home Department, and its remit was expanded to include all
Indian government departments.
● All-Union territories were added to SPE's jurisdiction, and the Act allowed for the addition of States with the permission
of the State Government.
● On 11 Feb 1964, the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) was set up by the Government on the recommendations of the
Santhanam Committee, to advise and guide Central Government agencies in the field of vigilance.
● CVC has been a multi-member commission since 25 August 1998.
● After the CVC bill was approved by both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha in 2003, the Central Vigilance Act went into
effect.
● Under the Public Interest Disclosure and Protection of Informers' Resolution (PIDPI), also known as the Whistleblowers'
Resolution, the commission has been receiving complaints since 2004.
● It operates under the "Zero Tolerance Against Corruption" policy
Basis - Central Vigilance Commission Act 2003
Nature of Commission - Statutory Body
Ministry -Ministry of personnel
Recommendation Committees - on the recommendations of the Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption, headed by
Shri K. Santhanam.
Appointment (section 4)
● The Central Vigilance Commissioner and the Vigilance Commissioners are appointed by the President on the
recommendations of a Committee consisting of the Prime Minister (Chairperson), the Minister of Home Affairs (Member)
and the Leader of the Opposition in the House of the People (Member).
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Compositions (section 3)
The organization of the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC)
Secretariat Chief Technical Wing of Commissioners for

Examiners’ (CTE) wing Departmental Inquiries (CDIs)
● Secretary It is the technical wing, ● Inquiry Officers

