Submit2ijms D 23 02800

International Journal of Mechanical Sciences
Modelling the gradual deterioration of the earthquake resistance of complex RC

structures by coupling corrosion and mechanical damage in a thermodynamic
formulation
--Manuscript Draft--
Manuscript Number: SUBMIT2IJMS-D-23-02800
Article Type: Research Paper
Section/Category: Solid Mechanics
Keywords: Chloride corrosion, Service life, Durability, Seismic response,Reinforced concrete,

Damage mechanics
Corresponding Author: Yongtao Bai

Chongqing University
CHINA
First Author: Zhelei Pan
Order of Authors: Zhelei Pan
Yongtao Bai
Scarlet Karina Montilla
Ricardo A. Picón
Carlos Alberto Caldeira Brant
Julio Flórez López
Abstract: <p>The durability and service life of RC structures is limited by the susceptibility of the
reinforcement to corrosion. Corrosion causes a reduction of the rebar cross-sections
and degrades its material properties. Severe corrosion and stirrups’ damage
triggers buckling of the longitudinal bars. On the other hand, it has been reported that
concrete cracking due to mechanical forces accelerates the corrosion process. Given
the phenomenology of corrosion, the fundamental cause or driving force for all
corrosion is the lowering of the system’s Gibb’s energy. Based on a
lumped damage model and the theory of the thermodynamics of solids, coupling
relations of three internal variables (concrete damage, reinforcement plasticity, and
corrosion level) are proposed. This macro-model allows also for considering buckling
of longitudinal bars and loss of the confinement due to corrosion of the transversal
reinforcement. Combining available time-depended corrosion laws with lumped
damage constitutive equations, permits the prediction of the durability and service
life of the RC structures and simulates their behavior when subjected to extreme
loading in a corrosion environment. Earthquake forces are considered as an example
of such kind of loading. The thermodynamic formulation extends the range of
applicability of some of the literature’s corrosion laws by including the influence
of concrete cracks. Two parametric examples show the potential applications of the
model: estimation of critical mass loss for specific structures and reduction of the
service life after medium-intensity earthquakes. Compared with experimental and
numerical results, the accuracy, effectiveness, and computational efficiency of the
proposed model are fully verified.</p>
Suggested Reviewers: Filip C FILIPPOU

filippou@berkeley.edu
Mohamed Elchalakani
mohamed.elchalakani@eng.monash.edu.au
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Cover Letter
Dear Editors:
We would like to submit the enclosed manuscript entitled “Modelling the gradual
deterioration of the earthquake resistance of complex RC structures by coupling
corrosion and mechanical damage in a thermodynamic formulation”, which we
wish to be considered for publication in “International Journal of Mechanical
Sciences”. No conflict of interest exits in the submission of this manuscript, and
manuscript is approved by all authors for publication. I would like to declare on behalf
of my co-authors that the work described was original research that has not been
published previously, and not under consideration for publication elsewhere, in whole
or in part. All the authors listed have approved the manuscript that is enclosed.
In this work, we propose a new formulation allowing the incorporation of any
phenomenological corrosion law into the analysis of earthquake structural damage in
RC complex structures. As the formulation is based on the thermodynamic of solids, it
generalizes the corrosion laws by introducing the influence of cracking and/or
reinforcement yield on the corrosion rates. Consequently, the formulation permits to
evaluate the evolution on time of the expected structural damage for a given corrosion
environment and earthquake loading. It also allows to estimate the reduction of the
structure’s service life after it has been subjected to a seismic event.
We deeply appreciate your consideration of our manuscript, and we look forward
to receiving comments from the reviewers. If you have any queries, please don’t
hesitate to contact me at the address below.
Thank you and best regards.
Yours sincerely
Yongtao Bai
E-mail: bai.yongtao@cqu.edu.cn
Highlights
 This paper proposes a new formulation allowing the incorporation of any phenomenological
corrosion law into the analysis of earthquake structural damage in RC complex structures
 As the formulation is based on the thermodynamic of solids, it generalizes the corrosion laws by
introducing the influence of cracking and/or reinforcement yield on the corrosion rates
 As a consequence, the formulation permits to evaluate the evolution on time of the expected
structural damage for a given corrosion environment and earthquake loading
 This paper also allows to estimate the reduction of the structure’s service life after the structure
has been subjected to a seismic event
Graphical Abstract
Damage Model Validation of the corroded and uncorroded Frame

35
Lumped Damage
30
Mechanics
25
Base Force (KN)

Thermodynamic
20
of Solids
15
Abaqus-CDP(Uncorroded)
10 LDM(Uncorroded)
Corrosion Experimental Result(Uncorroded)
Evolution Laws LDM(7.8% Mass loss)
5 Experimental Result(7.8% Mass loss)
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Peak Ground Acceleration (g)
The Prediction of the Structure Condition under the Corrosion attack and Dynamic loading
8.0% ∼ 8.5% 8.0% ∼ 8.5%
0.6 ∼ 0.69 0.6 ∼ 0.69
5.5% ∼ 6.5% 5.5% ∼ 6.5%
0.5 ∼ 0.59 0.5 ∼ 0.59
4.5% ∼ 5.5% 4.5% ∼ 5.5%
0.4 ∼ 0.49 0.4 ∼ 0.49
3.5% ∼ 4.4% 3.5% ∼ 4.4%
0.3 ∼ 0.39 0.3 ∼ 0.39
2.0% ∼ 2.5% 2.0% ∼ 2.5%
0.2 ∼ 0.29 0.2 ∼ 0.29
0.1 ∼ 0.19 0.1 ∼ 0.19
(a) Damage map (b) Corrosion map

Manuscript File Click here to view linked References
Highlights
Modelling the gradual deterioration of the earthquake resistance
of complex RC structures by coupling corrosion and mechanical
damage in a thermodynamic formulation
Zhelei Pan, Yongtao Bai, Scarlet Karina Montilla, Ricardo A. Picón, Carlos
Alberto Caldeira Brant, Julio Flórez López
• This paper proposes a new formulation allowing the incorporation of

any phenomenological corrosion law into the analysis of earthquake
structural damage in RC complex structures
• As the formulation is based on the thermodynamic of solids, it general-

izes the corrosion laws by introducing the influence of cracking and/or
reinforcement yield on the corrosion rates
• As a consequence, the formulation permits to evaluate the evolution on

time of the expected structural damage for a given corrosion environ-
ment and earthquake loading
• This paper also allows to estimate the reduction of the structure’s ser-
vice life after the structure has been subjected to a seismic event
Modelling the gradual deterioration of the earthquake
resistance of complex RC structures by coupling
corrosion and mechanical damage in a thermodynamic
formulation
Zhelei Pana , Yongtao Baia,∗, Scarlet Karina Montillaa , Ricardo A. Picónb ,
Carlos Alberto Caldeira Brantc , Julio Flórez Lópeza
a
School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing
University, Chongqing, 400045, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
b
Departamento de Obras Civiles y Geologı́a, Facultad de Ingenierı́a, Universidad
Católica de Temuco, Av. Rudecindo Ortega 02950, Chile
c
Centro de Tecnologı́a, university of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Abstract
The durability and service life of RC structures is limited by the susceptibility
of the reinforcement to corrosion. Corrosion causes a reduction of the rebar
cross-sections and degrades its material properties. Severe corrosion and
stirrups’ damage triggers buckling of the longitudinal bars. On the other
hand, it has been reported that concrete cracking due to mechanical forces
accelerates the corrosion process. Given the phenomenology of corrosion,
the fundamental cause or driving force for all corrosion is the lowering of the
system’s Gibb’s energy. Based on a lumped damage model and the theory of
the thermodynamics of solids, coupling relations of three internal variables
(concrete damage, reinforcement plasticity, and corrosion level) are proposed.
This macro-model allows also for considering buckling of longitudinal bars
and loss of the confinement due to corrosion of the transversal reinforcement.
Combining available time-depended corrosion laws with lumped damage con-
stitutive equations, permits the prediction of the durability and service life
∗
Corresponding author
Email addresses: panzhelei@outlook.com (Zhelei Pan), bai.yongtao@cqu.edu.cn
(Yongtao Bai), scarlet.kmb03@gmail.com (Scarlet Karina Montilla), rpicon@uct.cl
(Ricardo A. Picón), carlos.brant@coc.ufrj.br (Carlos Alberto Caldeira Brant),
j.florezlopez@cqu.edu.cn (Julio Flórez López)
Preprint submitted to International Journal of Mechanical Sciences June 20, 2023

