INDEX

Sr no. TITLE Pg no.

1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO GIS
A. What is GIS
B. Components of GIS
C. Application of GIS

2. CHAPTER 2: GEOREFERENCING
3. CHAPTER 3: DIGITIZATION & MAP MAKING
A. Preparation of a choropleth map using Total
Population data for Maharashtra.
B. Preparation of a pie chart using number of male &
female in Maharashtra

4. CHAPTER 4: BUFFERING
Point, Line & Polygon
5. CHAPTER 5: SUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION
6. CHAPTER 6: SUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION
A) Sonipat District

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Understanding GIS:
• Interdisciplinary Field: GIS stands at the crossroads of various disciplines,
leveraging technology, geography, and data science to analyze spatial
information.

• Spatial Data Management: GIS systems efficiently capture, organize,

analyze, and visualize geographical data.

Importance of GIS:
1. Holistic Visualization: GIS provides a unique lens to visualize spatial data,
allowing exploration of where, when, what, and why scenarios that are
otherwise challenging with conventional software.

2. Decision-Making Support: It's an essential tool for policymakers and

stakeholders, offering precise insights into real-world situations to inform
informed decision-making processes.

3. Operational Efficiency: By facilitating better communication, efficient

record-keeping, and optimized workflows, GIS contributes to cost savings
and operational streamlining.

4. Predictive Analytics: Leveraging diverse layers of GIS data, it forecasts

future events or outcomes through sophisticated multi-criteria analyses.

5. Emergency Response: During crises or disasters, GIS enables swift and

effective decision-making by visualizing critical information.

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 6. Regional Planning and Design: GIS aids in strategizing and implementing
plans based on a comprehensive understanding of geographical data,
facilitating effective regional actions and interventions.

Elements within GIS:

• Point, Line, and Area Representations: These spatial elements are the
building blocks for GIS analysis, allowing for queries, overlays, and detailed
analysis.
• Attributes: Information associated with spatial features, aiding in
understanding, analyzing, and visualizing data on maps.

COMPONENTS OF GIS
There are six components of GIS and each one is incomplete without the other.
These include: Hardware, Software, Network, Data, People and Procedures.

SOFTWARE

HARDWARE
NETWORK

COMPONENTS

PEOPLE DATA

PROCEDURE

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HARDWARE: Hardware components include all these tools devices and
accessories that can be set-up on the desk, lap or in the palm. In previous times,
carry out complex GIS operations, large mainframe computers were required.
Today, users have wider choices. Even moderately priced PCs are capable of being
used for GIS. A range of latest products includes handheld GIS compatible GPS, a
variety of high-end scanners and printers that make the GIS operations worthy of
it. Now GIS functions are carried out in PDAs, in-vehicle devices and even in
mobile phones.
SOFTWARE:
Software is required for various functions to be carried out in GIS. Software for data
entry, data storage, data processing, and analysis and data output are bundled
together as software packages. These ranges from a simple package to work horses.
Table below illustrates varied key tasks of the 5 GIS software modules. Moreover,
each product comes with different requirements and applications. Now freeware are
also available which can be easily downloaded from the web. The consumers can
use these freeware not only free of cost but also change the source codes of the
programmes. On the other hand, the ones available in the market are property right
products whose source codes are protected by the copyright act and are not available
for the users. Most of the software packages available commercially come as menu
driven which are more user- friendly. Open GIS and interoperability are the recent
keywords in the GIS world. Open GIS stands for open-source coding.
Interoperability aims to increase interaction between different software packages for
easy data transfer and processing from one package to another and vice versa.
TABLE: GIS SOFTWARE MODULES

Module Key tasks

Data Input & Verification
Data Storage & Data Base Management
Software to transform various data to
digital form.
Devices - To read data sets from different
input devices
How data is to be structured &
organized?
DBMS - Data Base Management System.

Data Output & Presentation Concerns the way data are displayed &
reported.
Maps, Tables, Figures, etc. Visual Display
Terminal, Printer, Plotter & Others.