● Joint Secretary having:
● Deputy Secretary ● Chief Engineers
● Under-Secretary ● Supporting Engineers
● Office Staff
● Central Vigilance Commission has its own Secretariat, the Chief Technical Examiners' Wing (CTE), and a wing of
Commissioners for Departmental Inquiries (CDI).
● For investigation work, CVC has to depend on two external sources CBI and Chief Vigilance Officers (CVO).
● It is a multi-member Commission consisting of a Central Vigilance Commissioner (Chairperson) and not more than two
Vigilance Commissioners (Member).
Tenure (section 5)
● The term of office of the Central Vigilance Commissioner and the Vigilance Commissioners is four years from the date
on which they enter their office or till they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
● After they retire, they are not eligible for reappointment in any central or state government agency.
Removal (section 6)
● CVC members can also be removed by the President on the grounds of proven misbehavior.
● However, the Supreme Court is referred by the President only after which CVC members can be removed.
Resignation
Functions (section 8)
● The CVC receives complaints about corruption or abuse of power and makes recommendations for the best course of
action.
● The following organizations, groups, or individuals may contact CVC:
Central administration
Lokpal
Whistleblowers
● The CVC either gets the investigation done through the CBI or through chief vigilance officers (CVO) in government
offices.
● The Commission is empowered to inquire or cause inquiries to be conducted into offenses alleged to have been committed
under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 by certain categories of public servants of the Central Government,
corporations established by or under any Central Act, Government Companies, societies and local authorities owned or
controlled by Central Government.
• Categories of such public servants are as below:
a) Members of All-India Services serving in connection with the affairs of the Union and Group A officers of the Central
Government
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b) Officers of the rank of Scale V and above in the Public Sector Banks
c) Chief Executives and Executives on the Board and other officers of E-8 and above in Schedule ‘A’ and ‘B’ Public
Sector Undertakings
d) Chief Executives and Executives on the Board and other officers of E-7 and above in Schedule ‘C’ and ‘D’ Public
Sector Undertakings
e) Officers in Grade D and above in Reserve Bank of India, NABARD and SIDBI
f) Managers and above in General Insurance Companies
g) Senior Divisional Managers and above in Life Insurance Corporations
Report (section-14)
● It is submitted to the president.
Chairman
● Nittoor Srinivasa Rau held the position of India's first Chief Vigilance Commissioner.
● Present 21st - Sh. P. K. Srivastava as Central Vigilance Commissioner (2023) succeeded Sanjay Kothari
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14. NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL
INTRODUCTION
● The National Green Tribunal was established on 18.10.2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act 2010 for effective and
expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources
including enforcement of any legal right relating to the environment and giving relief and compensation for damages to
persons and property.
● The tribunal is divided into 5 chapters and 38 sections.
Background
● Parliament passed the NGT Act in 2010, with the president giving assent to the act on 2nd June 2010.
● With the passing of the Act, the Indian Government fulfilled the following International conventions.
o United Nations Conference on Human Environment, 1972 (Stockholm)
o United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 1992 (Rio de Janeiro)
● Apart from the international conventions, the government fulfilled its obligations toward the citizens of India under Article
21 (Right to a Healthy Environment).
Nature of Commission- statutory and quasi-judicial
Ministry
● Ministry of Environment, Forest and climate change
Basis - NGT Act 2010 section 3
Seats of the Tribunal
● Initially, the NGT is proposed to be set up at five places of sittings and will follow circuit procedure to make itself more
accessible. New Delhi is the Principal Place of Sitting of the Tribunal.
Other places of sitting of Tribunal.
1. Bhopal,
2. Pune,
3. Kolkata,
4. Chennai.
Appointment
● As per the provisions of Section 5 of the act, the Chairperson, Judicial Members, and Expert Members of the Tribunal
shall be appointed by the Central Government.
o The Chairperson shall be appointed by the Central Government in consultation with the Chief Justice of India.
o The Judicial Members and Expert Members of the Tribunal shall be appointed on the recommendations of such
Selection Committee and in such manner as may be prescribed.
• Chairperson - Sitting Judge of the Supreme Court to be nominated by the Chief Justice of India in consultation with the
Minister of Law and Justice.
• Members -
1. Chairperson of the Tribunal
2. Director, Indian Institute of Technology (By rotation)
3. An expert in Environmental Policy to be nominated by the Minister of Environment.
4. An expert in forest policy to be nominated by the Minister of Environment.
5. Secretary to the Government of India in the Ministry of Environment and Forest. (Member Secretary).
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Qualifications section 4
● Chairperson - He/she is or has been a Judge of the Supreme Court of India or Chief Justice of a High Court.
● Judicial Member - He/she is a Judge of the High Court.
● Expert Member -The following are the qualifications for the Expert Members
1. This individual has a Master's degree in physical or life sciences, along with a Doctorate or Master's in Engineering