of the RC structures and simulates their behavior when subjected to ex-
treme loading in a corrosion environment. Earthquake forces are considered
as an example of such kind of loading. The thermodynamic formulation ex-
tends the range of applicability of some of the literature’s corrosion laws by
including the influence of concrete cracks. Two parametric examples show
the potential applications of the model: estimation of critical mass loss for
specific structures and reduction of the service life after medium-intensity
earthquakes. Compared with experimental and numerical results, the accu-
racy, effectiveness, and computational efficiency of the proposed model are
fully verified.
Keywords: Chloride corrosion, Service life, Durability, Seismic response,
Reinforced concrete, Damage mechanics
1 1. Introduction
2 As it is well-known, corrosion is one of the most critical problems that
3 impair the durability of RC structures. Only in China in 2014, the corrosion
4 cost was 212782 billion yuan, accounting for 3.34% of the gross domestic
5 product of that year, equivalent to a per capita corrosion cost of 1555 yuan
6 [1]. Thus, it is necessary to predict the durability and load-bearing capacity
7 of RC structures in corrosion environments for maintaining and extending
8 the service life of these kinds of structures.
9 There are two main types of corrosion mechanisms, Carbonation-induced
10 corrosion, and chloride-induced corrosion. Carbonation takes place due to
11 the interaction of carbon dioxide with calcium hydroxide in the concrete.
12 Ca(OH)2 in the cement matrix with carbon dioxide gas leading to CaCO3 ,
13 the depletion of hydroxyl ions (OH −1 ) lowers pore water PH. Then, the
14 passive layer becomes unstable which allows for general corrosion if sufficient
15 oxygen and water are present in the vicinity of the rebar [2, 3]. Chloride-
16 induced corrosion is an electrochemical process with cathodic and anodic
17 half-cell reactions. The products of anodic and cathodic reactions combine
18 and in the last stage produce a stable film that passivates the reinforcing steel.
19 Then, if the passivized film is disrupted, the corrosion process is initiated in
20 the presence of sufficient chloride ions (Cl− ), oxygen (O2 ), and water [4, 5].
21 It has been observed that both, chloride, and carbonation-induced corrosion,
22 cause the reduction of rebar properties and area [6–8], interfacial bond loss
23 [9], and concrete cracking [10–12] which can result in the degradation of the
2
24 mechanical capability of RC structures and sometimes trigger buckling of the
25 bars in compression.
26 The production of metals involves adding energy to the system. As a
27 result of an uphill thermodynamic struggle, the metal has a strong incentive
28 to return to its native, low-energy oxide state. Thus, the fundamental cause
29 or driving force for all corrosion is the lowering of system’s Gibb’s energy
30 [13].
31 This paper focuses on the effect of chloride-induced corrosion on the be-
32 havior of RC structures. Chloride-induced corrosion often occurs at concen-
33 trated points of RC structures (pit corrosion). The corrosion rate (icor , in
34 µA/cm2 ) is one of the most important input parameters in corrosion-induced
35 damage models for RC structures [14]. Disregarding the effect of concrete
36 cracking, some time-depended models propose an empirical calculation of the
37 corrosion rate of rebar caused by the chloride ions [15–19]. Considering the
38 influence of concrete cracks, M.Otieno et al. [20] proposed another empirical
39 chloride-induced corrosion rate prediction model for cracked RC structures.
40 The necessity to monitor and mitigate corrosion to maintain and extend
41 the service life of RC structures is widely accepted worldwide. For corrosion
42 monitoring, Gillich G R et al. [21] considered the approach regarding corro-
43 sion assessment as based on the frequency shifts conxerning the position and
44 depth of the corroded beam segment. In addition, Feng WU et al. proposed
45 a corrosion model based on the corrosion crack width [22]. For the prediction
46 of service life and durability of RC structures, Xiaoming et al. [23] conducted
47 a time-dependent probability analysis to assess the probability of corrosion
48 damage for existing infrastructure in Australia.
49 There have been researches study the seismic response of framework,
50 Thanh. N. Do and Filippou [24] proposed a hysteretic damage model for
51 the response simulation of structural components with strength and stiffness
52 deterioration under cyclic loading. For the studys about seismic response
53 of corroded RC elements. Belletti and Vecchi [25] proposed a numerical
54 model considering the buckling of longitudinal rebars to study the mechan-
55 ics performance of corroded elements under the cyclic loading. Dizaj et al.
56 [26]developed a nonlinear FE model to assess time-dependent capacity of
57 corroded RC elements. In order to consider the influence of the corrosion
58 on the degrade of rebar materials in the RC structural simulation, Belletti
59 [25] and Dizaj [27] introduce a material model of corroded rebar based on the
60 steel mass loss. Liu et al.[28] studied the effects of longitudinal reinforcement
61 corrosion on the seismic behavior of RC moment-resisting frames by quai-
3
62 stastic cyclic loading tests. These researches evaluate capacity performence
63 of corroded elements by studying mechanical properties.
64 This paper propose a new approach by applying the damage mechanical
65 theory and thermodynamic formulation to analyze the mechanical behavior
66 of corroded RC structures under the external loading with three coupling
67 variables, which are damage, plasticity rotation and time-depended variable
68 corrosion. Some works studying the behavior of RC structures using the
69 approach of Lumped Damage Mechanic (LDM) have been published. The
70 lumped damage theory is based on fracture and classic damage mechanics
71 combining these theories with the plastic hinge concept [29]. Based on LDM,
72 Coelho [30] introduced the Monte Carlo algorithm to analyze the phenom-
73 ena associated with the mechanical degradation of reinforced concrete, due
74 to carbonation and chloride ions. Limberger [31] developed a computational
75 system of the corrosion-cracking coupling in RC structures implementing an
76 LDM model into ABAQUS using the UEL tool. Brandt et al. [32] pro-
77 posed a mathematical model for the prediction of service life in RC frames
78 subjected to chloride corrosion and mechanical loadings. Based on those
79 previous studies and the theory of the thermodynamics of solids, this paper
80 proposes a mathematical model of the behavior of RC structures subjected
81 to corrosion and earthquake loadings to obtain a prediction of their service
82 life and durability in seismic areas.
83 This paper is organized as follows. In section 2, corrosion laws and em-
84 pirical models of corroded RC elements are described. Section 3 describes
85 the theory of the thermodynamics of the frame, followed by section 4 where
86 a lumped model for the behavior of RC element coupling damage, plastic-
87 ity and corrosion is proposed. This lumped model is extended in order to
88 take into consideration buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement. Section 5
89 presents two numerical examples of RC structures subjected to seismic load-
90 ing and cycling loading and they are compared with test results. Finally, the
91 conclusions are presented in section 6.
92 2. Review of laws and empirical models of chloride-induced corro-

93 sion
94 2.1. A brief and partial overview of laws for chloride-induced corrosion
95 Yalyn and Ergun [18] developed a corrosion rate model considering the
96 presence of chloride ions (Eq.(1)). Where ttr is the elapsed time (days), i0
4
97 is the initial corrosion and CY E is a constant related to the degree of pore
98 saturation, the PH, the permeability, and the concrete cover.

0, , if ttr < tini
icorr = −CY E ttr (1)
i0 e , if ttr ≥ tini
99 Depending on thermochemical forces associated with chloride ion con-

100 centration, temperature and resistivity of the concrete, Liu and Weyer [19]
101 proposed an empirical model of corrosion rate based on a statistical analysis
102 of experimental results as Eq.(2). Where Cl is the total chloride content in
103 the steel bars (kg/m3 ), T is the surface temperature of the steel (K) and Rc
104 is the resistivity of concrete cover (Ω); time is measured in years.

0 , if ttr < tini
icorr = −0.215 (2)
i0 + 290.91 (ttr − tini ) , if ttr ≥ tini
105 where i0 = 102.47 + 10.09 ln(1.69Cl) − 39, 038.96T −1 − 0.0015Rc .

106 Vu and Stewart [15] assumed that the availability of oxygen on the steel
107 surface is the governing factor for the icor prediction model. As conditions
108 of this model, the humidity values should be around 75% and the ambient
109 temperature around 20℃. The model has a water/cement factor (w/c) and
110 concrete cover thickness (c, in cm) as input parameters. In this model, the
111 corrosion process has two phases, an initial phase i0 (tini < ttr < 0.57 + tini )
112 and a propagation phase(ttr ≥ 0.57 + iini ) as shown in Eq.(3).

 0, ttr < tini
icorr = i , t
0 ini < ttrr < 0.57 + tini (3)
0.85i0 (ttr − tini )−0.29 , ttr ≥ 0.57 + tini

−1.64
113 where i0 = 37.8(1−w/c)
C
.
114 Assuming that the corrosion rate of rebar is controlled by activation po-
115 larizations, Jianghua and Yingshu [17] proposed the prediction model for the
116 corrosion rate of rebar in concrete presented in Eq.(4). i0,a and i0,c are the
117 parameters in corrosion dynamic equations, representing the exchange cur-
118 rent density of anode and cathode reaction in the activation region of the
119 rebar respectively. T is the absolute temperature (K) at the depth of the
120 rebar in concrete and △Ee is the initial difference in equilibrium potential
121 (mV ) in the corrosion of rebar and β is the sum of the Tafel slopes in the
5
122 cathode and anode of steel corrosion and function of corrosion time (τ ,days)
123 and concrete’s resistivity (ρcon ).
1
icorr = δ (i0,a )0.5 (io,c )0.5 exp [∆Ee /β (τ, ρcon )] (4)
2
where i0,a = 3×10−2 exp 9500 298 1
− T1 , io,c = 1×10−3 exp 2612 T1 − 298
1

124
125 and ∆Ee = 525 + 1.44T .

126 Considering the influence of crack width (wcr ), cover (c) and concrete
127 quality, M.Otieno et al. [20] proposed the empirical chloride-induced cor-
128 rosion rate prediction models for cracked RC structures shown in Eq. (5a)
129 for lab specimens and Eq.(5b) for field specimens. The model has the crack
130 width (wcr ), the concrete cover (c) and the concrete quality value (D90 ) as
131 input parameters.
10 c −0.96(D90 ×1010 )−0.35
icorr = (5.18e0.01(D90 ×10 ) )( ) (5a)
wcr
10 c −0.21e0.02(D90 ×1010 )
icorr = (0.64e0.06(D90 ×10 ) )( ) (5b)
wcr
132
133 Pei and Zhao et al. [16] studied the effect of the w/c rate, chloride content,
134 temperature, relative humidity, and concrete cover on the corrosion rate of
135 reinforcing steel in concrete and proposed an empirical model for predicting
136 the corrosion rate of reinforcing steel in concrete with the experimental date
137 as shown in Eq.(6). Where T is temperature (K), RH is the relative humid-
138 ity, t is the corrosion duration (years), and C is the concrete cover depth. In
139 this model Ct is the concrete chloride content (kg/m3 ), which is related to
140 the free chloride concentration (Cf (x, t), in (kg/m3 )), where Csf (x, t)(kg/m3
141 ), as presented as a function of exposure time (t, years) and the experimental
142 coefficients and Da is the apparent diffusion coefficient (m2 /s); α and β are
143 correction coefficient considering the cement material on the surface chloride
144 concentration (Ac ), the latter is the surface concentration of free chloride.
(1 − w/c)−1.64 3034
icorr = 1.3 p exp[1.23 + 0.618 ln C t − ] (6)
3
(1 + t)C T (2.5 + RH)
145
x
where Ct = 1.23Cf , Cf (x, t) = Csf [1 − erf ( 2√D a ·t
)] and Csf = α(1 − e−β·t ) ·
146 Ac · w/c.
6
147 2.2. Normalized pit depth as the corrosion variable
148 Two of the major consequences of reinforcement affected by corrosion are
149 the reduction in cross-sectional area, which is called corrosion pit, and the
150 reduction of the yield stress due to stress concentrations. Val and Steward
151 [33, 34] proposed a probabilistic model of pitting corrosion as shown in Eq.(7),
152 where p represents the pit depth due to the action of chloride ions in the
153 process of pit corrosion. The parameter R is considered probabilistic, but
154 according to Stewart (2004) [33] a simplification for the variable equal to
155 5.08 can be adopted.
p = 0.0116icorr R( ttr − tini ) (7)
156 The corrosion variable (ci or cor) in-
157 troduced in this research, which will be
158 included as one internal variable in the
P
159 Lumped damage model, is defined by