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 Data Transformation General Transformation:
scale changing
fitting data to new projection
logical retrieval of data
calculations of area and perimeters
Application Oriented:
User dependent, free from data errors
Maintenance Removal of errors
Bringing them update
To match them to other data sets
DATA:
The third component of GIS is data. Data forms the major component. With recent
developments in remote sensing and GPS technologies, large volume of high-
resolution data is widely available at affordable cost. This is also one of the reasons
for the increased awareness and development of GIS. To store and maintain large
volumes of data the use of database management systems is required. Till recently,
relational data base management (RDBMS) was widely used in GIS packages
RDBMS was not exclusively created to handle spatial data. As a result, object-
oriented data base is increasingly used in recent years for its ability to handle spatial
data more efficiently.
People and Procedure:
GIS is of no use if people and the organizations in which they work are not properly
oriented towards GIS. In many organizations, GIS is not optimally used in spite of
costly hardware and sophisticated software packages are available since the
organizational aspects are not properly looked into. Longley (2001) define it as “An
organization must establish procedures, lines of reporting, control points and other
mechanisms for ensuring that its GIS activities stay within budgets, maintain high
quality and generally meet the needs of the organization, Longley et.al.2001” The
people working in an organization are also important. They possess various skills to
handle geographic data. They design, programme and maintain GIS. They also
supply data, do suitable analysis and interpret them.
Network:
Earlier information generated in GIS is communicated among a handful of people
sitting around a monitor. Today, a sheer volume of digital information shared among
people who are located across the world. Internet plays a vital role to exchange and
establish connection between them. Internet is not only used for personal exchange
of information but also for the exchange of corporate data.

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 APPLICATIONS OF GIS
Applications of GIS in Agriculture:
• Drought management: GIS helps manage droughts by identifying areas or
lands that are experiencing a lack of water. It helps prevent damage to plant
seeds, human efforts, and expensive fertilizers.
• Pest control: It is also used for pest control by predicting attacks from pests
like locusts and rodents by analyzing spatial data of specific agricultural lands.
It allows the government and farmers to plan how to deal with these pests.
• Land and soil analysis: By studying previous data sets, satellite images, or
even analyzing the field directly, field workers can gather information about
the land and soil conditions.
• Planning of future food demand: By considering the population’s needs, the
government and farmers can plan and produce enough crops to meet the
demand.
Applications of GIS in Environment:
• Quality of Life: It helps monitor the air and water quality to analyze real-life
habitat conditions.
• Planning: It simplifies the process of selecting the proper location for new
infrastructure plans by checking the project’s impact on the environment.
• Resource management: Governments can locate areas with natural
resources like water bodies, forests, and agricultural lands.
• Climate change: They can analyze climate data to assess the risks associated
with climate change.
Applications of GIS in Urban Planning and Transportation:
• Growth Forecast: It’s useful in developing models to predict and plan for the
future expansion of cities.
• Planning Land Usage: It lets infrastructure experts analyze and allocate land
for various purposes like residential, commercial, and industrial use in urban
areas.
• Transportation network: Countries can improve transportation systems,
including roads, public transit, and pedestrian infrastructure, to ensure smooth
movement within cities.

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 • Infrastructure management: Cities can efficiently manage urban
infrastructure, such as bridges and public facilities, to support sustainable
development.
Applications of GIS in Disaster Management:
• Risk-Prone Locations: It helps in identifying risk-prone locations such as
hospitals.
• Isolation Centers: It assists in establishing isolation centers near high-risk
zones.
• Calamity Records: Government officials can use them to maintain records
of past calamities in an area.
• Previous Impact: GIS helps analyze the impact of previous disasters to plan
for future contingencies.
Applications of GIS in Business Management:
• Target Markets: It lets businesses understand customer demographics and
behavior patterns to find target locations for new business ventures.
• Choosing Advertising Sites: It can help companies find suitable places for
billboards or other advertising mediums.
• Managing Product Distribution: Businesses can select the best transport
routes to save money and make their distribution process more efficient.
Applications of GIS in Health and Human Services:
• Identifying High-Risk Zones: By mapping the distribution of diseases in a
specific location, authorities can find areas at high health risk.
• Educating about Health: GIS can assist the government in raising awareness
about health-related issues, promoting healthy behaviors, and achieving other
objectives.
• Emergency Response: GIS helps coordinate emergency responses by
mapping healthcare facilities, emergency services, evacuation routes, and
more.