or Technology. They have 15 years of experience, including 5 years managing environmental and forest-related issues
in a national-level institution.
2. With a total of fifteen years of administrative experience, the individual has acquired five years of experience
specifically in handling environmental affairs within the Central or State Government or a well-known national or
state-level institution.
Other Conditions -
● The Chairperson, Judicial Member, and Expert Member of the Tribunal shall not hold any other office during their tenure
as such.
● The Chairperson and other Judicial and Expert Members shall not, for a period of two years from the date on which they
cease to hold office, accept any employment in, or connected with the management or administration of, any person who
has been a party to a proceeding before the Tribunal under this Act.
Compositions section 4
● As per the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, the Tribunal shall consist of
o A full-time Chairperson
o Not less than 10 but subject to a maximum 20 full-time Judicial Members, as the Central Government may notify from
time to time.
o Not less than 10 but subject to a maximum of 20 full-time Expert Members, as the Central Government may notify
from time to time.
● The Chairperson may, if considered necessary, invite anyone or more persons having specialized knowledge and expertise
in a particular case to assist the Tribunal in a particular case.
Tenure section 7
● The Tribunal's Chairperson, Judicial Member, and Expert Member will serve for a period of 5 years from the date they
take up their positions, but they cannot be reappointed.
● The Chairperson, Judicial Members, and Expert Members will hold their positions for either 3 years or until they reach
the age of sixty-five, whichever comes first.
Additional Conditions -
● In case a person who is or has been a Judge of the Supreme Court has been appointed as Chairperson or Judicial Member
of the Tribunal, he shall not hold office after he has attained the age of seventy years.
● In case a person who is or has been the Chief Justice of a High Court has been appointed as Chairperson or Judicial Member
of the Tribunal, he shall not hold office after he has attained the age of sixty-seven years.
● In case a person who is or has been a Judge of a High Court has been appointed as a Judicial Member of the Tribunal, he
shall not hold office after he has attained the age of sixty-seven years.
● No Expert Member shall hold office after he has attained the age of sixty-five years.
Removal Section 9
● The Central Government may, in consultation with the Chief Justice of India, remove from office of the Chairperson or
Judicial Member of the Tribunal who,
1. Has been adjudged an insolvent; or
2. Has been convicted of an offense which, in the opinion of the Central Government, involves moral turpitude; or
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3. Has become physically or mentally incapable; or
4. Has acquired such financial or other interest as is likely to affect prejudicially his functions; or
5. Has so abused his position as to render his continuance in office prejudicial to the public interest.
● The Chairperson or Judicial Member shall not be removed from his office except by an order made by the Central
Government after an inquiry made by a Judge of the Supreme Court in which such Chairperson or Judicial Member has
been informed of the charges against him and given a reasonable opportunity of being heard in respect of those charges.
● The Expert Member may be removed from his office by an order of the Central Government on the grounds specified in
sub-section (1) and in accordance with the procedure as may be notified by the Central Government.
● Provided that the Expert Member shall not be removed unless he has been given an opportunity to be heard in the matter.
Resignation Section 8
● The Chairperson, Judicial Members, and Expert Members of the Tribunal resign to the Central Government.
Functions
● The National Green Tribunal (NGT) is responsible for resolving disputes regarding environmental issues, including the
implementation of environmental laws and regulations.
● The NGT has the authority to hear appeals against orders or decisions made by environmental authorities or other courts
concerning environmental issues.
● The NGT can enforce environmental laws and regulations by issuing orders, injunctions, and directions to protect the
environment.
● The NGT is accountable for monitoring compliance with environmental laws and regulations and taking appropriate action
in case of violations.
● The NGT has a team of experts in various fields related to the environment who can provide professional advice to the
tribunal on environmental issues.
● The NGT's objective is to promote environmental justice by ensuring that all citizens have the right to a clean environment
and that environmental decisions are made in a transparent and participatory manner.
Jurisdiction Of National Green Tribunal
Following are the legislations that come under Statue 1 of the act
● The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974;
● The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977;
● The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980;
● The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981;
● The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986;
● The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991;
● The Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
o The Tribunal has jurisdiction over all civil cases involving a substantial question relating to the environment.
o Additionally, any person aggrieved by an order/direction of any of the Appellate Authorities under the legislations