160 Eq.(8). Where p̄ is the average pit depth
161 and (D̄0 ) is the original steel average diam-
2 0
eter in the cross-section of the element, as

D
162
163 shown in the Fig.1. In order to compute the

164 new state variable cor, Eq.(7) can be used in
165 combination with any of the laws presented
166
Fig. 1: Kinematics of a corroded in the above table of corrosion rate models.
steel bar [32]
167 In this paper, the specific combination cho-
168 sen for the analysis is denoted as a function
169 O(CF ) that depends on the chemical forces (CF ) considered for its devel-
170 opment (Eq.(9)).
p̄
ci = cor = (8)
D̄0
p̄˙
c˙i = = O(CF ), if ttr ≥ tini (9)
D0
171 The effective cross-sectional area of the reinforcement (Aef ) is shown in
172 Eq.(10) and was proposed by Val and Melchers [34] and Steward [33]. Where
173 A0 is the original steel area.
( √ √
2
A0 Kcor + π − arcsin 2cor −cor2 + 1, if cor <
Aef = √ √ 2 (10)
π Kcor + arcsin 2cor −cor2 + 1, if cor ≥ 22
√ √
174 where Kcor = −4cor2 arcsin −cor2 + 1 + 2cor −cor2 + 1.
7
175 2.3. Some empirical constitutive equations of the corroded reinforcement
176 The mechanical performance of
177 the reinforcement is also affected σ
178 by the corrosion process. It f u0
no corrosion
179 is found that the strengths and f y0
intermediate corrosion level
180 their corresponding strains decrease
181 with corrosion. Many researchers advanced corrosion level
182 have proposed empirical constitutive

183 equations of corroded reinforcement
184 through experiments [6–8]. ε y0 εup0 εu0 ε
185 In this research, this constitutive
186 equation is defined by Eq.(11-16), Fig. 2: Stress-strain behavior of longitudinal
bar [32]
187 where fs is the steel stress related
188 to the corrosion variable (cor); Es
189 is the modulus of elasticity of the steel; fy and fu are the yield and ul-
190 timate stresses respectively. Eq.(12-16) enable the calculation of the yield
191 stress fy (cor), ultimate stress fu (cor), yield strain (εy ) and strains εup (cor),
192 εu (cor) of the reinforcement under the effect of the corrosion variable. Where
193 fy0 , fu0 , εy0 , εup0 , εu0 are the parameters for uncorroded reinforcement and
194 k1 , k2 are the corrosion influence coefficients to the yield stress and ulti-
195 mate stress respectively which depend on the corrosion level and the steel
196 materials. Besides, e1 , e2 are the corrosion influence coefficients to the re-
197 inforcement strain which depend on the corrosion level and steel materials.
198 The schematic diagram of stress- strain is shown in the Fig.2.

 Es εs if εs < εy
fu −fy
fs = fy + εup −εy (εs − εy ) if εy < εs < εup (11)

fu if εup < εs
fy (cor) = (1 − k1 cor)fy0 (12)
fu (cor) = (1 − k2 cor)fu0 (13)
fy (cor)
εy (cor) = (14)
Es
εup (cor) = (1 − e1 cor)εup0 (15)
εu (cor) = (1 − e2 cor)εu0 (16)
199 These four corrosion influence coefficients are introduced to describe the
200 effect of the corrosion on the mechanical properties of the rebar. These
8
201 parameters can be obtained by experimental research. For instance, Li
202 H and Wu X [35] describe an experiment about corroded reinforcement
203 HRB400(China) under different tension strains and the corrosion influence
204 coefficients. Weiping Zhang et al. [6] did tensile tests of the corroded re-
205 bar specimens to get the corrosion influence coefficients under the different
206 corrosion levels.
207 3. Thermodynamic of frames

208 The fundamental cause or driving force for all corrosion is the lowering
209 of system’s Gibb’s energy [13]. The development of a thermodynamics of
210 frames, based on the fundamentals of thermodynamics of solids [36–38] is
211 described in the following sections.
212 3.1. Notation for a thermodynamics of frames
Z
n
mi mj
Node j L
Node i L+δ
(b) Displacements and forces on Nodei
X
θi
wi
Pθi
Pui ui
element b Pwi
(a) Plane frame under external forces
(c) Generalized deformation and

stresses of element b
Fig. 3: a) Plane frame under external forces; b) Displacement and forces on a Node i; c)
Generalized deformation and stresses of an element b.
213 The virtual power of external forces (P̂exp ) is associated with the virtual
˙
214 velocities (Û ), as shown in Eq.(17), where the vector {P } is the equivalent
215 external nodal forces (Eq.(18)), the corresponding forces are denoted as P u1 ,
216 P w1 , P θ1 ... P θmn as shown in Fig.3b. The displacement matrix U is assem-
217 bled for the whole structure, composed of elements and nodes as expression
9
218 (Eq.(19) (see Fig.3b). For a plane frame, each node has three degrees of
219 freedom, the horizontal displacement is given by u, the vertical displacement
220 is given by w and the rotation by θ, as shown in Fig.3b.
n oT
˙
P̂ext = Û {P } (17)
T
{P } = P u1 P w1 P θ1 P u2 ...... P umm P wmm P θmm (18)
T
U = u1 w1 θ1 u2 ...... umm wmm θmm (19)
221 The virtual power of the deformation (P̂def ) of a frame structure is defined
222 as the sum ofnevery
o element’s power deformation according to Eq.(20), where
223 the matrices Φ̂ are the virtual deformation matrix for element b as in the
224 Eq.(21) and as shown in Fig.3c; {M }b is the generalized stress matrix for
225 element b as the Eq.(22) and as shown in Fig.3c. Where ϕi and ϕj represent
226 the relative rotations at nodes i and j, respectively, and δ is the elongation
227 of the element b, mi and mj are internal bending moments at the ends i and
228 j respectively, and n is the axial force of the element b as shown in Fig.3c.
m m n o
X
b
X ˙ T
P̂def = P̂def = Φ̂ {M }b (20)
b
b=1 b=1
T
{Φ}b = ϕi ϕj δ (21)
T
{M }b = mi mj n (22)
229 The kinematic equations obtained from geometrical considerations relate
230 generalized displacements and deformation as shown in Eq.(23), where [B]b
231 is the kinematic transformation matrix of an element b, as shown in the
232 expression Eq.(24). αb is the angle of the cord of element b concerning the
233 reference coordinate system (X) and L is the length of the element.
{Φ}b = [B]b {U } (23)

sin αb
··· − cosLbαb 1 · · · − sinLbαb cosLbαb 0 ···
 
0 Lb
sin αb
 0 ··· Lb
− cosLbαb 0 · · · − sinLbαb cosLbαb 1 ··· 
[B]b =
0 · · · − cos αb − sin αb 0 · · · cos αb sin αb 0 ···
1, · · · 3i − 2, 3i − 1, 0, · · · , 3j − 2, 3j − 1, 3j · · ·
(24)
10
234 The virtual power of the forces of inertia (P̂ine ) is given by the virtual
n ot
˙
235 velocity Û , the mass matrix [M ass] and the acceleration vector of the
n o
236 structure Ü , as in Eq.(25); and then, the equilibrium equation of the
237 structure can be obtained from the principle of virtual powers as Eq.(26).
n oT
˙
n o
P̂ine = Û [M ass] Ü (25)
m
X n o
P̂ext = P̂def + P̂ine ⇒ {P } = [B]T
b {M }b + [M ass] Ü (26)
b=1
238 3.2. Thermodynamic principles

239 The first and second principles of thermodynamics are shown as Eq.(27)
240 and Eq.(28) respectively. Where Ė is the rate of variation of inner energy, Ė
241 is the rate of variation of the kinetic energy, Pexp is the power of the external
242 forces and Q is the amount of heat yielded or received by the structure.
243 The second principle of thermodynamics is proposed for each element from
244 the expression presented in [37], where Ṡb is the entropy rate and Tb is the
245 absolute mean temperature for a plane frame element b.
Ė + K̇ = Pexp + Q (27)
Qb
Ṡb − ≥0 (28)
Tb
246 Combining the first principle of thermodynamics, the principle of virtual
247 powers and the Eq.(29), we can obtain Eq.(30) representing the accumulated
248 internal energy for the entire structure. The internal energy rate and the heat
249 for the entire structure, respectively, are assumed as the sum of the internal
250 energy rate and the heat for each element as shown in the expression Eq.(31).
251 The equation of the energy rates and the power of the deformation for each
252 element b is presented in Eq.(32). The second principle of thermodynamics
253 can be rearranged as a function of the internal energy rate as shown in
254 Eq.(33).
11
K̇ = Pine (29)
Ė = Pdef + Q (30)
Xm
Ė = Ėb
b=1
Xm (31)
Q= Qb
b=1
n oT
b
Ėb = Pdef + Qb = Φ̇ {M }b + Qb (32)
b
n oT
Tb Ṡb + Φ̇ {M }b − Ėb ≥ 0 (33)
b
255 3.3. Gibbs energy as thermodynamic potential