Applications of GIS in Tourism:

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 • Navigation: GIS can create maps with routes, landmarks, and more to make
navigation easier.
• Destination Marketing: Tourism authorities can promote tourist destinations
by highlighting attractions, accommodations, restaurants, and other points of
interest.
• Preserving Cultural Heritage: GIS helps protect important historical
landmarks, archaeological sites, and significant places for nations.
Applications of GIS in Oil and Gas:
• Finding locations: Organizations can find the best places to drill for oil and
gas by looking at the Earth’s features.
• Pipeline Management: GIS is important for planning pipeline routes and
ensuring they are leak-free and secure.
• Regulatory Compliance: GIS assists companies in meeting regulations by
utilizing data on who owns the land, lease agreements, environmental rules,
and zoning restrictions.
Applications of GIS in Astronomy:
• Track Celestial Objects: It helps astronomers accurately track and locate
celestial objects using celestial coordinate systems.
• Space Mapping: GIS helps create 3D maps and models of celestial bodies in
our solar system, allowing us to visualize astronomical data.
• Observation Sites: It makes it easier to select optimal sites for observatories,
considering factors like light pollution and atmospheric conditions.
Applications of GIS in Banking:
• Risk evaluation: Banks can assess risk indicators like property values,
environmental risks, etc., to create appropriate lending strategies.
• Fraud detection: They can use GIS to find any unusual patterns in financial
transactions that may indicate fraudulent activity.
• Asset Management: GIS helps banks study real estate assets like offices and
properties to make informed decisions about acquiring or leasing properties.

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 CHAPTER 2
GEOREFERENCING
OF MAHARASHTRA MAP

INTRODUCTION
We intend to delve into an analysis of the geographic facets of
Maharashtra and its corresponding administrative divisions. Prior to our
comprehensive examination, let us begin by providing an introductory
overview of the geographical characteristics of this region as follows:

Maharashtra, spanning 307,713 square kilometers (118,809 square miles),

stands as India's third-largest state by land area, encompassing around 9.36
percent of the nation's total geographical expanse. Positioned between latitudes
15°35' N to 22°02' N and longitudes 72°36' E to 80°54' E, it occupies the
western and central sectors of India, boasting an extensive 840-kilometer
coastline along the Arabian Sea.
Situated within the western peninsular region, Maharashtra holds a significant
portion of the expansive Deccan Plateau. Its borders connect with the Arabian
Sea to the west and adjoining Indian states such as Karnataka, Goa, Telangana,
and Chhattisgarh to the south and southeast, respectively. Additionally, it
shares borders with Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north while abutting
the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to
the northwest.
Noteworthy for its demographic magnitude, Maharashtra stands as the second-
most populous state in India and the third-most populous country subdivision
globally. This vast state's geographical expanse, from the towering Western
Ghats to the fertile plains formed by rivers like the Godavari, Krishna, and
Tapi, and its historical and cultural heritage shaped by powerful dynasties and
colonial influences, stand as a testament to India's multifaceted heritage and
modernity.
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 GEOREFERENCING
To georeference the map of Maharashtra, the process involves employing
canvas georeferencing. This method requires adding points on the map of
Maharashtra and simultaneously marking corresponding points on
OpenStreetMap. By doing so, the coordinates are automatically acquired,
thereby facilitating the georeferencing of our map. The steps involved in this
procedure include:
1. Open QGIS Software (Version 3.32 Lima): Launch the QGIS software on
your computer.

2. Access the Georeferencer Tool: Within QGIS, navigate to the

Georeferencer tool and open the map you wish to georeference in raster
format.
3. Add Points on the Maharashtra District Boundary: Mark specific points
on the boundary of the Maharashtra districts on the map being georeferenced.
Simultaneously, add corresponding points on OpenStreetMap at the exact
positions marked on the map.

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 4. Repeat for All Seven Points: Continue adding seven points in total, ensuring
they align accurately between your map and OpenStreetMap.

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 5. Ensure Mean Error is Less Than One: Verify that the average error
resulting from the points' alignment is less than one unit. This step ensures
higher accuracy in the georeferenced map.
6. Adjust Transformation Settings: Configure the transformation settings as
specified for the georeferencing process.

7. Initiate Georeferencing: Click on the appropriate function or button within

the Georeferencer tool to commence the georeferencing process. This action
will align the map with geographic coordinates based on the designated
points.
Georeferencing maps is essentially about assigning spatial coordinates to
locations on a map based on known reference points. These reference points help
align the map accurately with real-world geographic locations. Using sources
like OpenStreetMap for this purpose ensures that the resulting spatial data is
trustworthy and can be effectively used for various geographic analyses,
mapping applications, and other spatial-related tasks. The precision of this
alignment significantly impacts the reliability and usability of the spatial data
generated from the georeferenced map.