mentioned above can also challenge them before the National Green Tribunal.
Note: Two important acts have been kept out of the NGT’s Jurisdiction
● Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
● Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.
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Procedure and Power of the Tribunal
● The Tribunal shall not be bound by the procedure laid down by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) but shall be
guided by the principles of natural justice.
● Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Tribunal shall have the power to regulate its own procedure.
● The Tribunal shall also not be bound by the rules of evidence contained in the Indian Evidence Act 1872.
● The Tribunal shall have, for the purposes of discharging its functions under this Act, the same powers as are vested in a
civil court under the Code of Civil.
Salaries and Allowances
● Neither the salary and allowances nor the other terms and conditions of service of the Chairperson, Judicial Member, and
Expert Member shall be varied to their disadvantage after their appointment.
Chairman
1. Lokeshwar Singh Panta
2. Justice Adarsh Kumar Goel
3. Justice Swatanter Kumar (current 2023)
Important Facts
● With the creation of the NGT, India became the first developing nation and the third country in the world (behind Australia
and New Zealand) to establish a specialized environmental tribunal.
● M.C. Mehta won numerous landmark judgments for India, introducing lead-free gasoline and reducing pollution fouling
the Ganges and eroding the Taj Mahal.
o He is called the green avenger of India.
● The National Green Tribunal (NGT) in Bhopal recently ruled that operating cruise boats in various water bodies of Madhya
Pradesh was illegal and cannot be allowed to continue in violation of various environmental laws.
● Section 14 mentions that cases older
than 6 months are not heard by the
tribunals.
● In the event of the occurrence of any
vacancy in the office of the Chairperson
of the Tribunal, by reason of his death,
resignation, or otherwise, such Judicial
Member of the Tribunal as the Central
Government may, by notification,
authorize in this behalf, shall act as the
Chairperson until the date on which a
new Chairperson is appointed in
accordance with the provisions of this
Act.
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15. FOOD CONSERVATION COMMISSION
INTRODUCTION
● The Food, Civil Supplies, and Consumer Protection Department's primary goals are to provide food supplies at discounted
rates to eligible families identified under the Targeted Public Distribution System, to purchase food supplies at support
prices to ensure farmers receive the right price for their produce, and to safeguard the interests of consumers.
● The Madhya Pradesh State Food Commission (MPSFC) is a government body established on 21 July 2017 to ensure the
effective implementation of food security-related programs and schemes in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India.
● It operates under the provisions of the National Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA) Section 16, which aims to provide food
security and nutrition to the vulnerable sections of society.
Nature - statutory body
Ministry
● Department of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection.
Basis- National Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA) Section16 (1)
Appointment
● The chairman and members are appointed by the State Government
Qualification Section 16 (3)
1. The chairperson of the Food Commission shall either be a member of the All India Services or any other Civil Services of
the Union or State holding a post at Chief Secretary rank or equivalent or should be retired from the post of Chief Secretary
rank under All India Services or any other Civil Services of the Union or State and,
2. Who has knowledge and experience in matters relating to food security, policy-making, and administration in the fields of
agriculture, civil supplies, nutrition, health, or any allied field?
Eligibility of a person other than an existing/retired government servant to be appointed for the post of chairperson should
be as below:
1. He/She should be a person of eminence in public life with wide knowledge and experience in agriculture, law, human
rights, social service, management, nutrition health, food policy, or public administration; or
2. He/She should be a person who has a proven record of work relating to the improvement of the food and nutrition rights
of the poor.
Eligibility for the post of Member-
1. He/She should be a person who has or has been a member of the All India Service or any other civil service of the Union
or State or holding a civil post under the Union or State having knowledge and experience in matters relating to food
security, policy-making and administration in the field of agriculture, civil supplies, nutrition, health or any allied field.
Eligibility of a person other than an existing/retired government servant to be appointed to the post of member should be
as below -
1. He/She should be a person of eminence in public life with wide knowledge and experience in agriculture, law, human
rights, social service, management, nutrition, health, food policy, or public administration; or
2. He/She should be a person who has a proven track record of work relating to the improvement of the food and nutrition
rights of the poor.
Compositions Section 16 (2)
● One Chairperson
● 5 Members. At least two members must be women, and one of the members must be from the SC and ST community.
● One member-secretary.
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Tenure Section 16 (4)