256 The Gibbs free energy (−gb ) of a frame element is defined as a function of
257 the internal energy (Eb ), the entropy (Sb ) and the deformation of the element
258 (Φ) Eq.(34). The Gibbs free energy is used as the thermodynamic potential to
259 study the phenomenology of corrosion, damage, and plasticity in this research
260 thus, the Gibbs energy is assumed as a function of the generalized stresses,
261 the temperature, and the internal variables (Vα ) as shown in expression
262 (Eq.(35)). Deriving the energy potential (Eq.(34)) with respect to time, the
263 Eq.(36) has been obtained.
Gb = −gb = −Eb + Tb Sb + {Φ}Tb {M }b (34)

Gb = Gb (Mb , Tb , Vα ) (35)
T n o
∂Gb ∂Gb ∂Gb n o
Ġb = Ṁ + Ṫb + V̇α (36)
∂M b ∂Tb ∂Vα b
264 From the derivative of Eq.(34) in time and replacing the internal energy
265 in Eq.(33), the expression represented in Eq.(37) can be obtained, which is
266 the combination of the first and the second principles of thermodynamics and
267 the Gibbs free energy and is used to verify the thermodynamic admissibility
268 of the given model. Eq.(38) can be obtained from Eq.(36) and Eq.(37).
n o
{Φ}Tb
Ġb − Ṫb Sb − Ṁ ≥ 0 (37)
b
T
∂Gb T
n o ∂Gb ∂Gb n o
( − {Φ}b ) Ṁ + ( − Sb )Ṫb + V̇α ≥ 0 (38)
∂M b ∂Tb ∂Vα b
12
269 For a reversible process, the energy dissipation is zero, thus the rates of
270 variation of the internal variables are equal to zero, as shown in Eq.(39).
271 During the process of energy dissipation, the inequation is represented in
272 Eq.(40), where α is the thermodynamic forces associated with the internal
273 variables Vα .
T n o
∂Gb ∂Gb
− {Φ}b Ṁ + − Sb Ṫb = 0 (39)
∂M b ∂Tb
T n o
∂Gb
V̇α ≥ 0
∂Vα (40)
n o
T
{Aα } V̇α ≥ 0
274 In a reversible process, as defined by Eq.39, considering the isothermal

275 state (Ṫb = 0), the expression Eq.(41) is obtained. In a reversible pro-
276 cess, only with temperature change (Ṁb = 0), the expression Eq.(42) can
277 be obtained. Cause-effect relationships are defined by Eq.(41) to Eq.(43):
278 {M } ↔ {Φ}, Tb ↔ {Φ}, Tb ↔ Sb , {Vα } ↔ {Aα }. The inequality obtained
279 in Eq.(41) states that energy dissipation must occur in inelastic processes,
280 where in this case inequality is necessarily positive, in the other case, the
281 inequality assumes null value. Models that verify this condition are called
282 “thermodynamically admissible”.

∂Gb
= {Φ}b (41)
∂M

∂Gb
= {Aα } (42)
∂Vα
∂Gb
= Sb (43)
∂Tb
283 3.4. Thermodynamic formulation of the direct stiffness method
284 As a well-known algorithm for analyzing elastic frames, the direct stiff-
285 ness method can be derived from the Gibbs potential using the expression
286 Eq.(44), where [F0 ] is the flexibility matrix of frame element and Φ0 is initial
287 deformation matrix. The second term is the consequence of the distributed
288 forces on the element. In the case of a homogeneous element (elasticity
289 modulusEc ) of constant inertia I subjected to constant distributed forces P ,
13
290 [F0 ] and Φ0 are represented as expression Eq.(45).
1
Gb = {M }T [F0 ] {M } + {M }T {Φ0 } (44)
2  
 L L pL3
− 6Ec I

3Ec I
0 
 24Ec I 

[F0 ] =  − 6ELc I 3ELc I 0  , {Φ0 } = pL3
− 24E (45)
cI
L
0 0
 
AEc
 0 
291 It is noticed that the Gibbs energy becomes the complementary strain
292 energy used in the classical formulations, the state law (Eq.(41)) gives the
293 constitutive model for an elastic element as shown in Eq.(46), where [E0 ] is
294 the elasticity matrix of frame element and {M0 } is denoted initial moment
295 matrix.
{Φ} = [F0 ] {M } + {Φ0 }
(46)
{M } = [E0 ] {Φ} + {M0 }
 4Ec I 2Ec I 
L L
0
[E0 ] = [F0 ]−1 =  2ELc I 4ELc I 0  (47)
AEc
0 0 L
 pL2 
− 12 
{M0 } = − [F0 ]−1 {Φ0 } = pL2 (48)
 12 
0
296 It is noticed that [K0 ], shown in the Eq.(49), is the conventional stiffness
297 matrix and {F } is the matrix of external forces including nodal forces and
298 the distributed loads on the elements. This model is for the description of
299 the elastic state of the frame with no energy dissipation and has no internal
300 variables.
[K0 ] [U ] = {F } (49)
X m
[K0 ] = [B]T [E0 ] [B] (50)
b=1
m
X
{F } = {P } − [B]T {M0 } (51)
b=1
301 4. A lumped model coupling damage plasticity and corrosion

302 Considering the phenomenology of corrosion, damage, and plasticity, in
303 this section, the Gibbs energy with internal variables is introduced. Besides,
14
Z
Node j i elastic beam or column j
inelastic hinges
Node i
(a) damage (b) corrosion
Φp
X
(c) plasticity
element b
Fig. 4: Lumped dissipation model of member.
304 the evolution laws of damage, plasticity, and corrosion as the supplemental
305 equations for the Gibbs energy are introduced to get these internal variables
306 and study their coupling relations.
307 4.1. Thermodynamic potential with internal variables

308 In the seismic analysis of RC structures, the concepts of plastic and dam-
309 age mechanics need to be taken into the consideration. In this section the
310 classic model is formulated within the thermodynamic framework. Consid-
311 ering the lumped dissipation model as shown in Fig.4, each frame member
312 is the assemblage of an elastic beam-column and two inelastic hinges. As-
313 suming the dissipation lumped in two hinges, three internal variables are
314 included: damage matrix (d), normalized pit depth (c) and the generalized
315 plastic rotation matrix {Φp }, as shown in Fig.4a, 4b, 4c and the thermody-
316 namic potential with internal variables can be defined.
317 Including the internal variables of damage, [F (D)] is the flexibility matrix
318 with damage as shown in the expression (Eq.(52)) and (D) = (di , dj ) is the
319 damage matrix of the element of the element as shown in Fig.4a. This flex-
320 ibility matrix is obtained from a well-known principle of damage mechanic:
15
321 the hypothesis of deformation equivalence [29].
 L

3E I(1−d )
− 6ELc I 0
 −c L i L
0 
[F (D)] =  6Ec I 3Ec I(1−dj )  (52)
L
0 0 AEc
322 Including the internal variables of damage, plasticity and corrosion, the
323 thermodynamic potential P representing this model is in the form of a func-
324 tion Gb = Gb ({M } , Φ , (D) , {C}) as shown in Eq.(53), where({Φp } =
p p T
325 ϕi ϕj 0 ) is the generalized plastic deformation matrix as Fig.4c. The
326 presence of the steel reinforcement produces an increment in crack resistance
327 that is represented by function I (D, C) as shown in the expression (Eq.(54)),
328 based on the lumped damage constitutive law [29]. Where q (ci ) and h (ci ) are
329 parameters that depends on the corrosion internal variable which will be de-
330 scribed in the next section. The matrix [H(D, C)] corresponds to a kinematic
331 hardening term that is related to damage and plastic rotations as shown in
332 the expression (Eq.(55) And the matrix {O (CF )}T = (Oi (CF ) , Oj (CF ))
333 represents the value of the functions O (Eq.(9)) at the hinge i and j of the
334 element and the matrix {C} = [ci , cj ]T represents the value of the corro-
335 sion variable cor at the hinges i and j. Finally, ξ is an influence parameter
336 coupling the corrosion and the crack width.
T
Gb = 21 {M }T [F (D)] {M } + {M }T {ϕp } + {O} ξ {C}
(53)
−I (D, C) − 12 {ϕp }T [H (D, C)] ϕP

1 1
I(D, C) = − q(ci )ln2 (1 − di ) − q (cj ) ln2 (1 − dj ) (54)
2 2 
(1 − di )hi (ci ) 0 0
H(D, C) =  0 (1 − dj )hj (cj ) 0  (55)
0 0 0
337 Notice that the elasticity law is obtained by deriving the Gibbs potential
338 in relation to the generalized stresses as shown in the Eq.(56).

∂Gb
= [F (D)] {M } + ΦP = {Φ}

(56)
∂M
339 The thermodynamic force related to plasticity {Ap } is defined by deriving

340 the Gibbs potential with respect to the plastic rotations as represented in
16
341 Eq.(57a). Similarly, deriving the Gibbs potential with respect to the damage
342 variable gives the thermodynamic force related to the damage {Ad } and
343 deriving Gb with respect to the corrosion variable gives the corrosion driving
344 force Ac , as shown in Eq. (57b-57c).
p
 
m i − (1 − d i ) h (c i ) ϕ i
∂Gb P 
p

{Ap } = = {M } − [H (D, C)] Φ = m j − (1 − d j ) h (c j ) ϕ j
∂Φp
n
 
(57a)
 
Lm2i ln(1−di ) 1 p 2 
− q (c ) + h (c ) (ϕ )

∂Gb 6Ec I(1−di )2 i (1−di ) 2 i i
{Ad } = = Lm2j ln(1−d ) 2
∂d  2 − q (cj )
6Ec I(1−dj )
j
+ h (cj ) ϕpj 
(1−dj )
1
2
(57b)

∂Gb 1 ∂H(D | C) ∂I(D, C) {O}
{Ac } = = − {Φp }t {Φp } − +
∂C 2 ∂C ∂C ξ
(57c)
345 4.2. Damage evolution Law with Corrosion