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 CHAPTER 3
DIGITIZATION
OF ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS AND MAP MAKING

Digitizing administrative divisions involves converting boundaries or features

of administrative areas into a digital format. Here are steps typically involved
in the digitization process:
1. Create a New Shapefile Layer (Polygon): In QGIS, navigate to Layer >
Create Layer > New Shapefile Layer to generate a new layer for digitizing
district boundaries.

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 2. Toggle Editing Mode: Activate the editing mode for the new layer. Start
digitizing the district boundaries using the polygon digitization tools.

3. Add Population Data from Excel Sheet: Prepare an Excel sheet with
district-wise population data for Maharashtra and save it as a (.csv) file for
import into QGIS.

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 4. Import Population Data into QGIS: In QGIS, go to Layer > Add Layer >
Add Delimited Text Layer to import the (.csv) file. Select "No geometry" as
you want to import only the attribute table.

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 5. Join Population Data with Shapefile: Access the properties of the
Maharashtra shapefile, go to the Joins tab, and add the (.csv) file. Specify the
common attribute field to join the data.

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 6. Create Choropleth Map for Total Population: Go to Layer properties >
Symbology > Graduated. Select "Equal Intervals" for classification based on
total population data.

7. Generate Pie Chart for Male and Female Population: Access Layer
properties > Diagrams > Pie Chart. Choose attributes for male and female
populations, adjust sizes accordingly, and apply to create a pie chart.

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 8. Create Layout with Required Map Elements: Make a layout and add
essential elements like scale, direction, coordinates, legend, borders, and title
to complete the map presentation.
This process entails digitizing the district boundaries, importing population
data, joining it with the boundary data, and visualizing it through a choropleth
map and pie charts to represent population demographics. Lastly, creating a
comprehensive layout involves adding various map elements for a complete and
informative display.

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 CHAPTER 4
BUFFERING
POINT, LINE, AREA

INTRODUCTION
Buffering is a fundamental and widely used spatial analysis technique in Geographic
Information Systems (GIS). It involves creating a zone or area around a specific
geographic feature or set of features. This zone is typically defined as a specified
distance or a certain number of units (e.g., meters, feet) around the feature(s) of
interest. The resulting area is known as a buffer zone or simply a buffer. Buffers are
essential tools in GIS because they allow analysts and decision-makers to perform
various spatial analyses and answer questions related to proximity, containment,
accessibility, and more.

PURPOSE OF BUFFERING IN GIS:

1. Proximity Analysis:
Buffers are commonly used to analyze proximity relationships between different
geographic features. For example, they can help determine which residential
properties are within a certain distance of a school, or they can identify areas at
risk of flooding within a specified radius of a river. This information is crucial
for making informed decisions related to land use planning, emergency response,
and infrastructure development.
2. Containment Analysis:
Buffers can be used to assess whether one geographic feature contains another.
For instance, you can create a buffer around a protected nature reserve and then
determine which parcels of land fall within that buffer zone, helping to identify
potential areas for conservation or zoning restrictions.

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 3. Accessibility Analysis:
Buffers are helpful in analyzing accessibility to specific locations or services. By
creating buffers around public transportation stops, businesses, or healthcare
facilities, you can identify areas within a certain distance that have convenient
access to these services. This can be valuable for urban planning, retail site
selection, and healthcare service allocation.
4. Environmental Analysis:
Buffers are frequently used in environmental studies to evaluate the impact of
developments on sensitive ecosystems. For example, they can be employed to
assess the potential harm caused by construction activities within a certain
distance of wetlands, habitats of endangered species, or water bodies. This helps
ensure compliance with environmental regulations and conservation efforts.
5. Network Analysis:
In network analysis, buffers are used to analyze travel time and distance around
transportation networks, such as road networks. By creating buffers around road
segments, analysts can identify service areas for businesses or optimize route
planning for delivery services. Problems in fields such as urban planning,
environmental management, transportation, and public policy.