● The Chairperson and other Members shall hold office subject to a maximum age of 65 years for a period of five years from
the date on which he enters upon his office unless removed earlier.
● The Chairperson and the Members are eligible for the reappointment but no person shall hold the office of chairperson or
the members after attaining the age of sixty-five years.
● The Salary and other emoluments are as per the rules framed by the State Government. {section 16 (5)}
Removal section 16 (9)
● The Government may remove a person from the office of the Chairperson or a Member if that person-
o Is, or at any time has been, adjudged as an insolvent; or
o Has become physically or mentally incapable of acting as Chairperson or a member; or
o Has been convicted of an offense which, in the opinion of the State Government, involves moral turpitude; or
o Has acquired such financial or other interest as is likely to affect pre-judicially his functions as a member; or
o Has so abused his position as to render his/ her continuation in office detrimental to the public interest:
Resignation section 16 (9)
● The Chairperson and members can submit their resignation at any time to the State Government.
Functions section 16 (6)
● Food Commission either suo motu or on receipt of complaint may inquire into violation of entitlements provided under
Chapter II of the Act.
● Food Commission shall monitor and evaluate the implementation of the Act in Madhya Pradesh.
● For review and monitoring of implementation of the provisions of the Act, the Commission shall give its advice to the
State Government for effective implementation of the Act.
● Food Commission shall hear appeals against orders of the District Grievance Redressal Officer.
● Food Commission shall prepare annual reports which shall be laid before the State Legislature by the State Government.
Financial Powers of the Food Commission
● The Food Commission shall be responsible for expenditure for the funds received by it for the purpose of the
implementation of the Act.
● The Chairperson shall have all powers relating to the Financial transaction of the State Food Commission, except in cases
which require prior approval of the State Government.
● All financial powers of the Food Commission shall be governed by delegation of financial powers, rules, and circulars,
orders, and instructions as may be issued by the Finance Department of the State Government from time to time in this
behalf.
Other Powers section 20
The Food Commission shall, while inquiring into any matter referred to in clauses (b) and (e) of sub-section (6) of Section 16 of
the Act, have all the powers of a civil court while trying a suit under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and in particular, in respect
of the following matters, namely:
● summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him/her on Oath;
● discovery and production of any documents;
● receiving evidence on affidavits;
● requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office; and
● issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents.
● Monitoring and Review: The commission is responsible for monitoring the implementation of various food security
schemes, including the
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o Public Distribution System (PDS),
o Mid-Day Meal Scheme,
o Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS),
o Other nutrition-related programs.
● The commission serves as a platform for addressing complaints and grievances related to food security schemes.
● The commission works to create awareness about food security programs among the general public,
Report
● The commission submits its report to the central government
Chairmans
● First Chairperson - IAS (retd.) Rajkishore Swain.
● Current - Professor Virendra Kumar Malhotra
Important Facts
● National Food Security Act 2013 -
o National Food Security Act, (NFSA) 2013 on July 5, 2013, marks a paradigm shift in the approach to food security
from welfare to a rights-based approach.
o The Act legally entitles up to 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population to receive subsidized food
grains under the Targeted Public Distribution System.
● The commission ensures the effective implementation of the Act and fulfills the Govt’s responsibility of SDG 2.
● Section 19 mentions the joint Food Commission
● FCI is a statutory body set up in 1965 under the Food Corporations Act 1964.
o It was established against the backdrop of a major shortage of grains, especially wheat.
● The Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) was created in 1965 to recommend remunerative prices to
farmers.
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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION
Prelims
1. Who presides over the committee constituted for the appointment of members of the State Human Rights
Commission? (2022)
(a) The Governor (b) The Chief Minister
(c) Chief Justice (d) The Advocate General
Answer (c)
2. How many non-official members can be there under the Madhya Pradesh State Backward Class Commission
(Amendment) Act? (2021,2022)
(a) Three (b) Four (c) Five (d) Six
Answer (c)
3. Who among the following cannot be the State Chief Information Commissioner or State Information Commissioner
(2022)
(a) Person from the field of Journalism
(b) Person from Legal field
(c) Person in the field of Science and Technology
(d) Member of the Legislature of the State territory
Answer (d)
4. In which Article of the Constitution is there the provision of Public Service Commissions for the Union and the
States? (2022)
(a) Article 340 (b) Article 315 (c) Article 328 (d) Article 238
Answer (b)
5. Who appoints the Vice Chairman of NITI Aayog? (2022)
(a) The President of India
(b) The Prime Minister of India
(c) The Vice President of India