346 In this section, the damage analysis is under the consideration of mono-
347 tonic loads, and it will be extended to the cyclic load situation in section
348 4.6.
349 The damage evolution law of this model has the same form as the one
350 in the lumped damage constitutive law described in [29]. Thus, the damage
351 driving moments {Yi } are rewritten as Eq.(58). Then, considering a general-
352 ized form of the Griffith criterion, the damage evolution law is expressed as
353 Eq.(59).
1 1 Lm2i ln (1 − di )
Yi = Adi − h (ci ) (ϕpi )2 = 2 − q (ci ) (58)
2 2 3EI(1 − di ) (1 − di )
 d˙i = 0 ifYi < R0 or Ẏi < 0

d˙ > 0 ifYi = R0 and Ẏi = 0 (59)

 i
Yi > R0 or d˙i < 0 impossible
354 Two parameters q (ci ) and R0 are introduced in the damage law which
355 can be computed by the function of the corrosion variable and axial force.
356 Considering the coupling of damage and corrosion, the effective area and con-
357 stitutive equation of corroded reinforcement have been introduced in section
17
m no corrosion Z Z
intermediate corrosion level εcu fc
advanced corrosion level
Mu
Mu χu f ' y(cor)
N ε σ
Aef εs
M cr
f u(cor)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 d
du
Fig. 5: Bending moment vs. damage for an Fig. 6: Stress and Strain distribution in a
inelastic hinge [32] RC section for Mu (cor).
358 2.2 and 2.3 which are used in the damage evolution process.
6Ec I(1 − di )2 6qEc I

m2i = R0 + (1 − di ) ln (1 − di ) (60)
L L
M2 L
R0 = cr (61)
6Ec I
∂m2i
(
∂di
=0 , d i = du
6Ec I(1−du )2 6qEc I
(62)
Mu2 (cor) = L
R0 + L
(1 − du ) ln (1 − du )
359 During damage evolution, Yi = R0 , for any hinge i, the relationship

360 between moment and damage is given by Eq.(60) and the schematic diagram
361 of this equation is presented in Fig.5. Notice that this curve has two points
362 (cracking moment Mcr and ultimate moment Mu ) that can be computed
363 using the procedures indicated in the codes for reinforced concrete design
364 for the case of no corrosion.Influence of the corrosion on the transversal
365 reinforcement is considered by using any model that defines the uniaxial
366 behavior of concrete as a function of the area and properties of stirrups’
367 bars, for instance the well-known Kent and Park model.
368 Thus, when damage associated with Eq.(60) is zero, the bending moment
369 is equal to the critical moment Mcr which is represented in Eq. (61). The
370 ultimate moment occurs at the maximum of the curve in Fig.5, which is
371 represented in Eq.(62). The values of q and du can be computed with these
372 three equations.
373 The corrosion influence on the value of Mu (cor), can be considered by
374 computing these parameters using again the conventional algorithms but
375 substituting the nominal steel areas by the effective ones, which depends on
376 the corrosion variable, and modifying the reinforcement behavior according
18
377 to Eq.(11-16) as shown in the scheme presented in Fig.6. The first cracking
378 moment can also be computed in the same way although in the numerical
379 examples presented in section 5, this effect was neglected as shown in Fig.5.
380 Thus, when damage associated with Eq.(60) is zero, the bending moment
381 is equal to the critical moment Mcr which is represented in Eq.(61). The
382 ultimate moment occurs at the maximum of the curve in Fig.5, which is
383 represented in Eq.(62). The values of q and du can be computed with these
384 three equations.
385 The corrosion influence on the value of Mu (cor), can be considered by
386 computing these parameters using again the conventional algorithms but
387 substituting the nominal steel areas by the effective ones, which depends on
388 the corrosion variable, and modifying the reinforcement behavior according
389 to Eq.(11-16) as shown in the scheme presented in Fig.6. The first cracking
390 moment can also be computed in the same way although in the numerical
391 examples presented in section 5, this effect was neglected as shown in Fig.5.
392 4.3. Plasticity evolution Law with Corrosion

393 The yield function of an inelastic hinge with corrosion is introduced as
394 the expression (Eq.(63)), and the curve for bending moment vs. plastic
395 rotation for an inelastic hinge is shown as Fig.7(b). This yield function can
396 be justified based on the hypothesis of equivalence in deformation again [29].
397 Two parameters h and k0 in the yield function are dependent on the corrosion
398 and the axial force.
fi = |Api | − (1 − di ) k0 (ci ) = |mi − (1 − di ) h (ci ) ϕpi | − (1 − di ) k0 (ci )
(63)
fi ≤ 0
λ = 0 if fi < 0orf˙ < 0i

p ∂fi  i
ϕ̇i = λi ; λ > 0 if fi = 0orf˙ = 0i (64)
∂Api  i
fi > 0 impossible
399 It is noticed that two characteristic points can be identified (0, Mp ) and
400 (ϕp , Mu ) where Mp is the yield or first plastic moment of the cross-section
401 and ϕp is the plastic rotation associated to the ultimate moment. Thus, the
402 parameters h and k0 are allowed for the computation, as fi is equal to zero,
403 for ϕpi = 0 and mi = Mp , expression (Eq.(65)) can be obtained where dp is
404 the value of damage associated to the yield moment through Eq.(60). The
405 first plastic moment for a corroded RC element can be obtained as shown
406 in the Fig.7(a). for mi = Mu with Eq.(63), the value h can be obtained as
19
m
Z Z
εcu fc
no corrosion
Mu
Mp χp f ' y(cor) intermediate corrosion level
Mp
advanced corrosion level
N ε σ
Aef εy
f y(cor)
Plastic rotation
(a) (b)
Fig. 7: a) Stress and Strain distribution in a RC section for Mp (cor); b)bending moment
to plastic rotarion for an inelastic hinge [29].
407 expression (Eq.(66)) and the plastic rotation that corresponds to the ultimate
408 moment can be computed by Eq. (67). Where the curvatures χu and χp are
409 represented in Fig.6 and Fig.7(a), Lp refers to the length of the plastic hinge
410 that can be obtained using any standard expression of the theory of reinforced
411 concrete structures [39].
Mp
k0 = (65)
1 − dp

1 Mu Mp
h= − (66)
ϕp 1 − du 1 − dp
ϕp = (χu − χp ) Lp (67)
412 4.4. Corrosion evolution Law with Damage
413 Since constant chemical forces induce a continuous increment of corrosion,
414 the corrosion evolution law needs to be time-dependent which is proposed
415 as shown in expression (Eq.(68)). Notice that the corrosion evolution law
416 may be given by any phenomenological law defined by the function O(CF )
417 when ξ is equal to zero. In that case, the corrosion values computed by
418 the constitutive law will be the ones predicted by the model chosen for the
419 analysis, i.e., anyone of Eq.(1-6). Specifically, the corrosion law (Eq.(5))
420 should be used with ξ equal to zero since it already considers the influence
421 of cracking on the corrosion evolution.
422 For positive values of the parameters ξ, there is an acceleration of the
423 corrosion rate due to concrete cracking or reinforcement yield as shown in
424 Eq.(68).
20
425 Let be i0 the initial corrosion current density of the element with no cracks
426 (d = 0) and i0dI the observed initial current density for a specific cracking
427 value dI . Integration on time of the corrosion evolution law (Eq.(68)) allows
428 for the computation of the corrosion current density as a function of the
429 parameter ξ. It is then obtained the expression (Eq.(69)). Therefore, the
430 corrosion evolution law for an inelastic hinge becomes Eq.(70) if the effect
431 of yielding on corrosion evolution is neglected. In a more general case, the
432 corrosion evolution law is given by Eq.(71).

2 ∂q 2 ∂h
ċi = ξAci = Oi + ξ ln (1 − di ) − ϕp (1 − di ) (68)
∂ci ∂ci

∂q 0.0116R(i0dI − i0 )
ξ = (69)
∂c D0 · ln2 (1 − dI )
0.0116R(i0dI − i0 ) 2
ċi = Oi + ln (1 − di ) (70)
D0 · ln2 (1 − dI )

0.0116R(i0dI − i0 ) 2 2 ∂h ∂q
ċi = Oi + ln (1 − di ) − ϕp (1 − di ) / (71)
D0 · ln2 (1 − dI ) ∂ci ∂ci
433 It is important to underline that the values of i0 (corrosion rate with no

434 damage) and i0dI (corrosion rate with damage equal to dI) must be obtained
435 experimentally. The accuracy of the model depends on the quality of this
436 identification.
437 4.5. Example for the corrosion evolution law with damage
438 An example is given in this section to represent the identification of val-
439 ues i0 , i0dI and dI in the corrosion evolution law with damage based on an
440 experimental study. Otieno et al.[40] studied the influence of crack width on
441 corrosion propagation. In the experimental analysis, cracks were produced
442 by loading a RC beam under a three-point flexural machines as Fig.8. Then
443 the specimens were subjected to a chemical loading. The result is given in
444 Fig.9.
445 As shown in Fig.9, for uncracked specimen, the corrosion current den-
446 sity is 0.1µA/cm2 and the corrosion current density can be regarded as
447 0.7µA/cm2 for 0.40 mm crack.
448 In a first step, a displacement is given to the hinge2 till the damage is up
449 to 0.012 which corresponds to a crack width of 4 mm [41], then a corrosion
450 process based on the experimental results presented in Fig.9 was initiated.
21
(a) Photograph of a cracked beam rif set- (b) The details of the test
up
Fig. 8: Experiment for the cracked element under the corrosion [40].
Fig. 9: Corrosion rate in cracked RC specimen [40].
22
0 10 20 30
0.010 0.010
hinge1
hinge2
corrosion
0.005 0.005
0.000 0.000
0 10 20 30
Time (weeks)
(a) simplified analysis scheme (b) corrosion propagation in cracked RC

example beam
Fig. 10: corrosion propagation in cracked element.
451 The initiation time is 2 weeks, the initial corrosion density for undamaged, i0
452 is equal to 0.1µA/cm2 and i0dI is 0.7µA/cm2 . It’s assumed that the corrosion
453 evolution follows Eq.(3). The corrosion propagation in undamaged hinge1
454 and damaged hinge2 is shown in Fig.10.
455 4.6. Unilateral damage model with corrosion
d- d-
M u(cor) M p(cor)
Aef Aef
di- d j+
mi+ m j+ N N
di+ d j-
Aef Aef
di- d j+
mi- m j-
di+ d j- d+ d+
(a) element b (b) node i
Fig. 11: Unilateral damage in RC frame element under positive actions and negative
actions.
456 One of the main applications of LDM is the earthquake vulnerability

