D E PA RT M E N T O F A R C H I T E C T U R E

- COURSE TITLE: LANDSCAPE

COURSE CODE: AR407

)Lecture 8(

Course instructor: Dr. Ahmed Zaki

TYPES OF GARDEN STYLE – part 1

)HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF GARDEN STYLE(
 TYPES OF GARDEN STYLE
)HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF GARDEN STYLE(
) Part I(

MAIN TOPICS
1. Western gardens versus Eastern gardens
2. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN STYLE
3. MESOPHOTOPOMIA GARDEN STYLE
4. ANCIENT GREEK GARDEN STYLE
5. ANCIENT ROMAN GARDEN STYLE
6. ASIAN GARDENS STYLE
Chinese style
Japanese style
 DETAILED DIAGRAM OF LANDSCAPE DESSIGN PROCESS
Functionality
Aesthetics NEEDS
Sustainability
COMPONENT OF PROGRAM
AREA S OF COMPONENTS
ZONING & SUB ZONES
RELTION SHIPS AMONG COMPONENTS
THE CURVILINEAR THEME
RADIAL OR CIRCULAR THEME
RECTILINEAR THEME
THE DIAGONAL THEME
THE ARC & TANGENT THEME
THE IRREGULAR THEME
SHAPING OF CIRCULATION
SHAPING OF HARDSCAPE
SHAPING OF SOFTSCAPE
CONCEPT STYLE
1. ANCIENTEGYPTIANSTYLE
ZONING 2. MESOPHOTOPOMIAGARDENSTYLE
3. ANCIENTGREEKGARDENSTYLE
4. ANCIENTROMANGARDENSTYLE
5. CHINESESTYLE
6. JAPANESESTYLE
7. ISLAMICGARDENSTYLE
COMPOSITION 8. MEDIEVALEUROPEANGARDENSSTYLE
9. RENAISSANCEGARDENSTYLE
10. MANNERISTGARDENSTYLE
11. BAROQUEGARDENSTYLE
12. THEFORMALFRENCHGARDENSTYLE
SHAPING 13. THEENGLISHLANDSCAPEGARDENSTYLE
14. THEAMERICANGARDENSTYLE
15. THEENVIRONMENTALMOVEMENT
DETAILS PRESENTATION
 WESTERN GARDENS VERSUS EASTERN GARDENS
WESTERN GARDENS EASTERN GARDENS

Western gardens have a theme At the beginning of eastern

of being highly architectural civilization a form of religion
with strong emphasis of control based on animal beliefs
on the environments. developed. The mountains, sky,
seas, rivers and rocks were
Egypt, Rome and Greece are to
materialized spirits to be
Western gardens
honored.
Chinese, Japanese are to
Porticos were Eastern gardens
developed to connect
the home with the integrate indoors with
outer doors and outdoors through the
created outdoor living connection of a
spaces. surrounding garden
with an inner
courtyard
 ANCIENT EGYPTIAN STYLE (2600-31BC)
Social and religious aspects affect this type of garden
Socially: palaces and private residences had their own gardens.
Religious aspects :
• Temples had their own gardens,
• Tombs sometimes had their own gardens so their owners
could enjoy them in their afterlife.
Gardens softscape contains mostly: palm trees, acacias, lotus,
sycamore fig.
Hardscape: sculptures, columns, water element, walls, courtyard
Style : formal style
Geometrical composition: Rectilinear theme
 ANCIENT EGYPTIAN STYLE

Temple of Hatshepsut Temple of Luxor

Landscape elements served architecture very well

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN STYLE

Karnak temple
 ANCIENT EGYPTIAN STYLE

Noblemans’s villa

Example 1 Example 2

A walled complex containing courtyards

and gardens and rectangular pool
 MESOPHOTPOMIA STYLE
Famous gardens are:
1. Garden of Darius the Great “ paradise garden”.
2. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were renowned as one of the
ancient Wonder of the World being built by Nebuchadnezzar II

Style : formal style

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon was characterized by topography
and steps and terraced platform (sky garden)
 ANCIENT GREEK GARDENS (480-146BC)
Main characteristics of Greek garden style:
1. Strict symmetry predominated.
2. Softscape: cypresses, oak trees, palms and olive trees and wild
flowers.
3. Hardscape: fountains, sculptures, columns, vases, space for sports.
The Hellenic garden had many components:
1- massive amount of plants
2- spiral staircases and many decorations.
Other types of Greek gardens are:
Herron (sacred groves) or the memorial
garden
and philosophical gardens and public park and
the pleasure
Nymph gardens.
gardens : inhabited by gods and people
sacrifices here.
Style : formal and informal style
 ANCIENT ROMAN GARDENS STYLE (27BC-476AD)

Roman gardens began as practical features. They were sources of

vegetables, herbs, flowers and fruits for the household.
During imperial period ; garden were composed of plants, water
features and statues.

Private roman gardens were composed into three separated

zones:

Zone 1: a terrace that served as an open drawing room and

connected to the home.
Zone 2: ambulation consisted of a variety of flowers and trees
that served as leisurely stroll after a meal, conservation and
other recreational activities.
Zone 3: shaded avenue where the master of a home could ride
horseback or carried by his slaves.
 ANCIENT ROMAN GARDENS STYLE (27BC-476AD)

Roman garden have three styles:

1. Productive garden (cottage garden)
2. An urban central garden court
3. A country or villa garden

country or villa garden Reconstruction of the garden of

the house of the painters in
Pompeii
The roman urban house was built round a central garden courtyard called an
atrium. This type of garden was the direct antecedent of the medieval
European monastic and court garden.
Archaeology remains of ancient roman create the layout of this gardens.
 ANCIENT ROMAN GARDENS STYLE (27BC-476AD)

Porticos were developed to connect the

home with the outer doors and created
outdoor living spaces.