(d) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha
Answer (b)
6. Where are the salary and service conditions of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India specified? (2022)
(a) First Schedule of the Constitution of India
(b) Second Schedule of the Constitution of India
(c) Third Schedule of the Constitution of India
(d) Fourth Schedule of the Constitution of India
Answer (b)
7. When did the Madhya Pradesh State Election Commission come into existence? (2022)
(a) 15th January 1994 (b) 1st February 1994 (c) 15th March 1994 (d) 15th April 1994
Answer (b)
8. Who among the following can impose the penalty under Section 20 of the Right to Information Act? (2021)
(a) Central Information Commission only
(b) High Court or Central Information Commission or State Information Commission
(c) State Information Commission only
(d) Central Information Commission or State Information Commission
Answer (d)
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9. The power to grant or refuse leave to the Comptroller and Auditor General shall vest in the (2021)
(a) Finance Minister (b) President
(c) Prime Minister (d) Chief Justice of India
Answer (b)
10. Comptroller and Auditor General of India submits its reports relating to accounts of the Union to (2021)
(a) Chief Justice of India (b) Prime Minister
(c) Vice President (d) None of the above
Answer (d)
11. Who is included in the Committee to recommend a name for the appointment of Chairperson and Members of State
Human Rights Commission? (2021)
(a) Speaker of the Legislative Assembly
(b) Governor
(c) Leader of Opposition
(d) (a) & (c)
Answer (d)
12. Chairperson and Member of the State Public Service Commission are appointed (2021)
(a) By Governor
(b) By Chief Minister
(c) By President
(d) By Chairman Union Public Service Commission
Answer (a)
13. The Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission shall consist of maximum (2021)
(a) Six members (b) Four members (c) Five members (d) Seven members
Answer (c)
14. The provision of reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes in. Municipalities in Madhya Pradesh have been made
under which of the following Articles of the Constitution of India? (2020)
(a) 243 R (1) (b) 243 R (2) (c) 243 U (1) (d) 243 T (2)
Answer (d)
15. Who was the first Deputy Chairman of NITI Aayog? (2020)
(a) Rao Inderjit Singh (b) Arvind Pangariya
(c) Amitabh Kant (d) Rajiv Kumar
Answer (b)
16. The Madhya Pradesh State Election Commission was constituted on? (2020)
(a) 1 May, 1994 (b) 1 February, 1994 (c) 1 March, 1994 (d) 1 April, 1994
Answer (b)
17. Consider the following statements: (2020)
(i) The Chief Election Commissioner of the Election Commission of India is paid the salary equal to the salary of
the Judge of the Supreme Court.
(ii) The term of Chief Election Commissioner of the Election Commission of India shall be for a period of 6 years
from the date of assuming office or till the age of 65 years, whichever comes first.
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(ii) An Election Commissioner may, at any time, by writing under his hand addressed to the Chief Election
Commissioner, resign his office.
Choose the correct statement:
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii) (c) (iii) and (ii) (d) (i) only
Answer (a)
18. Consider the following statements: (2020)
(i) It shall be the duty of the Comptroller and Auditor-General to audit all receipts which are payable into the
Consolidated Fund of India.
(ii) The Comptroller and Auditor General shall have authority to audit and report on the accounts of stores or stock
kept in any office or department of the Union or a State.
Choose the correct option:
(a) (i) is false but (ii) is true
(b) (i) is true but (ii) is false
(c) (i) and (ii) both are true
(d) (i) and (ii) both are false
Answer (c)
19. A Joint State Public Service Commission may be established for two or more States (2020)
(a) If respective States agree in this regard
(b) Parliament appoints Joint State Public Service Commission by law
(c) Both (A) and (B)
(d) none of the above
Answer (c)
20. Who is not included in the Committee to recommend a name for the appointment of Chairperson and Members of
State Human Rights Commission? (2020)
(a) Governor
(b) Incharge of the Department of Home Affairs
(c) Speaker of the Legislative Assembly
(d) Chief Minister
Answer (a)
21. Under which Provision, the Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission has been constituted? (2020)
(a) Section 116(4) of the States Reorganization Act, 1956
(b) Section 118(3) of the States Reorganization Act, 1956
(c) Section 118(2) of the States Reorganization Act, 1956
(d) Section 118(1) of the States Reorganization Act, 1956
Answer (b)
22. Under which law, the State Food Commission is established? (2020)
(a) None of the above
(b) National Food Security Act, 2013
(c) National Food Security Act, 2019
(d) National Food Security Act, 2020
Answer (b)
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23. Which of the following is related to NITI Aayog? (2016)
(a) Narendra Modi (b) P. Chidambaram (c) Amartya Sen (d) Kaushik Basu
Answer (a)
24. The chairman and members of the State Human Rights Commission are appointed by (2014)
(a) President (b) Governor
(c) Chief Justice of the High Court (d) None of These
Answer (b)
25. In which article of the Indian Constitution the provision of the Election Commission is mentioned? (2014)
(a) Article 324 (b) Article 322 (c) Article 320 (d) Article 326
Answer (a)
26. Who is not a member of the committee for the appointment of Chairperson and members of the National Human
Rights Commission? (2014)
(a) Speaker of Lok Sabha
(b) Chairman of Rajya Sabha
(c) Leader of Opposition of Lok Sabha
(d) Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha
Answer (b)