457 assessment of RC structures This means not only the consideration of the
458 inertia forces but, mainly, the adequate description of crack propagation
23
459 under general cyclic loading. The unilateral damage model of LDM have been
460 proposed by Flórez [42]. Besides, Perdomo et al [43], extend the unilateral
461 damage model to apply to the variable axial loads for RC frames. This
462 model can also apply to the RC structures subjected to chloride corrosion
463 and seismic loading by introducing the corrosion variable.
464 For monotonic loading, the damage state for an element b is defined by a
465 single state variable: Db = (di , dj ). In the case of cyclic loading, two different
466 sets of damage variables are now introduced since moments of different sign
467 produce cracks in opposite sides of the elements. It is assumed now that
468 the damage due to positive actions has no influence in the behavior under
469 the negative actions due to crack closure when moments change sign. This
470 is usually denoted as “unilateral damage”. Thus, the damage variables for
− − −
an element are extend to Db+ = d+ +

471
i , dj and Db = d i , dj as presented in
+ +
472 Fig.11(a). where the damage variables di and dj represent crack density due
473 to positive bending moments lumped at the inelastic hinges and d− −
i , dj are
474 the damage values due to negative bending moments as shown in Fig.11(a).
475 Therefore, the effect of unilateral behavior can be represented by generalizing
−
476 the elasticity law as shown in Eq.(72). Where ⟨M ⟩+ b and ⟨M ⟩b represent,
477 respectively, the positive and negative parts of the generalized stress matrix.
478 The flexibility matrix can be extended to Eq.73 and the damage evolution
479 laws are given by Eq.(74-75). Besides, the four parameters (R0+ , R0− , q + (c),
480 q − (c)) can be computed as described in section 3.2 through Eq.(76).
24
{Φ}b − {Φp }b = F D+ ⟨M ⟩+ −
⟨M ⟩−

b + F D b (72)
 L L 

+/−
− 6Ec I 0
3Ec I 1−di
L L
 
F D+/− = 

− 6Ec I +/−
0  (73)
 3Ec I 1−dj 
L
0 0 AEc
D E2
+/− +/−
1 1 L m i ln 1 − di
+/−
Yi = Ad+/− − h (ci ) (ϕpi )2 = 2 − q
+/−
(ci )
2 2
+/−
i +/−
3EI 1 − di 1 − di
(74)

+/− +/− +/− +/−

 d˙i =0 if Yi < R0 or Ẏi <0
˙+/− +/− +/− +/−
di >0 if Yi = R0 and Ẏii =0 (75)
Y +/− > R+/− or
 +/−
d˙i <0 impossible
i 0
2
+/−
6Ec I 1 − di 6q +/− Ec I
2 +/− +/− +/− +/−
mi = R0 + 1 − di ln 1 − di di
L L
(76)
481 The yield function (Eq.63) is modified as Eq.(77) in the unilateral model,
482 and the four parameters (h+ , h− , k0+ , k0− ) can be computed as described in
483 section 3.3.
h (ci ) ϕpi − 1 − d+
+
mi − 1 − d+
+ +
i i k0 (ci ),
fi = M ax p
−m− − − −
i + 1 − di h (ci ) ϕi − 1 − di k0 (ci )
−
(77)
fi ≤ 0
484 4.7. Simplified modelling of buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement

485 Concrete damage and degradation of stirrups trigger buckling of longi-
486 tudinal bars, this phenomenon is especially important in corrosion environ-
487 ments. It has been observed that one of its consequences is an acceleration of
488 the process of strength degradation [44]. In this section, the generalized Grif-
489 fith criterion of section 4.2 is modified in order to describe damage evolution
490 in this second phase of the behavior.
491 According to Eq.(59), during phases of active damage, it can be written
25
492 the following equality:
α+1 α+1
Lm2i

ln (1 − di )
= R0 − q (ci )
6EI (1 − di )2 (1 − di )
(78)
or
Ȳ α+1 = Rα+1 for any α ≥ 0
493 Physically, Ȳ represents a damage driving moment, and R a damage

494 resistance function. The differentiation of Eq.(78), gives:
α
1 Ȳ
∆di = ⟨∆Ȳ ⟩+ (79)
∂R/∂di R
495 Notice that for high values of α(α ≥ 5) in Eq.(79) and Eq.(75) give ap-
496 proximately the same damage evolution since for Ȳ < R the damage rate
497 becomes negligible; small values of α (close to zero) indicates significant dam-
498 age accelerations with respect to the Griffith criterion and damage evolution
499 becomes possible even if the damage driving moment is less that the crack
500 resistance. This property is used in this section for the simulation of rein-
501 forcement buckling. As buckling happens only if damage values or corrosion
502 values are very high, it is assumed that α is a function of those variables as
503 shown in Fig.12.
504 The value of dmax in Fig.12 corresponds in practical terms to the almost
505 immediate collapse of the hinge since one or more cycle will lead the strength
506 to zero. The example presented in section 5.1 shows the values identified from
507 experimental results
508 5. Application examples

509 The LDM model of section 4.6 and section 4.7 was implemented in ABAQUS
510 as user element (UEL routine). In this section, the cyclic behavior of uncor-
511 roded and corroded columns are simulated to valid the model based on the
512 tests described in [45] at first. Then, the simulations of the behavior of two
513 different frames, under different loadings, are presented and compared with
514 test results and/or ABAQUS-CDP (Concrete Damage Plasticity, the contin-
515 uum damage model available in that program). The CDP model is based on
516 Lubliner et al.[46] and Lee and Fenves [47].
26
Fig. 12: The damage value in the simulation of reinforced buckling.
Fig. 13: Test set-up for cyclic loading [45].
27
Fig. 14: The details of the specimen [45].
Fig. 15: The test specimen for corroded
column [45].
517 5.1. Cyclic behavior of a corroded column

518 Cyclic behavior of corroded columns has been studied by Meda, Alberto,
519 et al.[45] with the test as shown in Fig.13. The details of the test specimen
520 are shown in Fig.14 and Fig.15. The material properties of concrete and steel
521 used in the simulation is provided by the reference [45] as shown in table1. In
522 the test, the average mass loss of corroded imbedded rebars are 20% and the
523 corresponding corrosion value in the model is 0.342, according from Eq.(10)
Table 1: material properties
steel steel
fy ϵy fu ϵu fc ϵ0 ϵcu
520Mpa 0.002 620Mpa 0.006 20Mpa 0.002 0.0033
524 For the simulation of uncorroded column, the constitutive relationship of

525 for confined concrete adopt the kent-park model. Considering the fatigue of
526 the steel during the cyclic loading as introduced in section 4.7, the result of
527 the simulation compared with the test is shown in Fig.16. For the simulation
528 of corroded column, a corrosion step without mechanical loads is first carried
529 out till the corrosion value is up to 0.342. Then, the material properties of
530 corroded rebar computed by the FE are shown in Table2 and these values fit
531 the experimental results [45]. As the stirrups were protected from corrosion
28
Fig. 16: Results of the uncorroded column Fig. 17: Results of the corroded column for
for the test [45] and simulation. the test [45] and simulation.
532 through a suitable paint in the test, the simulation didn’t consider stirrups
533 corrosion. The result of the simulation compared with the test is shown in
534 Fig.17. In the final step of the input file, a cyclic loading at the top of the
535 column was included.
Table 2: Material properites of 20% corroded rebar.
fey feu ϵeu

326Mpa 408Mpa 0.003
536
537 5.2. Static numerical analysis of a two-story RC frame

538 Fig.18 and Fig.19 shows a frame that was tested by T. Nagender et al.
539 [48]. A summary of the characteristics of the frame is shown in Fig.20(a).
540 A corroded frame and an uncorroded similar one were subjected to a set of
541 earthquake loadings on a shaking table. The Test Response spectrum of the
542 frame is presented in Fig.20(b).
543 This section presents, for the uncorroded frame, a static pushover simu-
544 lation using LDM or Abaqus-CDP. The load-displacement curve is shown in
29
Fig. 19: the corroded RC frame [48].
Fig. 18: shaking table test of RC frame [48].
175
3-10 8 @130 c/c
3-10
8 @100 c/c 200
2150
8 @100 c/c
B B
A
3-10
4470 RS(smoothen)
B-B 0.6
Spectral Acceleraction (g)
RS(5% damping)
3-10 150
A 8 @130 c/c
0.4
2150 3-10
8 @100 c/c 8 @130 c/c

200
3-10 2300 0.2

3-10
2700
200
A-A 0.0
600 3000 1 10 100 1000
Frequency (HZ)
(a) The details of the RC frame (b) Test Response spectrum of the
frame
Fig. 20: The information of research object. a) the details of the RC frame. b) Test
Response spectrum of the frame.
30
545 Fig.21. The material properties used in the LDM, and Abaqus-CDP simula-
546 tions are shown in Table3. The damage map at the end of the static pushover
547 simulation in Abaqus-CDP is shown in Fig.22. The damage map of the static
548 pushover simulation with LDM is shown in Fig.23.
Table 3: Material properties.
′
Concrete Ec = 2.5 × 104 MPa fc = 25MPa ε0 = 0.002 εu = 0.003
Steel fy = 560MPa fu = 600MPa εy = 0.002 εu = 0.01
549
30
25
20
Force (KN)
15
10
Abaqus-CDP
5 LDM
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Displacement (mm)
Fig. 21: Force-displacement curve of static pushover (uncorroded).
550 The computer time using Abaqus-CDP was 28 minutes and with UEL-
551 LDM, 5 seconds. Notice that the LDM model improves the computing effi-
552 ciency, and this result is more obvious when it comes to the dynamic numer-
553 ical analysis. This characteristic is an important factor to be considered for
554 probabilistic and stochastic analysis of RC structures. It is also important
555 to notice that the damage values in Abaqus-CDP can not be used for this
556 purpose and some kind of average or global damage index should be used
557 instead. On the other hand, LDM damage values can be used directly in
558 reliability and safety evaluation [49].
559 5.3. Dynamic numerical analysis of the two-story RC frame