Under the portico of the Pantheon

INFLUENCE$ OF ANCIENT ROMAN GARDENS STYLE

Roman villa gardens became the model for 16th
Century Italian Renaissance one thousand years later.
It also inspired English gardens in 18th Century.
It also inspired Medieval European monastic and court
garden.
 ASIAN GARDENS

The principles of Asian gardens:

1. Asian gardens must harmonize with nature
2. “less is more”. Often Asian gardens contain areas of “ emptiness” so to
better define other elements in the garden around them.

Elements of Asian gardens

Water- plants – paths – bridges – bamboo - statues

Various styles in Asian gardens

Hill and pond style: this style incorporates large rocks,
water, and plant that mimic large natural landscapes,
such as mountains, lakes and forests.

Dry-landscape style: it incorporates the use of stones and

sand
 ASIAN GARDENS
Various styles in Asian gardens
Tea-garden style: in this type of garden, pathway
play an important role in soothing the spirit
towards the tea house or other location.

Stroll style: this is similar to the hill and pond style

garden, but is designed for meandering through
the garden to fully appreciate it.

Courtyard style: this garden style is often

characterized by the use of ornamental structures,
such as lanterns, stepping stones.
 ANCIENT CHINESE GARDENS STYLE
(1600BC-1279AD)
Chinese garden is characterized by its details, such is the case with the footpath
patterned with colored pebbles.
The Chinese garden is divided into three categories: the imperial garden, the
private garden and the natural scenic site.

Yuan Ming Yuan- Chinese Imperial Garden

The Chinese garden is a landscape painting in three dimensions. The Chinese

consider garden a serious art form and as with painting, sculpture and poetry
aim to attain in their design the balance, harmony, proportion and variety that
are considered essential.
 CHINESE GARDENS
At the beginning of eastern civilization a form of religion based on animal
beliefs developed. The mountains, sky, seas, rivers and rocks were
materialized spirits to be honored.

From this background a Chinese philosopher, Lao tzu, began to teach

Taoism which taught people to integrate themselves with the rhythm of
life. This resulted in the importance of good manners towards nature and
human beings.

A pavilion may sited for viewing the

moon and star ( enjoyment of nature
at night)

“Island pavilion” in Chinese Garden Zurich

 SYMBOLISM OF FLOWERS IN CHINESE GARDENS
.The objective of planting seasonal flowers is to achieve a stylized, naturastic feel

Bamboo ----- strength Peony ----- wealth

Lotus ---- perfection
and resilience

Mulberry ----human
activity
Pine ---- age, silence
and solitude

Flowering peach
Flowering plum ---
---- promise of
renewal and strength
spring
of will
 CHINESE GARDENS
Water is the blood of a traditional Chinese garden. The most important element ;
in any form: ponds, lakes, streams, rivers and water falls.
Plants and flowers reflecting the beauty of the four seasons are planted. In
spring, peach trees blossom; in summer, lotuses blossom; in autumn; the maple
leaves change color; and in winter, the evergreen, bamboo and plum trees
provide greenery.

Chinese gardens generally consists of pavilions, kiosks, terraces, watersides

gazebos, covered corridors, hills and ponds or lakes.

The plan of a classical Chinese garden presented the visitor with a series of
composed and framed scenery; a view of a pond with the bridge, or of a rock, a
blossoming tree, view of a mountain peak.
 JAPANESE GARDENS STYLE (575-1600AD)
Japanese gardens has four styles:
1. Dry landscape gardens (rock gardens)

2. Tusukiyama gardens (hill gardens)

It consists of ponds, streams, hills, pavilions, bridges
besides stones, paths and plants.
The symbol of water when used in Japanese
landscape designs represents life and calmness.

3. Chaniwa gardens or tea gardens:

they are built for holding tea ceremonies
 JAPANESE GARDENS STYLE (575-1600AD)
4. Courtyard gardens “ Tsubo NIWA”
They are small gardens, located between the house and the storage building,
it resembles a tea garden, however more shaded plant are used.
 JAPANESE GARDENS STYLE (575-1600AD)
Main elements of Japanese gardens are:
Sand, rocks, water, lanterns, water basins, bamboo fences,
natural plants mainly; black pines, red pines and Japanese maples.

Basic rules in the design of Japanese gardens:

Natural: that should make the garden look as if it grew by itself

Asymmetry: that creates the impression of it being natural
Odd numbers: it supports the effect of the asymmetry
Simplicity: that follows the ideas of “less is more”
Triangle: that is the most common shape for compositions made of stones,
plants, etc.
Contrast: that creates tension between elements
Lines: that can create both tranquility and tension
Curves: that softens the effect
Openness: that indicates interaction between all elements
 JAPANESE GARDENS STYLE (575-1600AD)
Basic elements in Japanese gardens

A stone lantern representing four natural elements: earth, water, fire and wind
Statues of male and female lions, placed at the entrance of the garden,
representing the two opposite forces: fire and water.
Water basin
The koi fisk swimming in ponds, which has a decorative meaning.
Typical Japanese bridge, called a moon bridge, whose purpose is to reflect
artistic feelings.

Representation of natural softscape in Japanese garden

END of LECTURE 8