D E PA RT M E N T O F A R C H I T E C T U R E

COURSE TITLE: LANDSCAPE

COURSE CODE: AR407

Course instructor: Dr. Ahmed Zaki

 LECTURE 2

MAIN TOPICS OF COURSE

 Elements of Landscape
 Identifying the outdoor space & Visual relationship
 The historic evolution of gardens & parks
 Factors that affect landscape
•Response to human needs (Social and physiological )
•Response to ecological systems (environmental)
•Aesthetic and functional aspects
•Symbolism of the landscape & spiritual & philosophical content
•Economical aspects
 Basics of landscape design
 Geometrical composition theme of landscape design
 ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN

Softscaping elements
LANDSCAPE
Hardscaping elements

PUBLIC PARKS

PRIVATE GARDEN

PUBLIC SPACES SEMI PUBLIC SPACES PRIVATE SPACES

DIAGRAM SHOW FLOW OF LANDESCAPE SPACES

 Forms of Natural Softsacpe
 Forms of Built Softscape
Forms of Natural Softsacpe

Saltwater seas Wildlife

Fresh water bodies Forests

 Forms of Natural Softsacpe

Beach

Submarine eco-systems

Coast

Desert (Dune)

Mountain Natural wetlands

 Forms of Built Softsacpe

Public squares
The lake front

Reserves

Roof and Constructed wetlands

Sky garden

Urban agriculture Farmland

Components of landscape design

Softscaping elements
Hardscaping elements
‫‪Softscaping elements‬‬
‫‪ -1‬األشجار ‪Trees‬‬
‫ميكن تقسيمها إىل ‪-:‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬األشجار املتساقطة ‪Deciduous trees‬‬
‫ب‪ .‬األشجار دائمة اخلضرة ‪Evergreen tree‬‬
‫‪ -2‬الشجيرات ‪Shrubs‬‬
‫ميكن تقسيمها إىل ‪-:‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬الشجريات املتساقطة ‪Deciduous shrubs‬‬
‫ب‪ .‬الشجريات دائمة اخلضرة ‪Evergreen shrubs‬‬
‫‪ -3‬المسطحات الخضراء ‪Grass‬‬
‫‪ -4‬مغطيات التربة ‪Ground Cover‬‬
‫‪ -5‬المتسلقات ‪Climber‬‬
‫‪ -6‬النباتات العطرية والطبية ‪Aromatic & Medical plants‬‬
‫‪ -7‬الصبارات والنباتات العصارية ‪Succulents‬‬
‫‪ -8‬أشجار النخيل واشباهها ‪Palm and palm – like tree‬‬
‫‪ -9‬الحوليات‪Annuals‬‬
Role of Trees

Trees roots help control shade Trees creates outdoor rooms

soil erosion

windbreak Trees can define a

space or frame a view
Role of Trees

Figure 1

Figure 2
Figure 3
• Trees act as connecting element
Effect of trees shape on
between building
building • Emphasizes paths between
buildings
Figure (1) trees cut the horizontal
visual extension of the building.
Figure (2) give a sense of horizontal
extension of the building.
Figure (3) visual balance for the
building.
Role of Trees

• Using trees as wind barriers for

undesirable wind
• Using trees that allow passage
of wind after purifying
Role of Trees

.Type of climate control

Massing of trees placed at western side for protection of hot afternoon sun
While light trees are used in eastern side of building

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure (1) use of trees to emphasize entrance

Figure (2) using trees as a background to clarify artworks.
Figure (3) using trees to emphasize an advertising board.
Role of Trees

Trees control wind speed and direction

Groups of trees may be used

architecturally to form walls
Role of Trees

The vertical trees modulate The vertical plane of this softscape element
the theme of a space provides space enclosure and visual
(direct, receive, message) control.

Proper lighting enhances the

Arrangement of trees Modification of spaces
Role of Trees

Background Shadow Aesthetic values

Silhouette Foreground Out door places

Plan reinforcement
 Trees Forms

Arrow
Angular
broad round Oval pyramidal upright branching

mounded contorled

creeping
columnar arching irregular weeping spreading Horizontal
branching spreading

Silhouette forms of trees Branch configuration

of picturesque trees
Characteristics:
High trees : height ranges from 15 mt. to 25 mt. Eucalyptus
‫الكافور‬
Medium trees : height ranges from 5 mt. to 8 mt. PONCIANA
‫البنسيانا‬
Conical trees : height ranges from 3 mt. to 35 mt. Cupressus
‫السرو‬

Palm trees : height ranges from 4 mt. to 30 mt. Cocos

‫كوكوس‬
SHRUBS : height ranges from 1mt. to 3mt. Hibiscus Rosa
‫هيبسكس روزا‬
Role of Shrubs

Direct people along the stairs

For screening
Emphasizing entrances A border of hostas helps
direct people along the
path.

Aesthetic value
Role of Shrubs

Shrubs can combined to hide parking

and service areas,

Using varies altitude of shrubs enrich

the outdoor space and add dynamic
effect Add exciting and adventure
They are the carpets of the ground plane
 Ground covers
 Turf grasses
Ground covers
Characteristics: green ever, covers the soil completely,
retain soil moisture, height growth may reach 50cm
Uses: define paths and use areas, provide green ever
where required
Types: green ever herbs

Ground covers Plants soften

used to cover gazebos
the ground plane
Turf grasses
Characteristics: green ever, presenting a plant cover, accept cutting,
limited height growth (few centimeters).
Uses: for sitting, sport play ground, ornamental purposes.
Types: Baladi grass, French grass, Indian grass, Sod grass
Role ornamental

Turf grasses

for sitting Provide green ever

Role of Turf Grasses

Space definition Modifying space Integration with pathways

Play grounds Pathway indication

1 Garden Structures

2 Patios

3 Water Features

4 Lighting Features

5 Garden Furniture

6 Out Door Art Works

1 Pathways 10 Garden bridges
2 Deck 11 Fences & Screens
3 Outdoor gazebos 12 Barbecue

4 Trellis 13 Garages and drive ways

5 Pergola 14 Walls and Borders

Children playground
6 Steps 15
structures
7 Garden arches
16
Sport playground
8 Gates structures
9 Green houses & Sunrooms
Pathways

Deck

Outdoor gazebos
Trellis

Pergola

Steps
Garden arches

Green houses & Sunrooms

Green houses

Sunrooms
 Gates

Garden bridges
 Fences & Screens

Barbecue

Garages and drive ways

 Walls and Borders

Children playground structures

Sport playground structures
 Role of water features

 Supply of water for irrigation.

 Used in hotter climates as a microclimatic treatment.
 The sound of running water gives cool and fresh sensation.
 Creating a pleasing, welcoming ambiance and entertainment tool.
 Enhance the architectural style of a building.
 Common types of water features
• Garden fountains

• Cascades and waterfalls.

Natural cascades Artificial cascades

• Out door swimming pools
 Common types of water features
• In door swimming pools

• Outdoor water parks

• Outdoor urban water feature

‫النافورة الراقصة‬
END OF LECTURE 2