560 This section presents the results of dynamic simulations for the corroded
561 and uncorroded frames. The seismic record was obtained from the response
31
>0.70 0.44 0.61
0.66 0.48
0.50~0.69
0.30~0.49
0.20~0.29
0.11
0.10~0.19
0.71 0.71
0.73 0.71
Fig. 22: Damage distribution with Fig. 23: Damage map of static pushover
Abaqus-CDP model (uncorroded) simulation with LDM (uncorroded).
562 spectrum shown in Fig.20(b), which is provided by the reference [48] and the
563 amplitude is adjusted to ten seismic records. The peak ground accelerations
564 are 0.05g, 0.1g, 0.15g, 0.2g, 0.25g, 0.3g, 0.35g, 0.4g, 0.45g, 0.5g respectively.
565 These ten seismic records were applied to the frame sequentially. An equiv-
566 alent lumped mass matrix was used with the LDM model. The results are
567 compared with the experiment as shown in Fig.24.
568 The damage map obtained with Abaqus-CDP is shown in Fig.25. The
569 damage map for LDM is shown in Fig.26. The computation time with
570 Abaqus-CDP was 45 hours and with LDM was 30 minutes, the computing
571 efficiency has increased by at least 90 times.
572 Next, a seismic numerical analysis for the corroded frame was carried out.
573 In the test of corroded frame, the corrosion degree is 7.8% mass loss of the
574 reinforcement [48] and the corresponding corrosion value of LDM is 0.207.
575 The following parameters in Eq.(11-16) were used to consider the influence
576 of corrosion on the mechanical behavior of the steel. The parameters used in
577 Eq.(11-16) show as follows: k1 = 0.4, k2 = 0.42, e1 = 0.8, e2 = 1.15.
578 The numerical analysis results of the base forces in ten peak ground accel-
579 erations in LDM compared with the experimental result for corroded frame
580 is also shown in Fig.24; the computation time was 32 minutes. The damage
581 map of the corroded frame in LDM is shown in Fig.27. As the computa-
582 tional efficiency of the LDM greatly improves the one with Abaqus-CDP, it
583 is feasible to implement the damage, fracture mechanics and corrosion to the
32
35
30
25
Base Force (KN)
20
15
Abaqus-CDP(Uncorroded)
10 LDM(Uncorroded)
Experimental Result(Uncorroded)
LDM(7.8% Mass loss)
5 Experimental Result(7.8% Mass loss)
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Peak Ground Acceleration (g)
Fig. 24: Base shear under the earthquake load with different peak acceleration for
uncorroded and corroded frame.
>0.70 0.20 0.20

0.20 0.20
0.50~0.69
0.30~0.49
0.20~0.29
0.10~0.19
0.44 0.44
0.14 0.15
0.54 0.54
Fig. 26: Damage map of dynamic simulation

Fig. 25: Dynamic simulation in in LDM (uncorroded).
Abaqus-CDP model (uncorroded)
33
>0.70 0.21 0.27
0.26 0.23
0.50~0.69
0.30~0.49
0.20~0.29
0.10~0.19
0.44 0.55
0.15 0.13
0.54 0.53
Fig. 27: Damage map of dynamic simulation in LDM (7.8% corroded).
584 subsequent analysis for the durability of complex RC structures.
585 5.4. Static analysis and comparison with experimental results for RC cliff
586 frame
587 In this section, a simulation of cyclic loading to an uncorroded cliff-
588 structure with LDM is presented and compared with the tests to validate
589 the numerical model. Then, two parametric studies have been done to assess
590 the durability of the RC structure under the seismic loading in the chloride
591 corrosion environment.
592 A radio of 1:4 reduced scale specimen of a 5-storey and 3-span RC frame
593 cliff-structure is shown in Fig.28, the details of the structure is shown in
594 Fig.29. Detailed discussion on the experimental study of low-cycle load dis-
595 placement controlled pseudo-static test is in Yang Botao [50]. In this test,
596 the cyclic displacement loading is applied to the roof of the cliff-structure
597 and half of the roof displacement is applied to the third floor. The hysteretic
598 loop (roof displacement vs base force) is obtained and shown in the Fig.30,
599 specimen cracking at the end of the test is shown in Fig.31. The material
600 properties used in the simulation are referenced from the test as shown in
601 the Table4.
602
603 According to the experimental observations, the damage around the node-6
604 was serious. Besides, the damage of the upper grounding column (column-1
34
Fig. 28: The test specimen of RC cliff-structure [50].
100 3 6 100 100 2 6

2 8
1
4@50/90 4@50/90 4@50/90

150
150
150
4 4 4 4
3 2 6 2 6
2 6
3
1-1 2-2 3-3
4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5
3
150
2 8 150
2 8
3
2 8
3
4@50/90
150
4@50/90
150
2 8 2 8
4-4 5-5
(a) (b)
Fig. 29: The details of the RC cliff-structure [50].
Table 4: Material properties.
′
Concrete Ec = 29522MPa fc = 30MPa ε0 = 0.002 εu = 0.003
Steel fy = 510MPa fu = 696MPa εy = 0.002 εu = 0.01
35
1 0 0
te s t
s im u la tio n
5 0
F o rc e (K N )
0
-5 0
-1 0 0
-1 0 0 -5 0 0 5 0 1 0 0
D is p la c e m e n t (m m )
Fig. 30: The hysteretic loops of the simulation and test
605 and column-4) was the most serious of the frame and when roof displacement
606 reaches 110 mm, the reinforcement at the bottom of the column-1 broke off
607 with the partial concrete spalling. In addition, from the deformation of
608 the specimen, the upper grounding floor deformed most seriously [50]. The
609 specimen cracking after the test is shown in the Fig.31, and the damage map
610 of the simulation at the end of cycling loading is shown in the Fig.32. The
611 damage of column 1’s bottom is 0.94 which is the first broken element. The
612 damage of column-4’s bottom is 0.90 and at the node-6 of beam-20 is 0.92
613 which are the most severely damaged elements of the structure. In addition,
614 the elements at the node-6 are also very damaged, the damage of beam-20 is
615 0.92 and beam-17 is 0.80 and column-4’s top is 0.80 and column-5’s bottom
616 is 0.37. Besides, the damage of beam-17 is 0.80 on the left node and 0.81
617 on the right node and colum-1’s top is 0.82, thus the elements on the upper
618 grounding floor are also seriously damaged.
619 From the test phenomenon description and the specimen cracking dia-
620 gram, the damage map of the simulation fit the test phenomenon quite well
621 as shown in Fig.31 and Fig.32.
622 The hysteretic loops (roof displacement vs base force) of the test and the
623 simulation in LDM is shown in Fig.30. Notice that the numerical simulation
624 matches reasonably well the experimental results in this plot as well.
625 5.5. Variation of seismic strength on time

626 The first parametric analysis is meant to show that the LDM model is
627 capable to predict the seismic damage condition of RC structures after dif-
628 ferent service times in a corrosion environment. This is carried out by a
36
0.9~0.99
0.8~0.89
0.7~0.79
Column-5 0.6~0.69
Node-6
Node-6 0.92 0.5~0.59
0.3~0.39
Beam-20 Beam-17
0.1~0.19
Column-4 Column-1 Column-4 0.90 0.92 Column-1
Fig. 31: The specimen cracking after the Fig. 32: The damage map of the
test (The researcher didn’t show the crack cliff-structure frame on cycling loading in
of the top floor [50]. the simulation.
629 parametric study representing the variation of the seismic strenght of the
630 structure exposed to a chloride corrosion environment.
0.6~0.69
0.5~0.59
0.4~0.49
0.3~0.39
0.2~0.29
Beam-20 Beam-17 0.1~0.19
Column-1
0.35g
Fig. 33: The damage map of the uncorroded cliff-structure applied with 0.35g
earthquake loading.
631 The simulations consist in analyses of seismic damage of the same cliff
632 frame of section 5.4 with different corroded states. As a reference, the un-
633 corroded frame is subjected to the earthquake loading of section 5.3 with a
634 0.35g peak acceleration. The resulting damage map is presented in Fig.33.
635 The most damaged hinge is the beam-20’s right end with a damage value of
636 0.39 and the most damaged hinge in the columns is the bottom end at the
637 element of column-1 with a damage value of 0.19.
638 In the next simulation, the structure is first subjected to a 40-year period
639 of corrosion and then to the same earthquake. Eq.3 is the corrosion model
640 used in LDM analysis and the initial current density used in this study is 0.1
37
0.6~0.69 0.6~0.69
0.5~0.59 0.5~0.59
0.4~0.49 0.4~0.49
0.3~0.39 0.3~0.39
0.2~0.29 0.2~0.29
Beam-20 Beam-17 0.1~0.19 Beam-20 Beam-17 0.1~0.19
Column-1 Column-1
Fig. 34: The damage map of 40 years Fig. 35: The damage map of 80 years
corroded cliff-structure applied with 0.35g corroded cliff-structure applied with 0.35g
earthquake loading. earthquake loading.
641 µA/cm2 . At the end of the corrosion period, the mass loss for the beams is
642 2.6% (corrosion value in LDM is 0.116) and for the column is 1.5% (corrosion
643 value in LDM is 0.087). The damage map after the same seismic loading is
644 shown in Fig.34. The most damaged hinge is again in the same element
645 with a damage value of 0.58 and the most damaged column now reaches a
646 value of 0.38. In the last simulation of this section, there is first an 80-year
647 corrosion period and then the seismic loading is applied. The mass loss for
648 the beams is 6.6% (Corrosion value in LDM is 0.1897) and for the column
649 is 3.6% (Corrosion value in LDM is 0.1423). The damage map after the
650 earthquake is shown in Fig.35. The most damaged value is up to 0.67 and
651 the most damaged hinge for the columns has a damage value of 0.56.
652 This example shows that the LDM model can be used to stablish the
653 limit value of corrosion acceptable for each specific structure given some
654 reference earthquake record and some acceptable damage criterion. Notice
655 that there are criteria relating the damage variable values with the immediate
656 occupation, life safety and progressive collapse conditions [29].
657 5.6. Reduction of service life due to seismic damage