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 STEPS TO PERFORM BUFFERING ON
UTTARPRADESH MAP (POINT,LINE,AREA)

1. Georeferencing and Digitization of District Boundaries: Utilize QGIS to

georeference and digitize the administrative boundaries of Uttar Pradesh
following a similar process to the previously mentioned steps.

2. Buffering Districts: Access the vector menu, then geoprocessing tools, and
choose the buffer option. Select the input layer (Uttar Pradesh vector file), set
the desired buffer distance (e.g., 10 km), save the buffered file in a designated
folder, and execute the buffer operation. Observe the creation of a new layer
in the panel named "buffered" displaying the districts' buffered areas.

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 3. Buffering Points: To buffer points, create a new shapefile layer and add
points to the map relevant to your study. Follow similar steps as for district
buffering, selecting the point shapefile as the input layer, specifying the buffer
distance, saving the buffered file, and running the buffer operation.

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 4. Digitization of Ganga River: Create a new shapefile layer for lines and
digitize the path of the Ganga river from Dev Prayag to its endpoint at the Bay
of Bengal.

5. Buffering the Ganga River: Use the same procedure as earlier for buffering,
this time selecting the new shapefile representing the Ganga river as the input
layer, setting the buffer distance based on your study, saving the file, and
executing the buffer operation.

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 6. Creating Map Layout: Compile a map layout by following previous steps.
Include necessary elements such as scale, direction indicators, coordinates,
legend, borders, title, etc., to present a comprehensive map.

This process involves several stages from georeferencing and digitization of

administrative boundaries to buffering districts, points, and the Ganga river.
Finally, assembling a map layout with essential elements ensures a
comprehensive and informative representation of the geographic data.

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 CHAPTER 5
SUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION

INTRODUCTION
Image classification indeed involves identifying and assigning pixels in an image
to specific categories or classes, such as water bodies, vegetation, urban areas,
etc. Here's an in-depth overview focusing on supervised classification:
What is Supervised Classification?
• Definition: Supervised classification involves using spectral signatures from
training samples to classify an image. It relies on known information (training
sites) to guide the classification process.
• Supervised classification in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a
powerful technique that harnesses the principles of machine learning and
remote sensing to assign land cover or land use categories to different
geographic areas. This method relies on the utilization of labeled training data,
where each sample is associated with a specific land cover class. GIS
software, in conjunction with algorithms like Maximum Likelihood, Support
Vector Machines, or Random Forest, then analyzes the spectral and spatial
characteristics of remote sensing data, such as satellite imagery or aerial
photographs, to differentiate and classify land cover types. The primary
objective is to create accurate, high-resolution maps that provide valuable
information for various applications, including urban planning, natural
resource management, environmental monitoring, and disaster assessment.
Supervised classification in GIS enhances our ability to understand and
manage the Earth's surface, making it an indispensable tool in the field of
geospatial analysis and decision-making.
• Advantages:
• Accuracy: Supervised classification can be more accurate than
unsupervised methods but heavily relies on training data quality.

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 • Effort and Output: Most effort is invested in collecting and selecting
training sites; once completed, the output is a labeled thematic image.
• Data Collection: It allows for data collection based on previous
experience and known classes.
Steps Involved in Supervised Classification:
1. Training Stage: Identify representative training areas and define spectral
signatures for each land cover type of interest.
2. Classification Stage (Decision Rule): Categorize pixels in the image dataset
based on similarity to the spectral signatures obtained from training data.
3. Output Stage: Utilize the classified results for various purposes, such as
creating thematic maps or input for GIS spatial analysis.
Advantages of Supervised Classification:
• Accuracy: Potential for higher accuracy due to precise training data.
• Effort vs. Output: Investment in training data quality leads to labeled
thematic images.
• Data Utilization: It allows leveraging past experiences to collect or generate
data.
Disadvantages of Supervised Classification:
• Misclassification: Similar spectral reflectance between classes can lead to
misclassifications.
• Resource-Intensive: Requires time and effort in collecting representative
training data, making it more expensive and time-consuming.
• Skills Requirement: Needs skilled individuals to execute the process
effectively.
Overall, supervised classification offers accuracy but demands significant effort
in training data collection and processing. Its accuracy depends on the quality of
training data and the spectral differences among classes.

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 STEPS TO PERFORM SUPERVISED
CLASSIFICATION ON A SATELLITE IMAGE
(LANDSAT 8 & 9)

1. Opening Satellite Imagery in QGIS:

• Launch QGIS and add the downloaded satellite imagery from the
USGS portal by navigating to Layer > Add Raster Layer.