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Establishment of Election Commission of India 25th January 1950

Enactment of The Representation of the People Act 12th May 1950.

Enactment of The Representation of the People Act 17th July 1951

First Election of India Between 25 October 1951

First Election of Madhya Pradesh 26 March 1952

The Election Commission Act 25th January 1991

Anoop Baranwal v Union of India Case (2015)

● Initially Election Commission consisted of only one Election Commissioner.

One Chief One Chief

26 January 16 October January 1990 1 October 1993

4 Recognition of political parties and allotment of symbols to them

8 Cancellation of election on suspicion of election malpractices

9 Declaring the opening and closing of elections

List of Chief Election Commissioners

1 Sukumar Sen 21 March 1950 19 December 1958

2 Kalyan Sundaram 20 December 1958 30 September 1967

3 S. P. Sen Verma 1 October 1967 30 September 1972

4 Nagendra Singh 1 October 1972 6 February 1973

5 T. Swaminathan 7 February 1973 17 June 1977

6 S. L. Shakdhar 18 June 1977 17 June 1982

7 R. K. Trivedi 18 June 1982 31 December 1985

8 R. V. S. Peri Sastri 1 January 1986 25 November 1990

9 V. S. Ramadevi 26 November 1990 11 December 1990

10 T. N. Seshan 12 December 1990 11 December 1996

12 J. M. Lyngdoh 14 June 2001 7 February 2004

13 T. S. Krishnamurthy 8 February 2004 15 May 2005

14 B. B. Tandon 16 May 2005 29 June 2006

15 N. Gopalaswami 30 June 2006 20 April 2009

16 Navin Chawla 21 April 2009 29 July 2010

17 S. Y. Quraishi 30 July 2010 10 June 2012

18 V. S. Sampath 11 June 2012 15 January 2015

19 Harishankar Brahma 16 January 2015 18 April 2015

20 Nasim Zaidi 19 April 2015 5 July 2017

21 Achal Kumar Jyoti 6 July 2017 22 January 2018

22 Om Prakash Rawat 23 January 2018 1 December 2018

23 Sunil Arora 2 December 2018 12 April 2021

24 Sushil Chandra 13 April 202 14 May 2022

25 Rajiv Kumar 15 May 2022 Present

Committees Related to Electoral Reforms and Their Recommendations

National Voters Day

324(3) Chief election commissioner

324(4) Regional commissioner

324(5) Removal process

327 Power of Parliament to make provisions with respect to elections to Legislatures.

329 Prohibition of interference of court in electoral matters

Implementation of 73rd Amendment Act, 1992 24th April 1993

Implementation of 74th Amendment Act, 1992 1st June 1993

Implementation of MP Panchayati Raj Evam Gram Swaraj 25th January 1994

Constitution of Madhya Pradesh Election Commission 1st February 1994

Appointment First State Election Commissioner of MP 15 February 1994

First Panchayat Election in MP 23 May 1994 to 7 June 1994

First Municipalities Election in MP 24 November 1994 to 27 November 1994

Nature of Commission: Constitutional

1 Conducting and examining the election of the Panchayat and Municipalities.

3 Declaring dates for panchayat and municipal elections.

4 Recognition of political parties and allotment of symbols.

6 Examination of nomination papers.

7 Cancellation of election on suspicion of election malpractices

8 Declaring the opening and closing of elections

List of State Election Commissioners

1 N. B. Lohani 15.02.1994 16.02.2000

2 Gopal Sharan Shukl 16.02.2000 14.08.2006