658 Mechanical damage may contribute to accelerate the corrosion process
659 and, therefore, reduce the service life of the structure. Once a critical mass
660 loss has been determined for a specific structure and location, as in the
661 example of the previous section, the same model can be used to predict the
662 reduction of its durability after the structure withstands a seismic event.
663 For this second parametric study, an earthquake loading step is first ap-
664 plied to the cliff-structure to obtain the slight damaged structure. As shown
665 in the Fig.36 and Fig 38, which are the damage maps for the structure after
38
0.20~0.29
0.09~0.19 8.0%~8.5%
5.5%~6.5%
0.07~0.089
4.5%~5.5%
0.05~0.069
3.5%~4.5%
0.03~0.049
4.7% 6.5% 8.0% 2.0%~2.5%
Beam-20 Beam-17 0.01~0.029
Beam-20 Beam-17
Fig. 36: The damage map of the

Fig. 37: Mass loss of 52 years corrosion for
uncorroded cliff-structure applied with 0.2g
the slight damaged cliff-structure.
earthquake loading.
0.20~0.29
0.09~0.19 8.0%~8.5%
0.07~0.089 5.5%~6.5%
0.05~0.069 4.5%~5.5%
0.03~0.049 3.5%~4.5%
Beam-20 Beam-17 0.01~0.029 2.0%~2.5%
4.3% 6.0% 8.1%
Beam-20 Beam-17
Fig. 38: The damage map of the

Fig. 39: Mass loss of 19 years corrosion for
uncorroded cliff-structure applied with
the damaged cliff-structure.
0.25g earthquake loading.
39
666 0.2g and 0.25g seismic loading respectively. Then, a corrosion step is applied
667 to the damaged structure to predict the durability of the damaged structure
668 in the chloride corrosion environment. In the simulations presented in this
669 section, it was assumed an identification current density iodI of 0.3 µA/cm2
670 for a damage value of 0.28 and the same initial corrosion rate of the previous
671 section.
672 The most affected element of the structure after a 0.2g earthquake is
673 beam 17 with a damage value of 0.1 on the right end and 0.09 on the left
674 end. After a corrosion step of 52 years, the most corroded element is beam
675 17 with a reinforcement mass loss of 8.0% on the right end and 6.5% on the
676 left end. The reinforcement mass loss of the right end of the beam 20 is
677 4.7%. the other beams’ reinforcement mass loss are 3.6% 3.8% and for the
678 columns are 2.4% as shown in Fig.37. For a structure subjected to a 0.25g
679 earthquake, the most damaged element is again the beam 17 with a damage
680 value of 0.22 on the right end and 0.20 on the left end. The damage value on
681 the right end of beam 20 is 0.18; the damage map is shown in Fig.38. Then
682 after the corrosion step with 19 years, the most corroded element is beam 17
683 with the reinforcement mass loss is 8.1% on the right end and 6.0% on the
684 left end. The reinforcement mass loss of the right end of beam 20 is 4.3%.
685 Other elements are barely corroded as shown in Fig.39.
686 Notice that similar corrosion levels are reached in 52 years in the first case
687 but only 19 years for the second case. This is due to the strong acceleration
688 of the corrosion rate due to mechanical damage that was assumed for the
689 simulation.
690 6. Conclusion
691 An LDM model is proposed to simulate the seismic response of RC struc-
692 tures in a corroded environment and predict the durability and service life
693 of RC structures. In the applications of this approach, any existing chloride-
694 induced corrosion model can be used to describe the degradation of the re-
695 inforcement by the corrosion pit. Introducing the thermodynamic theory of
696 frames, the coupling relationships of the internal variables of concrete dam-
697 age, rebar plasticity and the reinforcement corrosion are established based on
698 lumped damaged mechanics. The model can be implemented in conventional
699 non-linear finite element programs. The model can be extended to the case
700 of RC structure subjected to carbonation-induced corrosion too by introduc-
701 ing its kinematic of corrosion and the corresponding evolution laws. The
40
702 same approach can also be used for the consideration shear damage variables
703 representing diagonal cracks in elements with low aspect ratios (shear walls,
704 short columns) since lumped damage models for the uncorroded condition
705 are already available in the literature.
706 In this work, the numerical results of pushover of the uncorroded two-
707 story RC frame is simulated and the load-displacement curve and damage
708 map are in good agreement with the results obtained using Abaqus CDP
709 model, and the computing efficiency is greatly improved compared with that
710 approach. This is a very important aspect for the reliability and stochastic
711 analysis of structures in long term periods. More efficient calculation engines
712 imply that more accurate methods can be used in combination with the LDM
713 model. Besides, using damage state variables for the definition of admissible
714 limit states are more effective and, again, more accurate than computing
715 damage indexes in postprocessing phases.
716 The numerical results for base force of the two-story RC frame with the
717 same corrosion degree subjected to the seismic loading with different PGA
718 are in accordance with the experimental results. Finally, for the numerical
719 analysis of RC cliff-structure, the numerical results of the uncorroded struc-
720 ture subjected to the cycling loading for the load-displacement curve and the
721 damage map are in good agreement with the test results. Then, the para-
722 metric study shows that it is possible to predict the durability and service
723 life of the frame in chloride-induced corrosion environment.
724 In summary, this work shows that the proposed method has the ability
725 to predict the durability and service life of complex RC structures subjected
726 to chloride corrosion and seismic loading. This approach has the potential of
727 becoming the best computation engine for probabilistic structural analyses.
728 Acknowledgments
729 Author contributions
730 Zhelei Pan: Methodology, Software, Simulation, Date curation, Formal
731 analysis, Visualization, Validation, Writing, Editing; Yongtao Bai: Concep-
732 tualization, Funding acquisition, Validation, Editing; Scarlet Karina Mon-
733 tilla: Date curation, Methodology, Validation, Editing; Ricardo A. Picón:
734 Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Subroutine, Editing; Carlos Al-
735 berto Caldeira Brant: Conceptualization, Investigation, Editing; Julio
736 Flórez López: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Editing.
41
737 Financial disclosure
738 The authors acknowledge partial support from the National Key R&D
739 Program of China under Grant No. 2022YFB2602700, the National Natural
740 Science Fund for Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program, and the Fun-
741 damental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2022CD-
742 JKYJH052).
743 Conflict of interest

744 The authors declare that they have no potential conflict of interests or
745 personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work re-
746 ported in this paper.
42
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International Journal of Mechanical Sciences

Modelling the gradual deterioration of the earthquake resistance of complex RC

Manuscript Number: SUBMIT2IJMS-D-23-02800

Article Type: Research Paper

Section/Category: Solid Mechanics

Keywords: Chloride corrosion, Service life, Durability, Seismic response,Reinforced concrete,

Corresponding Author: Yongtao Bai

First Author: Zhelei Pan

Order of Authors: Zhelei Pan

Scarlet Karina Montilla

Carlos Alberto Caldeira Brant

Julio Flórez López

Suggested Reviewers: Filip C FILIPPOU

Damage Model Validation of the corroded and uncorroded Frame

Base Force (KN)

(a) Damage map (b) Corrosion map

• This paper proposes a new formulation allowing the incorporation of

• As the formulation is based on the thermodynamic of solids, it general-

• As a consequence, the formulation permits to evaluate the evolution on

Preprint submitted to International Journal of Mechanical Sciences June 20, 2023

92 2. Review of laws and empirical models of chloride-induced corro-

99 Depending on thermochemical forces associated with chloride ion con-

105 where i0 = 102.47 + 10.09 ln(1.69Cl) − 39, 038.96T −1 − 0.0015Rc .

125 and ∆Ee = 525 + 1.44T .

159 Lumped damage model, is defined by

eter in the cross-section of the element, as

163 shown in the Fig.1. In order to compute the

182 have proposed empirical constitutive

207 3. Thermodynamic of frames

212 3.1. Notation for a thermodynamics of frames

(b) Displacements and forces on Nodei

(a) Plane frame under external forces

(c) Generalized deformation and

{Φ}b = [B]b {U } (23)

238 3.2. Thermodynamic principles

255 3.3. Gibbs energy as thermodynamic potential

Gb = −gb = −Eb + Tb Sb + {Φ}Tb {M }b (34)

274 In a reversible process, as defined by Eq.39, considering the isothermal

301 4. A lumped model coupling damage plasticity and corrosion

Node j i elastic beam or column j

307 4.1. Thermodynamic potential with internal variables

339 The thermodynamic force related to plasticity {Ap } is defined by deriving

345 4.2. Damage evolution Law with Corrosion

d˙ > 0 ifYi = R0 and Ẏi = 0 (59)

6Ec I(1 − di )2 6qEc I

359 During damage evolution, Yi = R0 , for any hinge i, the relationship

392 4.3. Plasticity evolution Law with Corrosion

433 It is important to underline that the values of i0 (corrosion rate with no

Fig. 9: Corrosion rate in cracked RC specimen [40].

(a) simplified analysis scheme (b) corrosion propagation in cracked RC

Fig. 10: corrosion propagation in cracked element.

455 4.6. Unilateral damage model with corrosion

(a) element b (b) node i

456 One of the main applications of LDM is the earthquake vulnerability

484 4.7. Simplified modelling of buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement

493 Physically, Ȳ represents a damage driving moment, and R a damage

508 5. Application examples

Fig. 13: Test set-up for cyclic loading [45].

517 5.1. Cyclic behavior of a corroded column

Table 1: material properties

524 For the simulation of uncorroded column, the constitutive relationship of

Table 2: Material properites of 20% corroded rebar.

fey feu ϵeu