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 2. Installing the Semi-Automatic Classification Plugin:
• Access the Plugin menu, then select Manage and Install Plugins.
Search for "Semi-Automatic Classification" and install it.

3. Accessing the SCP Dock:

• After installing, a new panel named SCP Dock will appear, crucial for
classification and other satellite imagery processes.
4. Clipping the Area of Interest:
• Within the SCP Dock, navigate to Band Set > Pre-processing > Clip
Multiple Rasters.
• A window will open where you can select the area of interest from the
satellite imagery by creating a polygon.
• Run the module, save the clipped images in a new folder, and observe
them in the Layers section.

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 5. Selecting Area of Interest:
• Delete the previously added satellite images, keeping the clipped
images to focus on the area of interest.

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 6. Configuring Band Settings:
• Within the SCP Dock, go to Band Set, click on the refresh icon, and
add the clipped images.
• Utilize the "Wavelength Quick Setting" option and select "Landsat 8"
for the Landsat 8 satellite imagery.

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 7. Access SCP Dock:

• Go to View > Panels > SCP Dock in QGIS.

8. Create Training Input:

• Click on Training Input > Create a Training Layer.
• Use Create a ROI (Region of Interest) Polygon tool to define areas
representing different classes.

9. Creating Polygons and Features:

• Create polygons within the ROI by right-clicking and selecting Enter
Feature.
• Assign each polygon/feature to a specific class or category, indicating
what it represents (e.g., water, forest, urban, etc.). Aim to create at
least 5 different features representing different classes.

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 10.Perform Classification:
• Click on SCP > Bandprocessing > Classification to initiate the
classification process using the defined training features.

This process involves loading satellite imagery into QGIS, installing the SCP
plugin, clipping the desired area, and configuring band settings for subsequent
classification or analysis. These steps are fundamental for processing and
analyzing satellite imagery within the QGIS environment.

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 CHAPTER 5
SUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION
OF SONIPAT DISTRICT

Step 1: Import Satellite Tiles

• Open QGIS and add the downloaded satellite tiles for the Haryana district.

Step 2: Digitize District Boundaries

• Ensure accurate coverage by digitizing the boundaries of the Sonipat district.

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Step 3: Merge Tiles
• Combine tiles to smooth overlapping boundaries.
• Navigate to 'Raster' > 'Miscellaneous' > 'Merge.'
• Select all tiles and apply the merge operation.

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Step 4: Clip to District Shapefile
• Clip the mosaic to match the Haryana vector shapefile.
• Access 'Raster' > 'Extraction' > 'Clip Raster by Mask Layer.'
• Choose the merged tiles file and the district shapefile ('Sonipat
district').

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Step 5: Configure Standard FCC
• Set the clipped file to Standard False Color Composite for land use
identification.
• Adjust file properties and symbology settings to display bands 1
(infrared), 2 (red), and 3 (green).

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Step 6: Install Semi-Automatic Classification Plugin (SCP)
• Download and install the SCP plugin for supervised classification.
• Access 'Plugin' > 'Manage Plugin' and install the Semi-Automatic
Classification Plugin.

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Step 7: Open SCP Dock and Create Training Input
• Access SCP Dock through 'View' > 'Panels' > 'SCP Dock' for supervised
classification.
• Generate a new Training input and save it in a designated folder.

Step 8: Collect Sample Signatures

• Create polygons and save sample signatures for different classes using SCP
Dock tools.
• Use the polygon tool to define areas and save class samples using the
signature icon.

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Step 9: Merge Class Samples
• Merge samples from each class (minimum 8 per class) to obtain the average
digital number (DN) for classification.

Step 10: Initiate Image Classification

• Start the image classification process in SCP.
• Navigate to 'SCP' > 'Band Processing' > 'Classification.'

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Step 11: Choose Classification Parameters
• Choose appropriate classification parameters, such as MCID/CID selection
and method (e.g., Maximum Likelihood) for class allocation.
Step 12: Run Classification Module
• Execute the classification module and observe the classified image.

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Step 13: Create Map Layout
• Construct a map layout encompassing various elements like scale, direction,
coordinates, legend, borders, and title for a comprehensive presentation.

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